Q.1 Which of the following mechanical cues primarily regulates stem cell differentiation in bone tissue engineering?
Substrate stiffness
Electrical stimulation
Shear stress
Magnetic field
Explanation - Substrate stiffness mimics the native mechanical environment of bone and has been shown to direct mesenchymal stem cells toward osteogenic lineage via mechanotransduction pathways.
Correct answer is: Substrate stiffness
Q.2 In the context of wound healing, what effect does cyclic tensile strain have on fibroblasts?
Inhibits collagen synthesis
Promotes proliferation and alignment
Triggers apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Cyclic tensile strain stimulates fibroblast proliferation and aligns them in the direction of strain, enhancing collagen deposition and improving tissue tensile strength.
Correct answer is: Promotes proliferation and alignment
Q.3 Which biophysical cue is commonly used to enhance neuronal regeneration in vitro?
Microfluidic shear
Magnetic nanoparticles
Electrical microstimulation
Ultrasound therapy
Explanation - Electrical microstimulation provides directional cues that guide neurite outgrowth and improve synaptic connectivity in neuronal cultures.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.4 How does substrate topography influence chondrocyte function?
It induces apoptosis
It modulates glycosaminoglycan synthesis
It inhibits matrix production
It has no measurable effect
Explanation - Micropatterned surfaces can alter cell shape and cytoskeletal tension, leading to changes in the synthesis of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix components.
Correct answer is: It modulates glycosaminoglycan synthesis
Q.5 Which of the following best describes mechanotransduction in stem cells?
Conversion of chemical signals into electrical impulses
Conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals
Direct DNA replication
Protein degradation
Explanation - Mechanotransduction refers to the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli (e.g., stretch, compression) into intracellular biochemical pathways that govern cell behavior.
Correct answer is: Conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals
Q.6 What role does YAP/TAZ play in response to substrate stiffness?
They inhibit cell division
They are transcriptional coactivators that translocate to the nucleus on stiff substrates
They degrade extracellular matrix
They block integrin expression
Explanation - YAP/TAZ shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus depending on stiffness; on stiff matrices, they enter the nucleus to promote osteogenic gene expression.
Correct answer is: They are transcriptional coactivators that translocate to the nucleus on stiff substrates
Q.7 Which electrical engineering technique can be used to deliver localized electrical cues to tissue constructs?
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Microfluidic perfusion
Electrospun scaffolds
Magnetoencephalography
Explanation - Electrospun scaffolds can incorporate conductive polymers or embedded electrodes to provide controlled electrical stimulation directly to cells within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Electrospun scaffolds
Q.8 Which parameter is NOT typically altered in a mechanical testing system to study cell mechanobiology?
Strain rate
Hydrostatic pressure
Shear stress magnitude
Ambient temperature
Explanation - While temperature is important biologically, mechanical testing for mechanobiology focuses on mechanical parameters like strain, pressure, and shear rather than temperature variations.
Correct answer is: Ambient temperature
Q.9 What is the main advantage of using 3D bioprinted constructs over 2D cultures for studying mechanical cues?
Higher cell density
Uniform stiffness throughout
Simpler fabrication
No need for growth factors
Explanation - 3D bioprinted constructs allow cells to be embedded within a matrix that more closely mimics in vivo tissue, enabling complex mechanical interactions and higher cell densities.
Correct answer is: Higher cell density
Q.10 Which of the following is a primary mechanical cue used in cardiac tissue engineering?
Periodic stretching to mimic heartbeat
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Shear stress from blood flow
Explanation - Cardiac tissues experience rhythmic mechanical stretch; applying cyclic stretching in vitro promotes alignment and maturation of cardiomyocytes.
Correct answer is: Periodic stretching to mimic heartbeat
Q.11 Which sensor technology is commonly integrated into tissue constructs to monitor mechanical strain in real time?
Piezoelectric strain gauges
Calorimeters
Mass spectrometers
Spectrophotometers
Explanation - Piezoelectric materials generate voltage in response to mechanical deformation, making them suitable for real‑time strain monitoring in bio‑sensing applications.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric strain gauges
Q.12 What is the primary effect of shear stress on endothelial cells during angiogenesis?
Inhibits migration
Promotes tube formation and alignment
Induces apoptosis
Suppresses VEGF production
Explanation - Shear stress from fluid flow stimulates endothelial cells to align in the flow direction, upregulate pro‑angiogenic factors, and form capillary‑like structures.
Correct answer is: Promotes tube formation and alignment
Q.13 Which of the following mechanical cues is most influential in tendon repair?
Compression
Electrical stimulation
Tensile strain
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Tendons primarily experience tensile forces; applying appropriate tensile strain during rehabilitation enhances collagen alignment and tendon strength.
Correct answer is: Tensile strain
Q.14 How does substrate stiffness influence fibroblast phenotype during scar formation?
Stiff substrates induce a myofibroblast phenotype
Soft substrates cause fibroblast apoptosis
Stiffness has no effect
Soft substrates enhance myofibroblast differentiation
Explanation - Stiff extracellular matrices promote myofibroblast activation, leading to excessive collagen deposition and scar tissue formation.
Correct answer is: Stiff substrates induce a myofibroblast phenotype
Q.15 What is the primary function of electrospun fiber alignment in nerve regeneration?
Provide electrical conductivity
Create a barrier to cell migration
Guide neurite outgrowth directionally
Increase scaffold porosity
Explanation - Aligned fibers mimic the natural architecture of nerve bundles, providing physical guidance cues for regenerating axons.
Correct answer is: Guide neurite outgrowth directionally
Q.16 Which biophysical cue can be modulated using micro‑electrode arrays to influence stem cell fate?
Temperature
Magnetic field
Electric field
Acoustic vibrations
Explanation - Micro‑electrode arrays generate localized electric fields that can direct stem cell proliferation, migration, and lineage specification.
Correct answer is: Electric field
Q.17 Which of these mechanical loading regimes is most beneficial for bone regeneration in vivo?
Static compression for 30 minutes daily
Dynamic compressive loading with a 10% strain amplitude
Low‑intensity pulsed ultrasound
Continuous fluid flow without compression
Explanation - Dynamic mechanical loading mimics natural bone loading, stimulating osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis more effectively than static or ultrasound alone.
Correct answer is: Dynamic compressive loading with a 10% strain amplitude
Q.18 Which sensor would best detect changes in tissue stiffness during in‑situ monitoring?
Resistive force sensor
Optical fiber strain sensor
Thermal conductivity probe
pH sensor
Explanation - Optical fiber sensors can measure minute deformations and correlate them with stiffness changes, providing real‑time mechanical property data.
Correct answer is: Optical fiber strain sensor
Q.19 What is the consequence of applying excessive shear stress to a hydrogel scaffold during cell seeding?
Enhanced cell viability
Cell detachment and loss
Increased ECM production
Stimulation of differentiation
Explanation - High shear stress can physically remove cells from the hydrogel surface, reducing cell density and hindering tissue formation.
Correct answer is: Cell detachment and loss
Q.20 Which biophysical cue is most often used to promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation via electrical stimulation?
Direct current
Pulsed electrical signals
Magnetic induction
Acoustic waves
Explanation - Pulsed electrical stimulation creates transient electric fields that enhance osteogenic markers while minimizing cell damage.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical signals
Q.21 What mechanical property of a scaffold is crucial for directing chondrocyte alignment in cartilage engineering?
Porosity
Surface roughness
Anisotropic stiffness
Thermal conductivity
Explanation - Scaffold anisotropy mimics the directional stiffness of cartilage, guiding chondrocytes to align and produce zonal ECM similar to native tissue.
Correct answer is: Anisotropic stiffness
Q.22 How does cyclic hydrostatic pressure influence osteoclast activity?
Stimulates osteoclast differentiation
Inhibits resorptive activity
Has no effect
Induces osteoclast apoptosis
Explanation - Cyclic hydrostatic pressure reduces osteoclast activation, thereby promoting a net bone formation environment.
Correct answer is: Inhibits resorptive activity
Q.23 Which of the following is NOT a typical mechanical cue used in cartilage tissue engineering?
Dynamic compression
Shear loading
Electrical stimulation
Hydrostatic pressure
Explanation - While electrical cues can affect cartilage cells, mechanical loading (compression, shear, hydrostatic pressure) is the primary stimulus for chondrogenesis.
Correct answer is: Electrical stimulation
Q.24 What is the main benefit of incorporating conductive polymers into a scaffold for neural regeneration?
Increases scaffold stiffness
Enhances electrical signal propagation
Reduces pore size
Suppresses cell adhesion
Explanation - Conductive polymers allow efficient transmission of electrical cues to neurons, promoting axonal growth and functional connectivity.
Correct answer is: Enhances electrical signal propagation
Q.25 Which mechanical cue is most effective at promoting vascularization within engineered tissues?
Static compression
Cyclic shear flow
Low oxygen tension
High temperature
Explanation - Shear flow stimulates endothelial cells to align, sprout, and form vessel-like structures, enhancing vascular integration.
Correct answer is: Cyclic shear flow
Q.26 Which of these mechanical stimuli is commonly used in vitro to study mechanotransduction pathways in fibroblasts?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static stretching
Electrical pulses
High‑frequency ultrasound
Explanation - Cyclic tensile strain simulates the mechanical environment fibroblasts encounter during wound contraction, revealing mechanotransduction signaling.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.27 What is a major challenge when applying high magnitude mechanical loading to tissue‑engineered constructs in vivo?
Enhanced cell proliferation
Scaffold collapse and damage
Improved mechanical properties
Increased immune response
Explanation - Excessive load can exceed the scaffold's yield strength, causing deformation or failure before the tissue has matured.
Correct answer is: Scaffold collapse and damage
Q.28 Which of the following best describes the role of integrins in mechanotransduction?
They transport ions across the membrane
They bind ECM components and link the cytoskeleton
They generate ATP
They degrade collagen fibers
Explanation - Integrins serve as transmembrane receptors that sense ECM stiffness and transmit forces to the cytoskeleton, initiating downstream signaling.
Correct answer is: They bind ECM components and link the cytoskeleton
Q.29 How does substrate stiffness influence neural stem cell differentiation?
Soft substrates promote neuronal differentiation
Stiff substrates promote glial differentiation
Both stiff and soft substrates yield the same result
Stiff substrates inhibit all differentiation
Explanation - Neural stem cells prefer softer environments (~0.1–1 kPa) that favor neuronal lineage over glial or astrocyte differentiation.
Correct answer is: Soft substrates promote neuronal differentiation
Q.30 Which biophysical stimulus can be used to enhance tendon repair by aligning collagen fibers?
Ultrasound
Tensile strain
Magnetic field
Static compression
Explanation - Tensile strain aligns collagen fibrils in the direction of force, improving the mechanical properties of the repaired tendon.
Correct answer is: Tensile strain
Q.31 What is the purpose of using a pneumatic actuator in a bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering?
To provide static compression
To generate dynamic compression cycles
To heat the culture medium
To supply nutrients
Explanation - Pneumatic actuators can deliver controlled compression cycles that mimic joint movement, promoting cartilage ECM deposition.
Correct answer is: To generate dynamic compression cycles
Q.32 Which of the following electrical parameters is most critical for neural cell stimulation?
Voltage amplitude
Pulse width
Frequency
All of the above
Explanation - Voltage amplitude, pulse width, and frequency together determine the efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation for neural cells.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.33 What is a major limitation of using static stiffness gradients in a scaffold for stem cell differentiation?
They cannot be fabricated at all
They fail to mimic dynamic mechanical environments
They are too expensive
They cause immediate cell death
Explanation - Static gradients do not replicate the temporal changes in mechanical cues cells experience in vivo, limiting their predictive power.
Correct answer is: They fail to mimic dynamic mechanical environments
Q.34 Which sensor technology is best suited for measuring local strain within a soft tissue scaffold?
Fiber Bragg grating sensors
Pressure transducers
Temperature probes
pH meters
Explanation - Fiber Bragg gratings provide high sensitivity strain measurement in soft materials with minimal interference to biological tissues.
Correct answer is: Fiber Bragg grating sensors
Q.35 What effect does low‑intensity pulsed ultrasound have on bone cells?
Inhibits osteoblast activity
Stimulates osteogenic gene expression
Induces apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Ultrasound can enhance mechanotransduction signaling pathways, upregulating osteogenic markers in bone cells.
Correct answer is: Stimulates osteogenic gene expression
Q.36 Which of the following mechanical cues is most relevant for skin wound healing?
Tensile strain
Hydrostatic pressure
Static compression
High temperature
Explanation - Skin experiences tensile forces; applying controlled tensile strain accelerates collagen remodeling and wound closure.
Correct answer is: Tensile strain
Q.37 How does substrate nanotopography affect mesenchymal stem cell proliferation?
It suppresses proliferation on all scales
It enhances proliferation on nanoscale roughness
It has no effect
It causes apoptosis
Explanation - Nanoscale roughness can increase focal adhesion formation, promoting cell proliferation and differentiation.
Correct answer is: It enhances proliferation on nanoscale roughness
Q.38 Which of the following is a key benefit of integrating microfluidic channels in a tissue scaffold?
Increased mechanical stiffness
Enhanced nutrient transport and shear stress application
Higher electrical conductivity
Reduced pore size
Explanation - Microfluidics provide controlled perfusion, delivering nutrients while exposing cells to physiological shear forces.
Correct answer is: Enhanced nutrient transport and shear stress application
Q.39 What is the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness in determining bone marrow stromal cell fate?
Stiff ECM promotes adipogenesis
Soft ECM promotes osteogenesis
Stiff ECM promotes osteogenesis
ECM stiffness has no effect
Explanation - Bone marrow stromal cells sense ECM stiffness; a stiffer matrix mimicking bone encourages osteogenic differentiation.
Correct answer is: Stiff ECM promotes osteogenesis
Q.40 Which of the following best describes the relationship between mechanical strain and YAP nuclear localization?
Strain decreases YAP nuclear localization
Strain increases YAP nuclear localization
Strain has no effect on YAP
YAP is unrelated to strain
Explanation - Mechanical strain activates YAP/TAZ, causing them to translocate to the nucleus and drive gene expression linked to proliferation and differentiation.
Correct answer is: Strain increases YAP nuclear localization
Q.41 Which biophysical cue is commonly applied in cardiac tissue engineering to promote myofibril alignment?
Static magnetic field
Cyclic mechanical stretch
Low‑frequency ultrasound
High temperature
Explanation - Periodic stretch mimics the heartbeat, aligning myofibrils and improving contractile function of engineered cardiac tissue.
Correct answer is: Cyclic mechanical stretch
Q.42 What is a major advantage of using piezoelectric polymers in bone tissue scaffolds?
They are highly conductive
They can generate electrical potentials in response to mechanical strain
They are extremely rigid
They resist degradation
Explanation - Piezoelectric polymers convert mechanical loading into electrical signals, enhancing osteogenesis without external power sources.
Correct answer is: They can generate electrical potentials in response to mechanical strain
Q.43 Which of the following mechanical loading regimes is most likely to cause cartilage hypertrophy?
High magnitude, high frequency compression
Low magnitude, low frequency compression
Cyclic hydrostatic pressure
Static tension
Explanation - Excessive mechanical load can push chondrocytes toward hypertrophic differentiation, leading to calcification and degeneration.
Correct answer is: High magnitude, high frequency compression
Q.44 What is the primary effect of cyclic fluid flow on endothelial cells in a bioreactor?
Promotes apoptosis
Enhances barrier function and alignment
Inhibits proliferation
Induces dedifferentiation
Explanation - Shear from fluid flow improves endothelial cell alignment along flow direction and strengthens barrier properties, aiding vascularization.
Correct answer is: Enhances barrier function and alignment
Q.45 Which of these sensors can detect changes in the mechanical properties of a soft hydrogel in real time?
Capacitance‑based strain sensor
Resistive force sensor
Optical displacement sensor
All of the above
Explanation - Capacitance, resistance, and optical methods all can be embedded to monitor hydrogel deformation and infer mechanical property changes.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.46 What is the primary mechanical cue for directing fibroblast migration in wound healing?
Shear stress
Tensional gradient
Compression
Electrical field
Explanation - Tensional gradients guide fibroblasts toward the wound center, promoting organized collagen deposition and tissue remodeling.
Correct answer is: Tensional gradient
Q.47 Which parameter is essential when designing a bioreactor that applies cyclic tensile strain to bone‑forming cells?
Strain amplitude
Strain frequency
Both A and B
Ambient humidity
Explanation - Both strain amplitude and frequency determine the mechanical stimulus and must be tuned for optimal osteogenic signaling.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.48 Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of applying electrical stimulation to neural tissue constructs?
Increased neurite outgrowth
Enhanced synaptic activity
Suppression of cell proliferation
Directed axon alignment
Explanation - Electrical stimulation generally promotes differentiation and neurite extension, not suppression of proliferation.
Correct answer is: Suppression of cell proliferation
Q.49 How does substrate stiffness influence adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells?
Soft substrates favor adipogenesis
Stiff substrates favor adipogenesis
Stiff substrates inhibit adipogenesis
Substrate stiffness has no effect
Explanation - Soft matrices (~0.1 kPa) support adipocyte differentiation, while stiffer matrices promote osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: Soft substrates favor adipogenesis
Q.50 Which of the following mechanical cues is most important for directing bone marrow stromal cell alignment?
Static compression
Cyclic tensile strain
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Cyclic tensile strain aligns stromal cells along the loading direction, influencing tissue architecture.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.51 What is the effect of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on cartilage repair?
Induces chondrocyte apoptosis
Enhances proteoglycan synthesis
Has no effect
Stimulates osteogenic differentiation
Explanation - Cyclic hydrostatic pressure mimics joint loading, stimulating matrix production and improving cartilage quality.
Correct answer is: Enhances proteoglycan synthesis
Q.52 Which electrical engineering component is used to generate localized electric fields for stem cell differentiation?
Microelectrodes
Piezoelectric transducer
Thermal resistor
Optical fiber
Explanation - Microelectrodes create precise electric fields that can guide stem cell fate decisions.
Correct answer is: Microelectrodes
Q.53 In tissue engineering, what is the purpose of a 'mechanical loading window' in a bioreactor?
To limit oxygen delivery
To define the optimal range of strain or pressure for cell stimulation
To prevent electrical interference
To control temperature
Explanation - The loading window specifies safe and effective mechanical parameters that promote tissue formation without damaging constructs.
Correct answer is: To define the optimal range of strain or pressure for cell stimulation
Q.54 What is the effect of magnetic stimulation on chondrocyte proliferation?
Increases proliferation through magneto‑mechanical cues
Decreases proliferation
Has no effect
Induces apoptosis
Explanation - Magnetic fields can interact with magnetic nanoparticles to generate mechanical forces, enhancing chondrocyte growth.
Correct answer is: Increases proliferation through magneto‑mechanical cues
Q.55 Which of the following best describes the use of dynamic compression in cartilage tissue engineering?
To simulate the mechanical environment of joints
To keep the scaffold rigid
To remove cells from the scaffold
To sterilize the construct
Explanation - Dynamic compression mimics joint loading, promoting ECM synthesis and cartilage-like tissue formation.
Correct answer is: To simulate the mechanical environment of joints
Q.56 What is a key benefit of using a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) in a tissue scaffold?
It improves scaffold stiffness
It allows integration of electrical stimulation channels
It reduces porosity
It increases temperature
Explanation - Flexible PCBs can be embedded in soft scaffolds to deliver electrical cues without compromising mechanical compliance.
Correct answer is: It allows integration of electrical stimulation channels
Q.57 Which mechanical cue is most relevant for promoting bone remodeling in orthopedic implants?
Shear stress from blood flow
Cyclic compressive strain
Static compression
High temperature
Explanation - Cyclic loading stimulates bone remodeling around implants, improving osseointegration.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compressive strain
Q.58 Why is substrate stiffness critical for directing chondrocyte phenotype in vitro?
It affects cell adhesion
It dictates the level of ECM production
It controls differentiation into osteocytes
Both A and B
Explanation - Stiffness modulates integrin engagement, cytoskeletal tension, and ECM production, influencing chondrocyte maintenance.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.59 Which of the following biophysical cues can be used to guide axonal growth in peripheral nerve regeneration?
Electrical microstimulation
Magnetic field
Ultrasound
High‑frequency vibration
Explanation - Electrical cues provide directional signals that encourage axonal extension along predefined pathways.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.60 What is the main mechanical property of a scaffold that influences stem cell migration?
Stiffness
Porosity
Surface chemistry
All of the above
Explanation - Mechanical, structural, and chemical cues collectively guide cell migration patterns within scaffolds.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.61 Which parameter is crucial when designing a bioreactor that applies cyclic stretch to cardiac cells?
Stretch amplitude
Stretch frequency
Both A and B
Ambient light intensity
Explanation - Amplitude and frequency determine the mechanical stimuli that cardiac cells respond to, affecting contractility and maturation.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.62 What is the effect of high shear stress on endothelial cells in a vascular tissue construct?
It promotes cell alignment and barrier function
It induces cell death
It reduces matrix production
It has no effect
Explanation - Physiological shear aligns endothelial cells and enhances their functional properties, critical for vessel formation.
Correct answer is: It promotes cell alignment and barrier function
Q.63 Which biophysical stimulus is most commonly used to induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells?
Electrical stimulation
Static compression
Hydrostatic pressure
Cyclic tensile strain
Explanation - Mechanical stretch is a potent inducer of osteogenesis through integrin and mechanotransduction signaling.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.64 Which of the following is a direct consequence of applying cyclic mechanical strain to mesenchymal stem cells?
Increased YAP/TAZ nuclear localization
Reduced integrin expression
Cell cycle arrest
Decreased ECM production
Explanation - Mechanical strain activates YAP/TAZ, promoting transcription of genes that drive proliferation and differentiation.
Correct answer is: Increased YAP/TAZ nuclear localization
Q.65 What is the primary role of topography in scaffold design for bone tissue engineering?
To control pore size
To influence cell adhesion and alignment
To increase electrical conductivity
To reduce scaffold weight
Explanation - Micro‑ and nano‑topographic features direct cell spreading, focal adhesion formation, and tissue organization.
Correct answer is: To influence cell adhesion and alignment
Q.66 Which electrical stimulus can be used to mimic the action potentials in engineered cardiac tissue?
Direct current
Pulsed electrical field
Magnetic induction
Acoustic stimulation
Explanation - Pulsed electrical fields can stimulate cardiomyocyte contraction and synchronize beating in engineered tissues.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.67 How does substrate stiffness affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in fibroblasts?
Stiffness increases MMP expression
Softness increases MMP expression
Stiffness decreases MMP expression
No effect
Explanation - Stiffer environments upregulate MMPs, promoting ECM remodeling and tissue remodeling processes.
Correct answer is: Stiffness increases MMP expression
Q.68 What is a critical parameter in designing an electrospun scaffold for nerve regeneration?
Fiber diameter
Scaffold thickness
Fiber alignment
All of the above
Explanation - All these parameters influence cell guidance, nutrient diffusion, and mechanical support for nerve repair.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.69 Which mechanical cue is most relevant for the alignment of collagen fibers in skin tissue engineering?
Static compression
Cyclic tensile strain
Hydrostatic pressure
High temperature
Explanation - Cyclic strain aligns collagen fibrils along the strain direction, improving tensile strength of engineered skin.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.70 What is the effect of applying a static magnetic field to a scaffold seeded with stem cells?
It enhances cell proliferation via magneto‑mechanical coupling
It has no effect
It induces cell apoptosis
It reduces matrix production
Explanation - Static magnetic fields can influence cell behavior through magneto‑mechanical interactions, often promoting proliferation.
Correct answer is: It enhances cell proliferation via magneto‑mechanical coupling
Q.71 Which sensor can be used to detect strain within a hydrogel scaffold without compromising biocompatibility?
Piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor
Thermocouple
Capacitance sensor
Both A and C
Explanation - Piezoresistive and capacitance sensors can be fabricated from biocompatible materials to measure deformation in hydrogels.
Correct answer is: Both A and C
Q.72 Which mechanical cue is used to stimulate cartilage repair in a joint bioreactor?
Cyclic hydrostatic pressure
Static compression
Magnetic field
Low temperature
Explanation - Cyclic hydrostatic pressure replicates joint loading and enhances proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage cells.
Correct answer is: Cyclic hydrostatic pressure
Q.73 What is the primary advantage of using a 4D‑printed scaffold for bone regeneration?
It can change shape over time in response to stimuli
It is easier to fabricate
It is cheaper
It has higher stiffness
Explanation - 4D printing introduces time‑dependent shape changes, enabling dynamic mechanical cues for tissue maturation.
Correct answer is: It can change shape over time in response to stimuli
Q.74 Which of the following mechanical stimuli can be applied using a pneumatic system in a bioreactor?
Cyclic compression
Shear flow
Electrical stimulation
Magnetic field
Explanation - Pneumatic actuators are ideal for generating cyclic compressive forces on soft tissue constructs.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compression
Q.75 What is the effect of dynamic compression on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs?
It inhibits differentiation
It promotes differentiation via mechanotransduction pathways
It has no effect
It induces apoptosis
Explanation - Dynamic compression stimulates integrin signaling and downstream osteogenic genes, enhancing bone formation.
Correct answer is: It promotes differentiation via mechanotransduction pathways
Q.76 Which of the following biophysical cues is essential for guiding endothelial cells during angiogenesis?
Shear stress
Static compression
Magnetic field
High temperature
Explanation - Physiological shear stress directs endothelial migration, alignment, and tube formation, critical for vascular network formation.
Correct answer is: Shear stress
Q.77 In a tissue‑engineered scaffold, why is controlling the surface roughness important?
It influences protein adsorption and cell adhesion
It changes scaffold density
It reduces electrical conductivity
It increases porosity uniformly
Explanation - Surface roughness affects how cells interact with the scaffold, impacting adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Correct answer is: It influences protein adsorption and cell adhesion
Q.78 Which of these mechanical cues is most relevant for directing chondrocytes toward a hypertrophic phenotype?
High compressive strain
Low hydrostatic pressure
Static tension
Electrical stimulation
Explanation - Excessive compressive strain can push chondrocytes into hypertrophy, leading to endochondral ossification.
Correct answer is: High compressive strain
Q.79 Which sensor technology is used to monitor real‑time deformation of a soft tissue construct during mechanical loading?
Fiber Bragg grating sensor
Thermocouple
pH sensor
Optical fiber strain sensor
Explanation - Fiber Bragg gratings provide high‑resolution strain measurements in soft, transparent materials without interfering with cell viability.
Correct answer is: Fiber Bragg grating sensor
Q.80 What is the main reason for using dynamic compression over static compression in cartilage tissue engineering?
Dynamic compression better mimics joint loading and enhances proteoglycan production
Static compression is harder to control
Dynamic compression is cheaper
Static compression leads to immediate cell death
Explanation - Dynamic loading replicates physiological joint forces, stimulating ECM synthesis and improving cartilage quality.
Correct answer is: Dynamic compression better mimics joint loading and enhances proteoglycan production
Q.81 Which of the following electrical stimuli is most effective for promoting neuronal differentiation of stem cells?
High‑frequency AC
Low‑frequency AC
Direct current
Pulsed electrical field
Explanation - Pulsed fields provide intermittent stimulation that aligns with neuronal firing patterns, enhancing differentiation.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.82 Why is it important to match the mechanical properties of a scaffold to the native tissue in regenerative engineering?
To ensure biocompatibility
To prevent cell detachment and apoptosis
To promote appropriate cell behavior and integration
All of the above
Explanation - Matching mechanical properties improves cell attachment, signaling, and ultimately successful tissue integration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.83 Which mechanical stimulus is typically used to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in a bioreactor?
Cyclic compression
Static compression
Static tension
Cyclic tensile strain
Explanation - Cyclic tensile strain simulates the mechanical environment of bone, stimulating osteogenic pathways.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.84 Which sensor would you use to monitor fluid shear stress in a vascular bioreactor?
Pressure sensor
Temperature sensor
Flow sensor
pH sensor
Explanation - Flow sensors measure fluid velocity, enabling calculation of shear stress experienced by endothelial cells.
Correct answer is: Flow sensor
Q.85 Which of the following mechanical cues is essential for aligning cardiomyocytes in a tissue‑engineered heart patch?
Cyclic mechanical stretch
Static compression
Shear stress
High temperature
Explanation - Cyclic stretch promotes alignment, maturation, and synchronous contraction of cardiomyocytes.
Correct answer is: Cyclic mechanical stretch
Q.86 What is the main advantage of using a microfluidic system for studying mechanical cues on cell cultures?
Precise control of fluid shear stress
High throughput screening
Low cost
Both A and B
Explanation - Microfluidics offer precise shear control and enable parallel testing of multiple conditions.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.87 How does substrate stiffness influence the differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes?
Soft substrates favor oligodendrocyte differentiation
Stiff substrates favor oligodendrocyte differentiation
Stiff substrates inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation
Stiffness has no effect
Explanation - Neural stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes on softer matrices that mimic brain tissue elasticity.
Correct answer is: Soft substrates favor oligodendrocyte differentiation
Q.88 Which biophysical cue can be used to mimic the electrical environment of the heart for engineered tissues?
Direct current
Pulsed electrical field
Magnetic induction
Ultrasound
Explanation - Pulsed fields replicate cardiac action potentials, promoting synchronization of engineered cardiomyocytes.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.89 What is a key effect of applying high hydrostatic pressure to chondrocytes?
Increases proteoglycan synthesis
Reduces cell proliferation
Induces apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Hydrostatic pressure stimulates anabolic pathways, enhancing matrix production in cartilage cells.
Correct answer is: Increases proteoglycan synthesis
Q.90 Which of the following mechanical stimuli is commonly used to induce angiogenesis in a bioreactor?
Shear stress from fluid flow
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to sprout and form vascular networks, a critical step for tissue vascularization.
Correct answer is: Shear stress from fluid flow
Q.91 What is a major challenge when applying mechanical strain to a soft tissue scaffold?
Scaffold collapse
Cell detachment
Loss of pore connectivity
All of the above
Explanation - Mechanical strain can compromise scaffold integrity and disrupt cell-scaffold interactions if not properly managed.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.92 Which electrical stimulation protocol is most effective for promoting neural regeneration?
Low‑frequency AC
High‑frequency AC
Direct current
Pulsed DC with microsecond pulses
Explanation - Microsecond pulses provide precise stimulation that mimics physiological nerve firing, enhancing neurite outgrowth.
Correct answer is: Pulsed DC with microsecond pulses
Q.93 What is the role of integrin clustering in mechanotransduction?
It promotes cytoskeletal tension and signaling
It inhibits cell adhesion
It degrades ECM
It has no effect
Explanation - Integrin clustering creates focal adhesion complexes that link ECM to the actin cytoskeleton, initiating downstream pathways.
Correct answer is: It promotes cytoskeletal tension and signaling
Q.94 Which of the following biophysical cues can be used to stimulate osteogenic differentiation without external electrodes?
Piezoelectric materials
Magnetic nanoparticles
Ultrasound
All of the above
Explanation - Piezoelectric scaffolds generate internal electrical potentials when mechanically deformed, driving osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric materials
Q.95 Which mechanical cue is most beneficial for cartilage repair in a joint‑like environment?
Cyclic compressive loading
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Cyclic compression replicates joint movement and stimulates chondrocytes to produce cartilage ECM.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compressive loading
Q.96 What is a key consideration when designing a sensor embedded in a soft tissue scaffold?
Minimizing electrical interference with cells
Ensuring high thermal resistance
Maximizing mechanical stiffness
Reducing optical transparency
Explanation - Embedded sensors should not disrupt cellular function; they must be biocompatible and minimally invasive.
Correct answer is: Minimizing electrical interference with cells
Q.97 Which mechanical stimulus is used to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in a micro‑gravity environment?
Static compression
Dynamic compression
Shear stress
Cyclic tensile strain
Explanation - Dynamic compression can compensate for reduced gravity effects, encouraging bone formation.
Correct answer is: Dynamic compression
Q.98 Which of the following is NOT a typical mechanical parameter measured in a bioreactor?
Strain
Hydrostatic pressure
Temperature
Shear stress
Explanation - While temperature is monitored, the primary mechanical parameters are strain, pressure, and shear stress.
Correct answer is: Temperature
Q.99 What is the primary effect of electrical stimulation on bone marrow stromal cells?
Inhibits proliferation
Stimulates osteogenic gene expression
Induces apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Electrical fields activate signaling pathways that upregulate osteogenic markers such as Runx2.
Correct answer is: Stimulates osteogenic gene expression
Q.100 Which biophysical cue can guide the growth of engineered vessels in a bioreactor?
Shear stress
Static compression
Magnetic field
Low temperature
Explanation - Physiological shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to form lumenized tubular structures, essential for engineered vessels.
Correct answer is: Shear stress
Q.101 Which mechanical cue is most important for aligning collagen fibers in tendon tissue engineering?
Static compression
Cyclic tensile strain
Hydrostatic pressure
Electrical field
Explanation - Tendon fibers align under tensile load, improving mechanical strength and functional integration.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.102 What is the primary function of a piezoelectric sensor in a tissue‑engineered construct?
Measure electrical potentials generated by cells
Measure mechanical strain
Detect temperature changes
Sense pH levels
Explanation - Piezoelectric sensors convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals, enabling real‑time strain monitoring.
Correct answer is: Measure mechanical strain
Q.103 Which of the following is a direct consequence of applying cyclic shear stress to a scaffold seeded with endothelial cells?
Decreased cell proliferation
Enhanced tube formation
Induction of apoptosis
No effect
Explanation - Shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to align and form capillary‑like structures, promoting vascular network formation.
Correct answer is: Enhanced tube formation
Q.104 Which mechanical stimulus is commonly used to promote myogenic differentiation in skeletal muscle tissue engineering?
Static compression
Cyclic tensile strain
Hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Mechanical stretch mimics muscle contraction and is essential for myogenic differentiation and maturation.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.105 What is the main advantage of using a micro‑electrode array in a neural tissue scaffold?
To provide electrical stimulation
To measure electrical activity
Both A and B
None of the above
Explanation - Micro‑electrode arrays enable both stimulation and recording of neuronal signals within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.106 Which biophysical cue is essential for guiding Schwann cells during peripheral nerve regeneration?
Electrical microstimulation
Magnetic field
Hydrostatic pressure
High temperature
Explanation - Electrical cues promote Schwann cell migration and myelination, aiding nerve regeneration.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.107 What is the effect of substrate topography on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation?
It has no effect
It directs differentiation through integrin signaling
It causes apoptosis
It reduces proliferation
Explanation - Topographic features influence integrin clustering, which in turn modulates lineage specification.
Correct answer is: It directs differentiation through integrin signaling
Q.108 Which of the following mechanical loading regimes is most suitable for enhancing bone formation around an implant?
Cyclic compressive loading
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Cyclic loading stimulates osteoblast activity and improves integration of orthopedic implants.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compressive loading
Q.109 What is the primary outcome of applying electrical stimulation to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells?
Induction of osteogenic markers
Inhibition of cell proliferation
Promotion of adipogenic differentiation
No effect
Explanation - Electrical cues activate signaling that enhances expression of osteogenic genes, promoting bone formation.
Correct answer is: Induction of osteogenic markers
Q.110 Which mechanical cue can be used to replicate the mechanical environment of the lung in tissue engineering?
Cyclic compression and stretch
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - The lung undergoes rhythmic cyclic compression and expansion, which can be simulated to promote alveolar cell differentiation.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compression and stretch
Q.111 Which of the following is a primary mechanical stimulus for enhancing cartilage regeneration?
Dynamic compression
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Dynamic compression encourages chondrocytes to produce proteoglycans and collagen II, essential for cartilage repair.
Correct answer is: Dynamic compression
Q.112 Which sensor can detect real‑time changes in the mechanical properties of a hydrogel scaffold during culture?
Capacitive strain sensor
Temperature probe
pH sensor
Optical displacement sensor
Explanation - Capacitive sensors measure changes in capacitance caused by deformation, indicating mechanical property changes.
Correct answer is: Capacitive strain sensor
Q.113 What is the primary role of shear stress in the vascular tissue engineering?
Promotes endothelial cell alignment
Induces apoptosis
Reduces matrix deposition
Has no effect
Explanation - Shear stress encourages endothelial cells to align and form stable tube structures, essential for functional vessels.
Correct answer is: Promotes endothelial cell alignment
Q.114 Which electrical stimulation pattern best supports myotube formation in engineered skeletal muscle?
Low‑frequency DC
High‑frequency AC
Pulsed DC
Continuous AC
Explanation - Pulsed DC mimics physiological muscle depolarization, promoting myotube alignment and fusion.
Correct answer is: Pulsed DC
Q.115 Which mechanical cue is most relevant for cartilage hypertrophy?
Low compressive strain
High compressive strain
Static tension
High temperature
Explanation - Excessive compressive strain drives chondrocytes toward hypertrophy, leading to calcification.
Correct answer is: High compressive strain
Q.116 What is the effect of static magnetic fields on cell differentiation in tissue engineering?
Promotes osteogenic differentiation via magneto‑mechanical coupling
Inhibits all differentiation
Induces apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Static magnetic fields can interact with magnetic nanoparticles to generate mechanical cues that favor bone formation.
Correct answer is: Promotes osteogenic differentiation via magneto‑mechanical coupling
Q.117 Which of the following mechanical stimuli is typically applied to bone marrow stromal cells to promote osteogenesis?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Mechanical stretch activates osteogenic pathways and is essential for bone tissue engineering.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.118 What is a key benefit of using a flexible printed circuit in a soft scaffold for neural regeneration?
Provides electrical pathways for stimulation
Increases stiffness
Reduces porosity
Enhances thermal insulation
Explanation - Flexible PCBs allow electrical signals to be delivered to embedded cells while maintaining scaffold compliance.
Correct answer is: Provides electrical pathways for stimulation
Q.119 Which mechanical stimulus can be used to promote bone regeneration in a hydrogel scaffold?
Cyclic compression
Static compression
Low temperature
High hydrostatic pressure
Explanation - Cyclic compression provides a dynamic mechanical environment that enhances osteoblast activity within hydrogels.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compression
Q.120 What is the role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction?
They are enzymes that degrade ECM
They are transcription co‑activators that shuttle to the nucleus upon mechanical stimulation
They are ion channels
They are structural proteins
Explanation - YAP/TAZ translocate to the nucleus in response to mechanical cues, modulating gene expression related to proliferation and differentiation.
Correct answer is: They are transcription co‑activators that shuttle to the nucleus upon mechanical stimulation
Q.121 Which of the following biophysical cues is essential for guiding axonal extension in nerve regeneration?
Electrical microstimulation
Magnetic field
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Electrical cues provide directional signals that promote directed axonal growth and synapse formation.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.122 Which mechanical loading regime is used to model the mechanical environment of the human knee joint in a cartilage bioreactor?
Dynamic compressive loading
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Dynamic compression replicates the loading patterns experienced by knee cartilage during daily activities.
Correct answer is: Dynamic compressive loading
Q.123 What is the effect of high strain on fibroblasts in a wound healing model?
Promotes myofibroblast differentiation
Inhibits migration
Causes apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - High tensile strain activates myofibroblasts, leading to increased collagen deposition and scar formation.
Correct answer is: Promotes myofibroblast differentiation
Q.124 Which biophysical cue is used to promote vascularization in a tissue‑engineered organ?
Shear stress from perfusion
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Perfusion generates shear stress that stimulates endothelial sprouting and vessel maturation.
Correct answer is: Shear stress from perfusion
Q.125 Which mechanical cue is essential for guiding the alignment of cardiac cells in a heart patch?
Cyclic stretch
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Cyclic mechanical stretch mimics the beating motion and aligns cardiomyocytes, improving electrical coupling.
Correct answer is: Cyclic stretch
Q.126 Which sensor type is best suited for measuring micro‑strain in a soft tissue scaffold?
Capacitive strain sensor
Resistive strain sensor
Temperature probe
pH meter
Explanation - Capacitive sensors are sensitive to small deformations and can be integrated into compliant scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Capacitive strain sensor
Q.127 Which biophysical stimulus is commonly used to enhance bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation?
Pulsed electrical field
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Pulsed fields can stimulate proliferation through calcium signaling pathways in MSCs.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.128 Which mechanical cue is most relevant for inducing osteogenesis in a 3D printed scaffold?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
High hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Cyclic tensile strain replicates the mechanical environment of bone and activates osteogenic pathways.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.129 Which electrical stimulation protocol is optimal for promoting myogenesis in engineered skeletal muscle?
Low‑frequency AC
High‑frequency AC
Pulsed DC
Continuous DC
Explanation - Pulsed DC provides discrete depolarization events that stimulate muscle fiber formation and alignment.
Correct answer is: Pulsed DC
Q.130 What is the main function of an integrated strain sensor in a soft scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering?
To measure electrical activity
To monitor mechanical contraction
To detect temperature changes
To assess pH levels
Explanation - The sensor records strain generated by cardiomyocyte contractions, providing functional readouts of tissue maturation.
Correct answer is: To monitor mechanical contraction
Q.131 Which mechanical cue is used to promote alignment of fibroblasts in a wound healing scaffold?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Cyclic strain aligns fibroblasts along the strain axis, improving collagen organization in healing tissue.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.132 What is the effect of magnetic stimulation on osteoblast activity in a tissue‑engineered scaffold?
Inhibits activity
Promotes activity via magneto‑mechanical forces
Induces apoptosis
Has no effect
Explanation - Magnetic fields interacting with embedded nanoparticles can generate local forces that enhance osteoblast activity.
Correct answer is: Promotes activity via magneto‑mechanical forces
Q.133 Which biophysical cue is most critical for guiding neuronal growth in a micro‑fluidic chip?
Electrical microstimulation
Shear stress
Magnetic field
High temperature
Explanation - Electrical cues provide directional guidance for neurite extension and synapse formation.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.134 What is the primary benefit of cyclic mechanical loading in bone tissue engineering?
It reduces cell proliferation
It enhances osteogenic differentiation via integrin signaling
It causes apoptosis
It has no effect
Explanation - Cyclic loading stimulates integrin‑mediated pathways, promoting bone formation and matrix deposition.
Correct answer is: It enhances osteogenic differentiation via integrin signaling
Q.135 Which mechanical cue is used to promote the formation of a functional vascular network in engineered tissues?
Shear stress from perfusion
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Perfusion flow generates shear stress that stimulates endothelial sprouting and lumen formation.
Correct answer is: Shear stress from perfusion
Q.136 Which of the following mechanical stimuli is most commonly used to study the mechanobiology of bone marrow stromal cells?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
Hydrostatic pressure
Temperature change
Explanation - Cyclic stretch simulates the mechanical environment of bone, influencing MSC differentiation toward osteocytes.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.137 What is the role of substrate stiffness in guiding cartilage tissue engineering?
It determines the rate of cell migration
It influences differentiation toward a chondrocyte phenotype
It has no effect on cartilage cells
It reduces cell adhesion
Explanation - Soft matrices (~1 kPa) are optimal for cartilage formation, directing stem cells toward chondrocytes.
Correct answer is: It influences differentiation toward a chondrocyte phenotype
Q.138 Which sensor would you use to monitor real‑time changes in hydrostatic pressure within a cartilage bioreactor?
Pressure transducer
Temperature probe
pH sensor
Electrical impedance sensor
Explanation - A pressure transducer directly measures hydrostatic pressure changes inside the culture chamber.
Correct answer is: Pressure transducer
Q.139 What is a primary mechanical cue used to stimulate osteogenesis in 3D printed bone scaffolds?
Cyclic compressive loading
Static compression
Shear stress
Electrical stimulation
Explanation - Dynamic compression mimics bone loading and stimulates osteogenic differentiation of seeded cells.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compressive loading
Q.140 Which of the following is a direct consequence of applying cyclic tensile strain to a tissue construct?
Cell alignment along the strain direction
Induction of apoptosis
Reduction in ECM production
No effect
Explanation - Cyclic strain aligns cells and their cytoskeleton, guiding matrix deposition in the same direction.
Correct answer is: Cell alignment along the strain direction
Q.141 Which mechanical stimulus is crucial for inducing angiogenesis in a tissue‑engineered scaffold?
Shear stress from fluid flow
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to sprout and form capillary networks, essential for vascularization.
Correct answer is: Shear stress from fluid flow
Q.142 What is the main effect of magnetic nanoparticles in a scaffold on bone regeneration?
They provide mechanical cues when exposed to magnetic fields
They inhibit cell adhesion
They cause cell death
They have no effect
Explanation - Magnetic fields applied to magnetically labeled scaffolds generate localized forces that stimulate osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: They provide mechanical cues when exposed to magnetic fields
Q.143 Which of the following mechanical stimuli is used to guide the alignment of Schwann cells in a peripheral nerve scaffold?
Cyclic tensile strain
Shear stress
Magnetic field
High temperature
Explanation - Cyclic strain aligns Schwann cells along the direction of strain, promoting myelination and nerve regeneration.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.144 What is the primary advantage of using a flexible sensor integrated into a soft scaffold for neural tissue engineering?
It reduces electrical interference with cells
It enhances mechanical stiffness
It increases scaffold porosity
It reduces cell adhesion
Explanation - Flexible sensors minimize mechanical mismatch, preventing interference with cellular processes while providing real‑time data.
Correct answer is: It reduces electrical interference with cells
Q.145 Which biophysical cue is most essential for guiding neurite outgrowth in a micro‑fluidic neural chip?
Electrical microstimulation
Shear stress
Hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Electrical cues provide directional signals that promote guided neurite extension and synapse formation.
Correct answer is: Electrical microstimulation
Q.146 Which mechanical cue is most relevant for enhancing tendon regeneration?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
Hydrostatic pressure
High temperature
Explanation - Tendons experience repetitive stretching; cyclic tensile strain promotes collagen alignment and mechanical integrity.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.147 What is the main effect of applying cyclic compressive loading to a cartilage scaffold?
Increases proteoglycan synthesis
Induces apoptosis
Reduces collagen production
Has no effect
Explanation - Dynamic compression stimulates chondrocytes to produce proteoglycans, essential for cartilage function.
Correct answer is: Increases proteoglycan synthesis
Q.148 Which mechanical stimulus is used to promote vascular network formation in a 3D tissue construct?
Shear stress from perfusion
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Perfusion flow generates shear stress that drives endothelial sprouting and tube formation.
Correct answer is: Shear stress from perfusion
Q.149 Which sensor is best suited for detecting changes in fluid shear stress in a vascular bioreactor?
Pressure sensor
Temperature probe
Flow sensor
pH meter
Explanation - Flow sensors measure fluid velocity, from which shear stress on endothelial cells can be calculated.
Correct answer is: Flow sensor
Q.150 Which of the following electrical cues is commonly used to stimulate bone formation in a hydrogel scaffold?
Direct current
Pulsed electrical field
High‑frequency AC
None of the above
Explanation - Pulsed fields deliver discrete electrical pulses that activate osteogenic signaling pathways.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.151 What is the primary outcome of applying shear stress to endothelial cells in a bioreactor?
Inhibition of proliferation
Promotion of alignment and tube formation
Induction of apoptosis
No effect
Explanation - Shear stress guides endothelial cells to align and form tubular networks, essential for vascular tissue engineering.
Correct answer is: Promotion of alignment and tube formation
Q.152 Which mechanical cue can be used to enhance osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells within a hydrogel?
Cyclic compressive loading
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Dynamic compression mimics bone loading and activates osteogenic signaling within hydrogels.
Correct answer is: Cyclic compressive loading
Q.153 Which of the following mechanical stimuli is most relevant for promoting myogenic differentiation?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
Hydrostatic pressure
Low temperature
Explanation - Muscle cells respond to stretch, and cyclic tensile strain encourages myotube formation.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain
Q.154 What is the primary benefit of using a flexible printed circuit board in a soft tissue scaffold for neuronal cultures?
It provides electrical pathways for stimulation and recording
It increases scaffold stiffness
It reduces porosity
It enhances thermal insulation
Explanation - Flexible PCBs allow electrical signals to be delivered to neurons while maintaining scaffold compliance.
Correct answer is: It provides electrical pathways for stimulation and recording
Q.155 Which biophysical cue is used to mimic the electrical environment of the heart in engineered cardiac tissues?
Direct current
Pulsed electrical field
Magnetic field
Ultrasound
Explanation - Pulsed electrical fields replicate cardiac action potentials, promoting synchronized contraction of engineered cardiomyocytes.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical field
Q.156 Which mechanical stimulus is essential for aligning collagen fibers in tendon tissue engineering?
Cyclic tensile strain
Static compression
High temperature
Low oxygen tension
Explanation - Tendon fibers align under tensile load, improving mechanical strength and functional integration.
Correct answer is: Cyclic tensile strain