Q.1 What is the primary goal of planning in AI?
To execute actions randomly
To predict future weather
To choose a sequence of actions to achieve a goal
To store knowledge in databases
Explanation - AI planning involves determining a sequence of actions that an agent must perform to achieve specific objectives efficiently.
Correct answer is: To choose a sequence of actions to achieve a goal
Q.2 Which of the following is a classical planning assumption?
The environment is always uncertain
Actions are deterministic
Agents act randomly
States are infinite and unbounded
Explanation - Classical planning assumes deterministic actions and complete knowledge of the environment, making planning simpler.
Correct answer is: Actions are deterministic
Q.3 STRIPS is widely used in AI planning. What does STRIPS stand for?
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver
Systematic Reasoning in Problem Solving
Sequential Task Representation in Planning Systems
State Transition Representation for Intelligent Planning Systems
Explanation - STRIPS was developed at Stanford Research Institute and is one of the earliest and most influential planning systems.
Correct answer is: Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver
Q.4 What are 'preconditions' in AI planning?
Final goals of the agent
Conditions required before an action can be executed
Unexpected results of an action
Rewards obtained after planning
Explanation - Preconditions define the necessary state conditions that must be satisfied for an action to be applicable.
Correct answer is: Conditions required before an action can be executed
Q.5 In STRIPS, effects of an action are divided into:
Positive and Negative effects
Short-term and Long-term effects
Goal-oriented and Random effects
Expected and Unexpected effects
Explanation - STRIPS actions specify add-lists (positive effects) and delete-lists (negative effects) that describe how actions change the state.
Correct answer is: Positive and Negative effects
Q.6 What does 'state space' represent in planning?
A collection of all goals
A set of all possible states and actions
A list of only successful plans
A random set of environments
Explanation - State space is the representation of all possible states the system can be in, and transitions caused by actions.
Correct answer is: A set of all possible states and actions
Q.7 Which search algorithm is commonly used for planning in AI?
Breadth-First Search
Depth-First Search
A* Search
All of the above
Explanation - Different search algorithms like BFS, DFS, and A* are applicable in planning, depending on the scenario.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.8 What is the difference between planning and scheduling?
Planning decides actions, scheduling decides order and timing
Both are identical
Scheduling chooses goals, planning executes them
Planning is random, scheduling is structured
Explanation - Planning focuses on 'what to do' while scheduling focuses on 'when to do it' to optimize resources.
Correct answer is: Planning decides actions, scheduling decides order and timing
Q.9 Partial Order Planning is preferred because:
It generates only one linear sequence
It avoids unnecessary ordering of actions
It ignores constraints
It makes plans randomly
Explanation - Partial Order Planning allows flexibility by not over-committing to action orders unless necessary.
Correct answer is: It avoids unnecessary ordering of actions
Q.10 What is a 'goal stack' used for in planning?
To store failed attempts
To store current goals and subgoals
To represent action costs
To store environmental uncertainty
Explanation - Goal stacks are used in planning algorithms to manage goals, decomposing them into subgoals as required.
Correct answer is: To store current goals and subgoals
Q.11 Which planning technique uses backward chaining?
Forward State-Space Planning
Means-End Analysis
Random Walks
Greedy Search
Explanation - Means-End Analysis is a backward reasoning technique where actions are chosen to reduce the difference between the current state and goal.
Correct answer is: Means-End Analysis
Q.12 Which is a major limitation of classical planning?
It cannot deal with uncertainty
It cannot handle large goals
It cannot use logic
It cannot store data
Explanation - Classical planning assumes complete knowledge and deterministic actions, making it unsuitable for uncertain environments.
Correct answer is: It cannot deal with uncertainty
Q.13 Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is based on:
Breaking goals into subgoals
Linear sequence execution only
Stochastic optimization
Eliminating planning altogether
Explanation - HTN planning decomposes complex goals into smaller, manageable subgoals until primitive actions are reached.
Correct answer is: Breaking goals into subgoals
Q.14 In AI planning, operators are:
Mathematical formulas only
Action representations with preconditions and effects
Data storage units
Random state transitions
Explanation - Operators define possible actions in planning by specifying preconditions and effects of the actions.
Correct answer is: Action representations with preconditions and effects
Q.15 What is a 'frame problem' in planning?
Difficulty in representing what changes and what remains the same after actions
Problem of limited memory storage
Problem of building frames in AI graphics
Problem of action parallelism
Explanation - The frame problem highlights the challenge of specifying which facts remain unchanged after an action in planning systems.
Correct answer is: Difficulty in representing what changes and what remains the same after actions
Q.16 What is 'contingent planning'?
Planning in environments with uncertainty
Planning only in deterministic environments
Planning without preconditions
Planning without goals
Explanation - Contingent planning prepares for multiple possible outcomes of actions in uncertain environments.
Correct answer is: Planning in environments with uncertainty
Q.17 What is the purpose of temporal planning?
To plan ignoring time
To handle durations and concurrency of actions
To avoid scheduling
To minimize uncertainty
Explanation - Temporal planning extends classical planning by considering action durations and parallelism.
Correct answer is: To handle durations and concurrency of actions
Q.18 GraphPlan generates:
Decision trees
Planning graphs
Neural networks
Unordered lists
Explanation - GraphPlan is a planning algorithm that builds a planning graph structure to generate and analyze possible plans efficiently.
Correct answer is: Planning graphs
Q.19 Which type of planning allows for dynamic updates as new information becomes available?
Offline planning
Reactive planning
Static planning
Classical planning
Explanation - Reactive planning adapts to new information in real-time, unlike classical offline planning.
Correct answer is: Reactive planning
Q.20 The Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) is used to:
Represent planning problems and domains
Write AI programs
Build neural networks
Train machine learning models
Explanation - PDDL is a standardized language for describing planning problems and domains for AI planning systems.
Correct answer is: Represent planning problems and domains
Q.21 What is plan validation?
Checking syntax errors in code
Checking if a plan achieves the goals from initial state
Checking if the agent has enough memory
Checking if the agent has resources
Explanation - Plan validation ensures that the proposed sequence of actions actually reaches the goal state from the initial state.
Correct answer is: Checking if a plan achieves the goals from initial state
Q.22 What is a conformant plan?
A plan valid only in deterministic worlds
A plan that works under incomplete knowledge and uncertainty
A plan with no constraints
A plan that ignores states
Explanation - Conformant planning generates plans guaranteed to succeed even with incomplete or uncertain knowledge of the environment.
Correct answer is: A plan that works under incomplete knowledge and uncertainty
Q.23 Which planning algorithm is based on constraint satisfaction?
GraphPlan
Partial Order Planning
CSP-based Planning
Means-End Analysis
Explanation - Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) based planning formulates planning as solving constraints between states and actions.
Correct answer is: CSP-based Planning
Q.24 What is replanning in AI?
Completely ignoring old plans
Updating or creating new plans when the old plan fails
Randomly choosing new actions
Restarting from scratch always
Explanation - Replanning involves adjusting or generating new plans when the environment changes or initial plans fail.
Correct answer is: Updating or creating new plans when the old plan fails
Q.25 Which is an advantage of heuristic planning?
It ignores goals
It reduces search complexity
It always finds the shortest plan instantly
It eliminates state space
Explanation - Heuristic planning uses heuristics to guide search, improving efficiency by reducing the explored state space.
Correct answer is: It reduces search complexity