Q.1 What does the term “metabolic engineering” refer to in biotechnology?
Designing electronic circuits for cell phones
Modifying cellular pathways to increase production of a desired compound
Building mechanical robots to mimic metabolism
Measuring the electrical activity of neurons
Explanation - Metabolic engineering involves altering metabolic networks in microbes or plants to boost the yield of valuable chemicals, fuels, or pharmaceuticals.
Correct answer is: Modifying cellular pathways to increase production of a desired compound
Q.2 Which of the following is a common host organism used for synthetic biology applications?
Escherichia coli
Silicon chip
Copper wire
Aluminum foil
Explanation - E. coli is a well‑studied bacterium that is easy to manipulate genetically, making it a standard chassis for synthetic biology.
Correct answer is: Escherichia coli
Q.3 In systems biology, a “flux balance analysis” (FBA) is primarily used to:
Predict electrical current in a circuit
Calculate the flow of metabolites through a network at steady state
Determine the voltage of a battery
Measure the pH of a solution
Explanation - FBA uses linear programming to estimate the rates (fluxes) of biochemical reactions assuming the system is at steady state.
Correct answer is: Calculate the flow of metabolites through a network at steady state
Q.4 Which biotechnology product is directly derived from the application of systems biology to yeast metabolism?
Insulin
Bioethanol
Plastic bottles
Solar panels
Explanation - Engineered yeast strains, optimized through systems‑level modeling, are used to convert sugars to ethanol more efficiently.
Correct answer is: Bioethanol
Q.5 A genetic toggle switch in synthetic biology is best described as:
A device that flips electrical switches on a circuit board
A pair of mutually repressing genes that create bistable states
A type of mechanical lever used in labs
A method for measuring DNA concentration
Explanation - The toggle switch consists of two genes that inhibit each other, allowing the system to stably exist in one of two expression states.
Correct answer is: A pair of mutually repressing genes that create bistable states
Q.6 Which omics data type provides information about the levels of proteins present in a cell?
Genomics
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Explanation - Proteomics focuses on large‑scale study of proteins, including their quantities, modifications, and interactions.
Correct answer is: Proteomics
Q.7 In the context of biofuel production, which pathway is often engineered to increase the supply of acetyl‑CoA?
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
TCA cycle
Fatty acid synthesis pathway
Explanation - Redirecting carbon flux toward the fatty acid synthesis pathway raises acetyl‑CoA pools, a precursor for many biofuels.
Correct answer is: Fatty acid synthesis pathway
Q.8 CRISPR‑Cas9 is commonly used in systems biology to:
Amplify electrical signals
Edit specific DNA sequences for perturbation studies
Measure temperature in bioreactors
Generate high‑resolution microscopy images
Explanation - CRISPR‑Cas9 enables precise genome editing, allowing researchers to knock out or modify genes and observe system‑level effects.
Correct answer is: Edit specific DNA sequences for perturbation studies
Q.9 Which of the following best describes a biosensor designed using synthetic biology?
A device that detects light intensity
A genetically engineered cell that produces a fluorescent signal in response to a target molecule
A metal electrode that measures voltage
A computer algorithm that predicts weather
Explanation - Synthetic biology biosensors use engineered cells or pathways that generate a measurable output (e.g., fluorescence) upon detecting specific chemicals.
Correct answer is: A genetically engineered cell that produces a fluorescent signal in response to a target molecule
Q.10 The term “omics integration” in systems biology means:
Combining electrical and mechanical engineering
Merging data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to build comprehensive models
Linking different computer programs
Integrating different types of batteries
Explanation - Omics integration combines multiple layers of biological information to understand system behavior holistically.
Correct answer is: Merging data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to build comprehensive models
Q.11 Which of the following is a major challenge when applying systems biology to drug discovery?
Limited availability of electrical components
High computational cost of simulating large molecular networks
Inability to sequence DNA
Lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies
Explanation - Modeling whole‑cell networks with many interactions requires significant computational resources and sophisticated algorithms.
Correct answer is: High computational cost of simulating large molecular networks
Q.12 What is a “knock‑out” strain in the context of metabolic engineering?
A strain that has an extra copy of a gene
A strain where a specific gene has been completely inactivated
A strain that is electrically insulated
A strain that glows in the dark
Explanation - Knock‑out strains lack functional copies of a target gene, allowing researchers to assess its role in metabolism.
Correct answer is: A strain where a specific gene has been completely inactivated
Q.13 In a gene circuit, a “promoter” functions as:
A source of electrical power
A DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a gene
A type of battery
A sensor for temperature
Explanation - Promoters bind RNA polymerase and transcription factors to start the synthesis of RNA from DNA.
Correct answer is: A DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a gene
Q.14 Which computational tool is frequently used to model gene regulatory networks?
MATLAB Simulink for electrical circuits
Cytoscape for visualizing biological networks
AutoCAD for mechanical design
SolidWorks for 3D printing
Explanation - Cytoscape provides a platform for visualizing and analyzing complex biological interaction networks.
Correct answer is: Cytoscape for visualizing biological networks
Q.15 A common metric to evaluate the efficiency of a bio‑production pathway is:
Voltage drop
Yield (product per substrate consumed)
Resistance
Current density
Explanation - Yield measures how much desired product is obtained relative to the amount of raw material fed into the system.
Correct answer is: Yield (product per substrate consumed)
Q.16 Which of the following best describes a “synthetic lethal” interaction used in cancer therapy design?
Two drugs that cancel each other out
A pair of gene knock‑outs where loss of either alone is viable, but loss of both is lethal
A circuit that short‑circuits when overloaded
A protein that conducts electricity
Explanation - Synthetic lethality exploits dependencies in cancer cells; targeting a gene that is only essential when another is already mutated can selectively kill tumor cells.
Correct answer is: A pair of gene knock‑outs where loss of either alone is viable, but loss of both is lethal
Q.17 In the production of recombinant proteins, why is codon optimization important?
It reduces the voltage required for expression
It adapts the gene’s codon usage to match the host’s tRNA abundance, enhancing translation efficiency
It changes the protein’s color
It makes the DNA more conductive
Explanation - Optimizing codons to those preferred by the host organism improves ribosome binding and speeds up protein synthesis.
Correct answer is: It adapts the gene’s codon usage to match the host’s tRNA abundance, enhancing translation efficiency
Q.18 What is the primary purpose of a “feedback loop” in a synthetic gene circuit?
To increase electrical resistance
To regulate the expression level of a gene based on its own output
To generate heat
To store data
Explanation - Feedback loops enable a circuit to maintain stability, oscillate, or create switch‑like behavior by sensing its own product.
Correct answer is: To regulate the expression level of a gene based on its own output
Q.19 Which of the following is an example of a “cell‑free” synthetic biology platform?
Using a living yeast culture to produce ethanol
Performing transcription‑translation reactions in a test tube with extracted cellular machinery
Connecting wires to a bacterial colony
Embedding bacteria in a silicon chip
Explanation - Cell‑free systems use lysates containing the necessary enzymes, allowing rapid prototyping of genetic constructs without living cells.
Correct answer is: Performing transcription‑translation reactions in a test tube with extracted cellular machinery
Q.20 Which metabolite is often used as a reporter in engineered pathways to indicate flux changes?
Glucose
Lactate
GFP (green fluorescent protein)
Oxygen
Explanation - GFP emits fluorescence when expressed, providing a convenient, non‑invasive read‑out of gene expression or pathway activity.
Correct answer is: GFP (green fluorescent protein)
Q.21 In systems biology models, the term “parameter sensitivity analysis” refers to:
Testing how changes in electrical voltage affect a circuit
Evaluating how variations in model parameters impact output predictions
Measuring the temperature sensitivity of enzymes
Assessing the durability of lab equipment
Explanation - Sensitivity analysis identifies which parameters most strongly influence model behavior, guiding experimental focus.
Correct answer is: Evaluating how variations in model parameters impact output predictions
Q.22 Which of the following best illustrates the concept of “modular” design in synthetic biology?
Using interchangeable DNA parts (promoters, RBS, coding sequences) that can be recombined to build new functions
Building a single massive gene that does everything
Designing circuits that cannot be changed
Using a fixed hardware board for all experiments
Explanation - Modularity enables rapid assembly of genetic circuits by swapping standardized parts, akin to building with LEGO bricks.
Correct answer is: Using interchangeable DNA parts (promoters, RBS, coding sequences) that can be recombined to build new functions
Q.23 A major advantage of using yeast over bacteria for production of complex eukaryotic proteins is:
Yeast cells are larger
Yeast can perform post‑translational modifications such as glycosylation
Yeast grow faster than bacteria
Yeast do not need oxygen
Explanation - Eukaryotic proteins often require modifications that bacteria cannot perform, making yeast a more suitable host for many biopharmaceuticals.
Correct answer is: Yeast can perform post‑translational modifications such as glycosylation
Q.24 In the context of bioreactor design, what does “fed‑batch” operation refer to?
Continuously adding fresh medium while removing product
Adding nutrients in intervals without removing culture fluid
Running the reactor at high voltage
Operating the reactor only at night
Explanation - Fed‑batch maintains cell growth and product formation by periodically supplying substrates, avoiding substrate inhibition.
Correct answer is: Adding nutrients in intervals without removing culture fluid
Q.25 Which technology enables high‑throughput measurement of metabolite concentrations for systems biology studies?
Mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC‑MS)
X‑ray diffraction
Scanning electron microscopy
Infrared thermography
Explanation - LC‑MS can separate and quantify hundreds of metabolites in a single run, providing data for metabolic modeling.
Correct answer is: Mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC‑MS)
Q.26 Which of the following is a typical output of a genome‑scale metabolic model (GEM)?
A list of all possible electrical circuits
Predicted growth rates under different nutrient conditions
A photograph of a cell
The voltage drop across a membrane
Explanation - GEMs simulate the flow of metabolites through an organism’s network, allowing predictions of phenotype changes under varied environments.
Correct answer is: Predicted growth rates under different nutrient conditions
Q.27 Which of the following best describes “dynamic metabolic control”?
Static wiring of electrical components
Real‑time regulation of enzyme levels to adapt metabolism to changing conditions
Using a fixed amount of substrate for the whole fermentation
Measuring current in a circuit
Explanation - Dynamic control uses sensors and regulators (often synthetic) to adjust enzyme expression as the cell environment changes.
Correct answer is: Real‑time regulation of enzyme levels to adapt metabolism to changing conditions
Q.28 What is the main purpose of using a “reporter gene” like luciferase in a synthetic circuit?
To power the cell
To provide a measurable signal (light) indicating circuit activity
To increase the cell’s resistance to antibiotics
To change the cell’s shape
Explanation - Luciferase catalyzes a reaction that emits light, allowing easy quantification of gene expression levels.
Correct answer is: To provide a measurable signal (light) indicating circuit activity
Q.29 In biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which strategy improves polymer yield?
Increasing oxygen concentration indefinitely
Knocking out competing pathways that consume acetyl‑CoA
Reducing temperature to 0 °C
Adding electrical current to the culture
Explanation - Removing pathways that divert precursors toward other metabolites channels more carbon into PHA synthesis.
Correct answer is: Knocking out competing pathways that consume acetyl‑CoA
Q.30 Which of the following best exemplifies a “systems‑level” approach to improving antibiotic production?
Changing a single promoter upstream of a biosynthetic gene
Integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data to identify bottlenecks in the pathway
Increasing the temperature of the fermenter
Using a stronger electrical supply for the bioreactor
Explanation - A systems‑level strategy looks at multiple layers of regulation simultaneously to pinpoint where improvements are needed.
Correct answer is: Integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data to identify bottlenecks in the pathway
Q.31 Which synthetic biology tool allows the construction of large DNA fragments (>50 kb) in a single step?
PCR
Gibson Assembly
Electrophoresis
Southern blotting
Explanation - Gibson Assembly joins multiple DNA fragments with overlapping ends using exonuclease, polymerase, and ligase in a single isothermal reaction.
Correct answer is: Gibson Assembly
Q.32 When modeling a signaling pathway, which type of mathematical representation is most common?
Differential equations describing concentration changes over time
Ohm’s law (V = IR)
Fourier transform of signals
Binary logic gates
Explanation - Ordinary differential equations capture the dynamic behavior of molecular species in signaling networks.
Correct answer is: Differential equations describing concentration changes over time
Q.33 In the context of biomanufacturing, a “titer” refers to:
The voltage of the power supply
The concentration of product in the culture broth (e.g., g/L)
The size of the bioreactor
The number of bacteria per milliliter
Explanation - Titer is a key performance metric indicating how much product has been accumulated per unit volume.
Correct answer is: The concentration of product in the culture broth (e.g., g/L)
Q.34 Which of the following is a typical application of systems biology in personalized medicine?
Designing custom microchips for each patient
Using patient‑specific genomic and transcriptomic data to predict drug response
Measuring the patient’s body temperature with a thermometer
Building a unique robot for every patient
Explanation - Integrating multi‑omics data helps tailor therapies based on individual molecular profiles.
Correct answer is: Using patient‑specific genomic and transcriptomic data to predict drug response
Q.35 Which of the following best describes the role of an “RNA interference (RNAi)” construct in a synthetic circuit?
To increase electrical conductivity
To down‑regulate expression of a target gene post‑transcriptionally
To amplify DNA
To change the color of the cell
Explanation - RNAi uses small RNAs to bind mRNA, leading to its degradation or translation inhibition.
Correct answer is: To down‑regulate expression of a target gene post‑transcriptionally
Q.36 What does the abbreviation “CRISPR” stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Current Resistance In Silicon Power Relays
Cytoplasmic Reactive Ion Spectroscopy
Control Resistive Inductive Switching Power Ratio
Explanation - CRISPR refers to a naturally occurring adaptive immune system in bacteria, repurposed for genome editing.
Correct answer is: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Q.37 In a metabolic network, a “dead‑end metabolite” is:
A compound that cannot be produced or consumed by any reaction in the model
A molecule that conducts electricity
A metabolite that glows under UV light
A substrate that is always present in excess
Explanation - Dead‑ends indicate gaps in the network that need to be filled for accurate simulations.
Correct answer is: A compound that cannot be produced or consumed by any reaction in the model
Q.38 Which of the following is a common method for validating a computational metabolic model?
Measuring the circuit’s resistance
Comparing predicted growth rates with experimental data from knockout strains
Observing the color change of the medium
Testing the model on a computer game
Explanation - Experimental validation ensures that model predictions align with real biological behavior.
Correct answer is: Comparing predicted growth rates with experimental data from knockout strains
Q.39 What is the primary benefit of using a “dual‑omics” approach (e.g., transcriptomics + proteomics) in pathway engineering?
It reduces the need for electrical power
It provides insight into both gene expression and actual protein abundance, revealing post‑transcriptional regulation
It makes the cells grow faster
It eliminates the need for a bioreactor
Explanation - Combining datasets uncovers discrepancies between mRNA levels and protein amounts, guiding more effective engineering.
Correct answer is: It provides insight into both gene expression and actual protein abundance, revealing post‑transcriptional regulation
Q.40 In synthetic biology, a “riboswitch” is:
A mechanical switch used in circuits
An RNA element that changes conformation upon binding a small molecule, regulating downstream gene expression
A type of battery
A fluorescent protein
Explanation - Riboswitches act as sensors that control translation or transcription in response to ligand binding.
Correct answer is: An RNA element that changes conformation upon binding a small molecule, regulating downstream gene expression
Q.41 Which of the following is a major environmental application of systems biology?
Designing better solar panels
Engineering microbes to degrade plastic waste
Building stronger bridges
Improving wireless communication
Explanation - Systems‑level models help design pathways enabling microorganisms to break down recalcitrant polymers.
Correct answer is: Engineering microbes to degrade plastic waste
Q.42 When a synthetic pathway is inserted into a host organism, which phenomenon can cause reduced product formation due to competition for cellular resources?
Resource allocation burden (metabolic load)
Electrical overload
Magnetic interference
Thermal expansion
Explanation - The host’s transcriptional, translational, and metabolic capacities are limited; excessive heterologous expression can strain the system.
Correct answer is: Resource allocation burden (metabolic load)
Q.43 Which statistical method is often used to infer gene regulatory networks from expression data?
Linear regression
Principal component analysis (PCA)
Bayesian network inference
Fourier transform
Explanation - Bayesian methods can capture probabilistic dependencies among genes, useful for reconstructing regulatory interactions.
Correct answer is: Bayesian network inference
Q.44 In the production of monoclonal antibodies, why is CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line preferred?
It grows faster than bacteria
It performs human‑like glycosylation, essential for antibody efficacy
It can survive without oxygen
It is electrically conductive
Explanation - Correct glycosylation patterns are critical for stability, activity, and reduced immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies.
Correct answer is: It performs human‑like glycosylation, essential for antibody efficacy
Q.45 Which of the following best defines “synthetic biology chassis”?
A type of computer motherboard
A host organism (e.g., E. coli, yeast) that provides the basic cellular machinery for engineered functions
A battery pack for laboratory equipment
A metal frame for bioreactors
Explanation - The chassis supplies the cellular environment where genetic parts are assembled and expressed.
Correct answer is: A host organism (e.g., E. coli, yeast) that provides the basic cellular machinery for engineered functions
Q.46 What does the term “orthogonal” mean when describing a synthetic biological component?
It runs at right angles to the circuit board
It functions independently of the host’s native pathways, minimizing cross‑talk
It conducts electricity better than copper
It glows in the dark
Explanation - Orthogonal parts are designed to avoid unintended interactions with endogenous cellular processes.
Correct answer is: It functions independently of the host’s native pathways, minimizing cross‑talk
Q.47 In metabolic engineering, the term “push‑pull‑balance” strategy refers to:
Increasing substrate uptake (push), enhancing product pathway (pull), and adjusting competing pathways (balance)
Pulling the culture through a pipe
Pushing electricity through a resistor
Balancing the weight of a centrifuge
Explanation - This three‑pronged approach maximizes flux toward the desired product while minimizing losses.
Correct answer is: Increasing substrate uptake (push), enhancing product pathway (pull), and adjusting competing pathways (balance)
Q.48 Which of the following is an example of a “cell‑surface display” technique used in biotechnology?
Embedding electrodes inside a cell
Fusing a protein of interest to a membrane anchor so it is presented on the cell exterior
Painting cells with fluorescent dye
Attaching a battery to a cell wall
Explanation - Surface display enables the cell to act as a catalyst or sensor for substrates that cannot cross the membrane.
Correct answer is: Fusing a protein of interest to a membrane anchor so it is presented on the cell exterior
Q.49 Which of the following best explains why genome editing of multiple genes simultaneously (multiplexing) is valuable for systems biology?
It reduces the need for electricity
It allows the investigation of combinatorial effects on pathways in a single experiment
It makes cells larger
It speeds up the cooling of reactors
Explanation - Multiplexed edits enable systematic probing of gene interactions and network robustness.
Correct answer is: It allows the investigation of combinatorial effects on pathways in a single experiment
Q.50 When engineering a bacterium to produce a non‑native compound, why might a researcher add a heterologous transporter gene?
To increase the cell’s electrical resistance
To export the product efficiently, preventing intracellular accumulation and toxicity
To change the cell’s shape
To make the cell glow
Explanation - Transporters move the product out of the cell, improving yield and reducing metabolic burden.
Correct answer is: To export the product efficiently, preventing intracellular accumulation and toxicity
Q.51 Which of the following is a key feature of a “digital twin” in biotechnology?
A physical replica of a bioreactor made of metal
A real‑time computational model that mirrors the state of a biological system for prediction and control
A twin brother who works in the lab
A duplicate set of electrodes
Explanation - Digital twins integrate sensor data with models to simulate and optimize bioprocesses dynamically.
Correct answer is: A real‑time computational model that mirrors the state of a biological system for prediction and control
Q.52 Which of the following statements about “synthetic promoters” is true?
They are always stronger than natural promoters
They can be designed to have defined strengths and regulatory properties for precise gene expression control
They only work in plant cells
They are made of metal
Explanation - Synthetic promoters allow fine‑tuning of transcription levels by arranging binding sites and core elements.
Correct answer is: They can be designed to have defined strengths and regulatory properties for precise gene expression control
Q.53 In the context of biomanufacturing, what does “process intensification” aim to achieve?
Increasing the voltage of the power supply
Improving productivity per unit volume/time by integrating multiple steps and enhancing reaction rates
Making the bioreactor heavier
Reducing the size of DNA fragments
Explanation - Intensification reduces costs and footprint while increasing output, often by combining upstream and downstream operations.
Correct answer is: Improving productivity per unit volume/time by integrating multiple steps and enhancing reaction rates
Q.54 Which type of model is most suitable for capturing stochastic (random) gene expression events?
Deterministic ordinary differential equations
Stochastic (e.g., Gillespie) simulations
Ohm’s law equations
Fourier series
Explanation - Stochastic models account for the probabilistic nature of molecular interactions in low‑copy-number regimes.
Correct answer is: Stochastic (e.g., Gillespie) simulations
Q.55 What is the main purpose of a “pathway refactoring” in synthetic biology?
To rearrange the order of reactions on paper
To redesign the genetic organization (promoters, RBSs, gene order) to improve flux and reduce regulatory interference
To change the electrical wiring of the lab
To paint the pathway different colors
Explanation - Refactoring optimizes expression balance and minimizes unwanted cross‑talk among pathway enzymes.
Correct answer is: To redesign the genetic organization (promoters, RBSs, gene order) to improve flux and reduce regulatory interference
Q.56 Which of the following is an advantage of using a microfluidic platform for systems biology experiments?
Higher electrical voltage tolerance
Precise control of micro‑environments, reduced reagent consumption, and ability to monitor single‑cell behavior
Ability to generate large currents
Better sound isolation
Explanation - Microfluidics enable high‑throughput, low‑volume assays and real‑time imaging of individual cells.
Correct answer is: Precise control of micro‑environments, reduced reagent consumption, and ability to monitor single‑cell behavior
Q.57 Which of the following best describes a “metabolic bottleneck”?
A point in the network where the reaction rate limits overall pathway flux
A narrow tube in the bioreactor
A voltage drop in a circuit
A physical blockage in the lab doorway
Explanation - Bottlenecks reduce the efficiency of product formation; relieving them often raises yields.
Correct answer is: A point in the network where the reaction rate limits overall pathway flux
Q.58 In the context of engineered probiotics, a “kill switch” is used to:
Increase electricity generation
Induce cell death under specific conditions to prevent uncontrolled proliferation
Make the bacteria glow
Change the bacteria’s shape
Explanation - Kill switches enhance biosafety by ensuring engineered microbes cannot survive outside intended environments.
Correct answer is: Induce cell death under specific conditions to prevent uncontrolled proliferation
Q.59 Which of the following technologies enables the rapid, high‑throughput synthesis of DNA fragments up to several hundred base pairs?
Sanger sequencing
Microarray‑based oligonucleotide synthesis
Western blotting
PCR thermocycling
Explanation - Array synthesis produces many short DNA oligos simultaneously, which can be assembled into larger constructs.
Correct answer is: Microarray‑based oligonucleotide synthesis
Q.60 What is a common way to monitor the intracellular concentration of a metabolite in real time?
Using a fluorescent biosensor that changes intensity upon binding the metabolite
Measuring the temperature of the culture
Counting the number of cells under a microscope
Measuring the pH of the medium
Explanation - Genetically encoded biosensors translate metabolite binding into an optical signal for live monitoring.
Correct answer is: Using a fluorescent biosensor that changes intensity upon binding the metabolite
Q.61 Which of the following best illustrates the concept of “host‑pathway compatibility”?
Ensuring the introduced pathway does not overload the host’s energy and cofactor supplies
Matching the color of the host with the pathway
Connecting the host to a power grid
Adjusting the host’s magnetic field
Explanation - Compatibility includes balancing resource demands (ATP, NAD(P)H) and avoiding toxic intermediates.
Correct answer is: Ensuring the introduced pathway does not overload the host’s energy and cofactor supplies
Q.62 In the context of plant synthetic biology, the term “chloroplast engineering” refers to:
Adding electronic chips to leaves
Modifying the chloroplast genome to introduce new metabolic pathways for producing high‑value compounds
Changing the shape of the plant
Increasing the plant’s height
Explanation - Chloroplasts have their own DNA and can be engineered to synthesize pharmaceuticals, biofuels, or pigments.
Correct answer is: Modifying the chloroplast genome to introduce new metabolic pathways for producing high‑value compounds
Q.63 Which of the following is a characteristic of “all‑osteric” regulation in metabolic pathways?
Regulation only at the transcriptional level
Enzyme activity is modulated by binding of effectors at sites other than the active site
Control of electrical currents
None of the above
Explanation - Allosteric effectors can activate or inhibit enzymes, providing rapid metabolic control.
Correct answer is: Enzyme activity is modulated by binding of effectors at sites other than the active site
Q.64 Which of the following best describes a “metabolite‑responsive ribozyme” used in synthetic circuits?
A protein that conducts electricity
An RNA molecule that self‑cleaves in response to binding a specific metabolite, thereby controlling gene expression
A metal sensor
A DNA polymerase
Explanation - Metabolite‑responsive ribozymes act as intracellular sensors that modulate downstream translation.
Correct answer is: An RNA molecule that self‑cleaves in response to binding a specific metabolite, thereby controlling gene expression
Q.65 In a bioprocess, the term “downstream processing” refers to:
The initial steps of cell growth
Purification and formulation of the target product after fermentation
Connecting wires to the bioreactor
Measuring electrical resistance
Explanation - Downstream steps include cell removal, product isolation, and polishing to obtain a final pure product.
Correct answer is: Purification and formulation of the target product after fermentation
Q.66 Which of the following is an advantage of using a “cell‑free protein synthesis” system for rapid prototyping of genetic circuits?
It eliminates the need for electricity
It allows testing of designs without the complexities of living cells, reducing time from weeks to hours
It makes the proteins glow
It increases the weight of the sample
Explanation - Cell‑free platforms provide a fast, controllable environment for measuring expression and circuit behavior.
Correct answer is: It allows testing of designs without the complexities of living cells, reducing time from weeks to hours
Q.67 Which of the following computational frameworks is commonly used for constraint‑based modeling of metabolism?
COBRA (COnstraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis)
MATLAB Simscape
ANSYS Mechanical
Adobe Photoshop
Explanation - COBRA Toolbox provides methods like FBA to simulate metabolic networks under defined constraints.
Correct answer is: COBRA (COnstraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis)
Q.68 What is the main purpose of using a “fluxomics” approach in systems biology?
Measuring the flow of electrons in a circuit
Quantifying the rates of metabolic reactions using isotopic labeling
Counting the number of cells
Measuring the pH of a solution
Explanation - Fluxomics provides direct measurements of metabolic activity, complementing static metabolite concentrations.
Correct answer is: Quantifying the rates of metabolic reactions using isotopic labeling
Q.69 In the design of a microbial cell factory for isoprenoid production, which precursor is most directly targeted for flux enhancement?
Acetyl‑CoA
Pyruvate
Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP)
Lactate
Explanation - IPP is the universal building block for isoprenoid biosynthesis; increasing its availability boosts downstream product yields.
Correct answer is: Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP)
Q.70 Which of the following best explains why synthetic biologists use “terminators” downstream of a gene?
To stop the flow of electricity
To signal RNA polymerase to terminate transcription, preventing read‑through into downstream genes
To increase cell size
To change the color of the colony
Explanation - Terminators provide defined transcriptional boundaries, ensuring modularity and predictable expression.
Correct answer is: To signal RNA polymerase to terminate transcription, preventing read‑through into downstream genes
Q.71 Which of the following is a typical step in the Design‑Build‑Test‑Learn (DBTL) cycle of synthetic biology?
Design a genetic construct, assemble it, test its function, and use data to refine the next design
Design a circuit board, build a transformer, test voltage, learn electricity theory
Write a paper, submit it, test reviewers, learn from comments
None of the above
Explanation - DBTL iteratively improves engineered biological systems based on experimental feedback.
Correct answer is: Design a genetic construct, assemble it, test its function, and use data to refine the next design
Q.72 When integrating a heterologous pathway into a host, why is it important to balance NAD(P)H consumption and regeneration?
To keep the electrical circuits stable
Because redox imbalance can limit pathway flux and cause growth inhibition
To change the cell’s shape
To increase the temperature of the culture
Explanation - NAD(P)H is a key cofactor; mismatched usage leads to metabolic stress and lower productivity.
Correct answer is: Because redox imbalance can limit pathway flux and cause growth inhibition
Q.73 Which of the following best describes a “synthetic minimal genome” approach?
Removing non‑essential genes from a host to create a streamlined chassis with reduced background activity
Designing a small electric battery
Painting the genome a single color
Using a tiny petri dish
Explanation - Minimal genomes reduce complexity, improve predictability, and free resources for engineered functions.
Correct answer is: Removing non‑essential genes from a host to create a streamlined chassis with reduced background activity
Q.74 Which of the following is a primary benefit of using a “chemostat” for studying microbial metabolism?
Constant temperature control
Steady‑state growth with a fixed dilution rate, allowing precise measurement of metabolic fluxes
Ability to generate high voltages
Changing the color of the medium
Explanation - Chemostats maintain constant environmental conditions, facilitating reproducible kinetic and flux analyses.
Correct answer is: Steady‑state growth with a fixed dilution rate, allowing precise measurement of metabolic fluxes
Q.75 In the context of bio‑security, which of the following strategies helps mitigate the risk of engineered pathogens?
Using high‑voltage power supplies
Incorporating multiple orthogonal kill switches and dependency on synthetic nutrients
Painting the lab walls green
Increasing the size of the bioreactor
Explanation - Redundant safety mechanisms limit survival outside controlled environments.
Correct answer is: Incorporating multiple orthogonal kill switches and dependency on synthetic nutrients
Q.76 Which of the following best illustrates the principle of “resource allocation modeling” in synthetic biology?
Calculating the power consumption of a circuit board
Predicting how ribosomes, RNA polymerases, and metabolic precursors are divided between native and engineered genes
Measuring the weight of a test tube
Counting the number of LEDs in a device
Explanation - Resource allocation models help anticipate the burden imposed by synthetic constructs on the host’s machinery.
Correct answer is: Predicting how ribosomes, RNA polymerases, and metabolic precursors are divided between native and engineered genes
Q.77 Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a “high‑throughput” screening platform for enzyme variants?
Testing one variant at a time using a microscope
Using microtiter plates and automated liquid handling to evaluate thousands of variants simultaneously
Measuring voltage across each well
Painting each well a different color
Explanation - High‑throughput methods accelerate discovery of improved enzymes for metabolic pathways.
Correct answer is: Using microtiter plates and automated liquid handling to evaluate thousands of variants simultaneously
Q.78 In a synthetic circuit that implements a “pulse generator,” which network motif is essential?
A simple resistor
An incoherent feed‑forward loop (type‑1) that creates a transient response
A permanent switch
A magnetic coil
Explanation - Incoherent feed‑forward loops can produce a brief output pulse even when the input remains constant.
Correct answer is: An incoherent feed‑forward loop (type‑1) that creates a transient response
Q.79 Which of the following best describes the use of “machine learning” in systems biology?
Training a robot to assemble circuits
Analyzing large‑scale omics data to predict gene‑function relationships or metabolic bottlenecks
Designing better batteries
Improving Wi‑Fi signal strength
Explanation - Machine learning algorithms can uncover patterns and make predictions from complex biological datasets.
Correct answer is: Analyzing large‑scale omics data to predict gene‑function relationships or metabolic bottlenecks
Q.80 Which of the following is a common method for introducing multiple genes into a microbial host in a single step?
Electroporation of a plasmid containing a polycistronic operon
Wiring the host to a power supply
Painting the cells with dye
Using a hammer to embed DNA
Explanation - A polycistronic operon allows coordinated expression of several genes from one promoter, simplifying pathway construction.
Correct answer is: Electroporation of a plasmid containing a polycistronic operon
Q.81 Which of the following best explains why “temperature‑controlled promoters” are useful in bioprocessing?
They allow the expression of a pathway only when the culture reaches a temperature that favors product stability, reducing metabolic burden during growth
They generate electricity
They change the color of the medium
They make the cells float
Explanation - Temperature‑inducible promoters decouple growth phase from production phase, optimizing overall yield.
Correct answer is: They allow the expression of a pathway only when the culture reaches a temperature that favors product stability, reducing metabolic burden during growth
Q.82 In the context of microbial consortia for bioproduction, a “division of labor” strategy means:
All cells performing the same task
Different species or strains specialize in distinct steps of a metabolic pathway, improving overall efficiency
Using electricity to power the culture
Dividing the culture into separate containers
Explanation - Consortia can share metabolic load, reduce toxicity, and enable pathways that are difficult for a single organism.
Correct answer is: Different species or strains specialize in distinct steps of a metabolic pathway, improving overall efficiency
Q.83 Which of the following best describes a “genome‑scale metabolic reconstruction”?
A 3‑D model of a computer chip
A comprehensive network of all known metabolic reactions encoded by an organism’s genome, used for simulation and analysis
A photograph of a cell
A list of electrical components
Explanation - Genome‑scale reconstructions serve as the foundation for constraint‑based modeling and metabolic engineering.
Correct answer is: A comprehensive network of all known metabolic reactions encoded by an organism’s genome, used for simulation and analysis
Q.84 Which of the following is a common indicator that a synthetic pathway is causing “metabolic burden” in the host cell?
Increased cell growth rate
Reduced growth rate and lower biomass accumulation compared to the wild‑type strain
Brighter fluorescence of GFP
Higher temperature of the incubator
Explanation - Burden diverts resources from native processes, slowing growth and often decreasing overall productivity.
Correct answer is: Reduced growth rate and lower biomass accumulation compared to the wild‑type strain
Q.85 Which of the following best defines a “synthetic metabolic channel”?
A wire that conducts metabolites
An engineered protein scaffold that brings pathway enzymes into close proximity to enhance flux
A tunnel for gas exchange
A magnetic field
Explanation - Scaffolding reduces diffusion distances and channeling intermediates directly between enzymes.
Correct answer is: An engineered protein scaffold that brings pathway enzymes into close proximity to enhance flux
Q.86 Which of the following is a primary reason to use “adaptive laboratory evolution” (ALE) after rational metabolic engineering?
To increase the voltage of the bioreactor
To allow the organism to acquire beneficial mutations that further improve production under selective pressure
To change the color of the culture
To reduce the size of DNA fragments
Explanation - ALE can fine‑tune traits such as tolerance, flux balance, and regulation that are hard to predict computationally.
Correct answer is: To allow the organism to acquire beneficial mutations that further improve production under selective pressure
Q.87 In the context of CRISPR‑based gene regulation (CRISPRi/CRISPRa), what does the 'i' in CRISPRi stand for?
Integration
Interference (repression of transcription)
Induction
Insulation
Explanation - CRISPRi uses a dead Cas9 (dCas9) to block transcription initiation or elongation, silencing target genes.
Correct answer is: Interference (repression of transcription)
Q.88 Which of the following best explains why “co‑factor recycling” is critical in engineered pathways producing reduced compounds (e.g., alcohols)?
It keeps the pH constant
It maintains the supply of NAD(P)H needed for reduction reactions, preventing depletion that would halt production
It changes the color of the culture
It increases the temperature of the fermenter
Explanation - Efficient recycling ensures continuous reduction steps without exhausting cellular redox balance.
Correct answer is: It maintains the supply of NAD(P)H needed for reduction reactions, preventing depletion that would halt production
Q.89 Which of the following best characterizes a “synthetic promoter library”?
A collection of promoters with varied strengths and regulatory features for fine‑tuning gene expression
A set of electrical resistors
A library of books about electricity
A group of metal wires
Explanation - Libraries enable rapid screening of expression levels to match the desired metabolic balance.
Correct answer is: A collection of promoters with varied strengths and regulatory features for fine‑tuning gene expression
Q.90 In the field of bioremediation, a system‑biology approach can help by:
Designing faster microprocessors
Modeling microbial consortia capable of degrading pollutants and identifying key metabolic pathways for optimization
Increasing the voltage of power lines
Painting the soil green
Explanation - Systems models reveal interactions and bottlenecks in pollutant degradation, guiding engineering of robust strains.
Correct answer is: Modeling microbial consortia capable of degrading pollutants and identifying key metabolic pathways for optimization
Q.91 Which of the following statements about “dynamic regulation” of a biosynthetic pathway is true?
It uses static promoters that never change
It employs sensors and actuators that adjust enzyme levels in response to metabolite concentrations, improving yield and stability
It only works at absolute zero temperature
It requires external electrical power
Explanation - Dynamic regulation adapts pathway activity to internal and external changes, preventing accumulation of toxic intermediates.
Correct answer is: It employs sensors and actuators that adjust enzyme levels in response to metabolite concentrations, improving yield and stability
Q.92 Which of the following is a primary benefit of using a “modular cloning” system such as MoClo for synthetic biology?
It simplifies assembly of multiple DNA parts with standardized overhangs, enabling rapid construction of complex circuits
It increases the magnetic field inside the cell
It paints the DNA blue
It reduces the need for a microscope
Explanation - Modular cloning leverages standardized parts and Golden Gate assembly for efficient, repeatable builds.
Correct answer is: It simplifies assembly of multiple DNA parts with standardized overhangs, enabling rapid construction of complex circuits
Q.93 What is the purpose of adding a “ribosome binding site (RBS) calculator” in pathway design?
To predict the strength of the RBS and thus the translation initiation rate for a given gene
To calculate electrical resistance
To change the color of the culture medium
To measure temperature
Explanation - RBS calculators help tune protein expression levels by estimating how efficiently ribosomes bind the mRNA.
Correct answer is: To predict the strength of the RBS and thus the translation initiation rate for a given gene
Q.94 Which of the following best describes a “synthetic quorum‑sensing system” used in engineered microbes?
A system that uses light bulbs to signal cells
A genetically encoded communication module that detects cell density and triggers coordinated gene expression
A battery-powered alarm
A magnetic compass
Explanation - Quorum‑sensing circuits enable population‑level behaviors such as synchronized production or biofilm formation.
Correct answer is: A genetically encoded communication module that detects cell density and triggers coordinated gene expression
Q.95 In metabolic engineering, the term “heterologous pathway” refers to:
A pathway that uses only native enzymes
A pathway introduced from a different organism into the host
A pathway that generates electricity
A pathway that operates at high temperature
Explanation - Heterologous pathways allow production of non‑native compounds by importing foreign enzymatic steps.
Correct answer is: A pathway introduced from a different organism into the host
Q.96 Which of the following analytical techniques is most suitable for quantifying a specific protein in a complex mixture?
Western blotting
Gas chromatography
X‑ray diffraction
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Explanation - Western blotting uses antibodies to detect and quantify target proteins among many others.
Correct answer is: Western blotting
Q.97 When using a “split‑protein” biosensor, what is the principle behind detection?
Two halves of a protein reconstitute into a functional reporter only when a target molecule brings them together
The protein emits sound
The protein changes temperature
The protein creates a magnetic field
Explanation - Split‑protein systems generate a signal (e.g., fluorescence) upon ligand‑induced assembly, providing specificity.
Correct answer is: Two halves of a protein reconstitute into a functional reporter only when a target molecule brings them together
Q.98 Which of the following is a primary reason to perform “in silico” metabolic pathway design before laboratory implementation?
To avoid the need for any experimental work
To predict potential bottlenecks, estimate yields, and prioritize designs, saving time and resources
To increase the voltage of the lab equipment
To change the color of the lab walls
Explanation - Computer simulations guide experimental choices, reducing trial‑and‑error cycles.
Correct answer is: To predict potential bottlenecks, estimate yields, and prioritize designs, saving time and resources
Q.99 Which of the following best defines “metabolic channeling” achieved via enzyme scaffolding?
Using electrical wires to connect enzymes
Physically linking enzymes to facilitate substrate hand‑off and reduce diffusion losses
Changing the pH of the medium
Increasing the temperature of the reaction
Explanation - Scaffolded enzymes can increase local concentrations of intermediates, improving pathway efficiency.
Correct answer is: Physically linking enzymes to facilitate substrate hand‑off and reduce diffusion losses
Q.100 In the context of engineered yeast for artemisinin precursor production, which of the following was a key engineering strategy?
Adding a strong magnetic field
Introducing a heterologous mevalonate pathway and optimizing enzyme expression levels
Increasing the size of the yeast cells
Cooling the culture to 0 °C
Explanation - Engineering the mevalonate pathway in yeast increased the supply of isoprenoid precursors needed for artemisinin synthesis.
Correct answer is: Introducing a heterologous mevalonate pathway and optimizing enzyme expression levels
Q.101 Which of the following best describes a “digital PCR” (dPCR) technique?
A method to count electrical pulses
A highly sensitive technique that partitions a sample into many micro‑reactions to quantify absolute DNA copy number
A way to heat a sample uniformly
A method to measure pH
Explanation - dPCR provides precise quantification of nucleic acids, useful for validating genome edits and copy number.
Correct answer is: A highly sensitive technique that partitions a sample into many micro‑reactions to quantify absolute DNA copy number
Q.102 Which of the following is a typical outcome of applying “systems‑level optimization” to a microbial production strain?
Random increase in voltage
Simultaneous improvement of growth rate, product yield, and robustness through coordinated genetic and process modifications
Change in cell color
Decrease in temperature
Explanation - Systems‑level strategies integrate metabolic, regulatory, and environmental factors to achieve balanced performance.
Correct answer is: Simultaneous improvement of growth rate, product yield, and robustness through coordinated genetic and process modifications