Q.1 What is the primary purpose of a myoelectric prosthetic hand?
To provide sensory feedback to the user
To amplify the user's muscle signals for control
To replace bone structure
To reduce the weight of the prosthesis
Explanation - A myoelectric prosthesis captures electromyographic (EMG) signals from residual muscles and converts them into movements of the prosthetic hand.
Correct answer is: To amplify the user's muscle signals for control
Q.2 Which component is responsible for filtering noise from EMG signals in a prosthetic hand?
Amplifier
Low‑pass filter
Microcontroller
Battery pack
Explanation - Low‑pass filters remove high‑frequency noise while preserving the lower‑frequency EMG signals used for control.
Correct answer is: Low‑pass filter
Q.3 Orthotic devices primarily serve to:
Restore lost muscle strength
Provide electrical stimulation
Support or correct musculoskeletal alignment
Replace missing bone
Explanation - Orthoses are external devices that support, align, or correct the function of joints and limbs.
Correct answer is: Support or correct musculoskeletal alignment
Q.4 Which material is commonly used for the socket of a transfemoral prosthesis due to its light weight and strength?
Aluminum alloy
Carbon fiber composite
Wood pulp
Steel
Explanation - Carbon fiber composites provide high strength-to-weight ratio and are commonly used in modern prosthetic sockets.
Correct answer is: Carbon fiber composite
Q.5 What is the main advantage of a hydrostatic damper in a prosthetic knee?
It eliminates the need for batteries
It provides variable resistance to knee flexion
It improves aesthetic appearance
It increases the load‑bearing capacity
Explanation - Hydrostatic dampers regulate the speed of knee flexion during gait, enhancing stability and comfort.
Correct answer is: It provides variable resistance to knee flexion
Q.6 In a myoelectric arm, the control algorithm that maps EMG amplitude to joint torque is often:
A feedforward neural network
A PID controller
A Kalman filter
A finite state machine
Explanation - PID controllers are commonly used to map the amplitude of EMG signals to desired joint torques in prosthetic limbs.
Correct answer is: A PID controller
Q.7 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a transtibial prosthetic foot?
Energy‑storage and return (ESR) mechanism
Belt‑type attachment
Hydraulic shock absorber
Carbon‑fiber heel pad
Explanation - Transtibial prosthetic feet usually use mechanical or carbon‑fiber structures for shock absorption, not hydraulic systems.
Correct answer is: Hydraulic shock absorber
Q.8 Which type of orthosis is designed to assist the hip joint in a patient with hip flexion contracture?
Ankle–Foot Orthosis (AFO)
Knee‑Ankle‑Foot Orthosis (KAFO)
Hip‑Abduction Orthosis (HAO)
Thoracolumbar Orthosis (TLO)
Explanation - An HAO provides support and abduction of the hip to correct flexion contractures.
Correct answer is: Hip‑Abduction Orthosis (HAO)
Q.9 What is the purpose of a vacuum socket system in prosthetic fabrication?
To reduce the size of the prosthesis
To provide a secure, pressure‑sized fit
To increase the battery life
To allow for wireless data transmission
Explanation - Vacuum sockets create a negative pressure fit that improves comfort and reduces socket‑related problems.
Correct answer is: To provide a secure, pressure‑sized fit
Q.10 The term 'actuation' in prosthetic design refers to:
The mechanical support structure
The electrical power source
The conversion of electrical energy to mechanical motion
The user interface design
Explanation - Actuators convert electrical signals into physical movements within the prosthesis.
Correct answer is: The conversion of electrical energy to mechanical motion
Q.11 Which of the following is a key consideration when selecting a material for a myoelectric prosthetic socket?
Electrical conductivity
Biodegradability
Thermal expansion coefficient
Color matching
Explanation - The material should have a compatible thermal expansion to prevent fitting issues during temperature changes.
Correct answer is: Thermal expansion coefficient
Q.12 A 'transradial' prosthesis refers to a limb loss that occurs:
Below the elbow
Above the elbow
Below the knee
Above the knee
Explanation - Transradial amputations involve the forearm and lower arm but spare the elbow joint.
Correct answer is: Below the elbow
Q.13 Which sensor technology is commonly integrated into a modern prosthetic ankle to detect ground contact?
Piezoelectric sensor
Accelerometer
Thermistor
Capacitive touch sensor
Explanation - Piezoelectric sensors generate voltage upon mechanical stress, allowing detection of ground contact events.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric sensor
Q.14 The 'SACH' model used in transtibial prosthesis design stands for:
Straight‑Axis Comfort Hypothesis
Standard Ankle‑Cushion‑Heel
Slope‑And‑Curve Heel
Single‑Axis Compliance Housing
Explanation - SACH is a standard foot model providing a simple, rigid, and cost‑effective design.
Correct answer is: Standard Ankle‑Cushion‑Heel
Q.15 In electrical engineering terms, the 'current loop' used in myoelectric prostheses primarily communicates:
Pressure data to the socket
EMG signals to the controller
Battery status to the user
Mechanical resistance values to the actuator
Explanation - EMG electrodes form a current loop that transmits muscle electrical activity to the prosthetic controller.
Correct answer is: EMG signals to the controller
Q.16 A primary challenge in designing a powered prosthetic knee for older adults is:
Achieving high torque output
Minimizing electrical noise
Ensuring sufficient battery life
Providing accurate gait pattern detection
Explanation - Older adults often require long walking times, so battery capacity and efficiency are critical.
Correct answer is: Ensuring sufficient battery life
Q.17 Which type of prosthesis is designed to replace a missing hand and provide grasping function?
Transtibial prosthesis
Myoelectric hand
Hip orthosis
Spinal orthosis
Explanation - A myoelectric hand uses EMG signals to control grasping movements of the prosthetic hand.
Correct answer is: Myoelectric hand
Q.18 The term 'socket fit' primarily addresses which aspect of prosthetic design?
Electrical wiring integrity
Mechanical stability and pressure distribution
Aesthetic appearance
Data logging capabilities
Explanation - Socket fit ensures proper load transfer and comfort by distributing pressure evenly across the residual limb.
Correct answer is: Mechanical stability and pressure distribution
Q.19 Which of the following is a typical method for reducing phantom limb pain in prosthetic users?
Increasing socket pressure
Applying mirror therapy
Using a heavier prosthesis
Shortening the prosthetic limb
Explanation - Mirror therapy stimulates the visual cortex and can alleviate phantom limb sensations.
Correct answer is: Applying mirror therapy
Q.20 In an orthotic foot, the 'heel counter' serves to:
Store kinetic energy
Provide structural support to the rearfoot
Regulate ankle dorsiflexion
Enable fluid flow for cooling
Explanation - A heel counter stiffens the heel area to maintain proper foot alignment.
Correct answer is: Provide structural support to the rearfoot
Q.21 A powered prosthetic wrist typically uses which type of actuator?
Hydraulic cylinder
Electric brushless motor
Pneumatic piston
Manual lever
Explanation - Brushless motors provide smooth torque and efficient control for wrist movements.
Correct answer is: Electric brushless motor
Q.22 Which sensor is commonly used in a myoelectric prosthetic sleeve to detect the orientation of the limb?
Gyroscope
Magnetometer
Temperature sensor
Light sensor
Explanation - Gyroscopes measure angular velocity, helping to infer limb orientation for better prosthetic control.
Correct answer is: Gyroscope
Q.23 In the context of prosthetic control, the 'gait cycle' refers to:
The electrical signal processing loop
The sequence of muscle activations
The time between consecutive heel strikes
The manufacturing steps for a socket
Explanation - A gait cycle is the period from one heel strike to the next, used for timing prosthetic actuation.
Correct answer is: The time between consecutive heel strikes
Q.24 What is the main benefit of using a modular prosthetic system?
It reduces manufacturing cost
It allows interchangeable components for different activities
It eliminates the need for a socket
It provides built‑in neural stimulation
Explanation - Modularity lets users swap out parts (e.g., feet, hands) to suit different tasks or terrains.
Correct answer is: It allows interchangeable components for different activities
Q.25 Which of the following is a key feature of a 'floating knee' prosthesis?
A passive, non‑actuated knee joint
A hydraulic shock absorber
A micro‑controller based sensor array
An integrated GPS module
Explanation - Floating knees provide a passive mechanism that allows the knee to bend under load without active control.
Correct answer is: A passive, non‑actuated knee joint
Q.26 In orthotic design, the term 'compression bandage' is used to:
Increase the weight of the orthosis
Provide a firm, supportive wrap around the limb
Act as an electrical insulator
Serve as a cooling system
Explanation - Compression bandages help stabilize the limb and reduce swelling, improving orthosis effectiveness.
Correct answer is: Provide a firm, supportive wrap around the limb
Q.27 What does the acronym 'Myo' in myoelectric stand for?
Muscle
Molecular
Motor
Myoelectric
Explanation - Myo refers to muscle; myoelectric devices use muscle electrical activity for control.
Correct answer is: Muscle
Q.28 Which component of a powered prosthetic foot provides the ability to store and release energy during gait?
Carbon fiber shell
Spring‑loaded actuator
Energy‑storage and return (ESR) element
Battery pack
Explanation - ESR elements absorb impact energy and return it during push‑off, improving walking economy.
Correct answer is: Energy‑storage and return (ESR) element
Q.29 The primary function of a 'dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis' (DAFO) is:
To provide rigid support
To allow controlled ankle movement during gait
To replace the need for a prosthetic foot
To deliver electrical stimulation to the ankle
Explanation - DAFOs permit limited ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, enhancing dynamic gait.
Correct answer is: To allow controlled ankle movement during gait
Q.30 In an electro‑mechanical prosthesis, what role does a microcontroller play?
Convert mechanical motion to electrical energy
Sense environmental temperature
Process sensor data and control actuators
Store user data
Explanation - The microcontroller interprets sensor signals and drives the actuators accordingly.
Correct answer is: Process sensor data and control actuators
Q.31 Which type of prosthetic component is responsible for absorbing shock during heel strike?
Cushioning pad
Steel rod
Elastic band
Microphone
Explanation - Cushioning pads absorb impact forces, protecting the residual limb and enhancing comfort.
Correct answer is: Cushioning pad
Q.32 What is the main advantage of using a 3‑D printed socket for a prosthesis?
It eliminates the need for a vacuum
It allows for rapid customization and reduced weight
It ensures higher electrical conductivity
It provides built‑in wireless communication
Explanation - 3‑D printing enables patient‑specific geometry and lightweight designs.
Correct answer is: It allows for rapid customization and reduced weight
Q.33 In the design of a prosthetic foot, the term 'toe‑off' refers to:
The initial contact with the ground
The phase when the foot pushes off the ground
The moment the foot lifts from the socket
The process of fitting the socket
Explanation - 'Toe‑off' is the late stance phase where the foot propels the body forward.
Correct answer is: The phase when the foot pushes off the ground
Q.34 Which electrical component is typically used to regulate voltage supplied to a prosthetic actuator?
Capacitor
Diode
Voltage regulator
Resistor
Explanation - Voltage regulators maintain a steady voltage to protect and efficiently power actuators.
Correct answer is: Voltage regulator
Q.35 A 'transhumeral' amputation is an amputation that occurs:
Below the elbow
Above the elbow
Below the knee
Above the knee
Explanation - Transhumeral amputations involve the arm above the elbow, affecting elbow joint control.
Correct answer is: Above the elbow
Q.36 Which of the following best describes the function of a 'hand‑over' in a myoelectric system?
Transferring power from the battery to the controller
Transferring control signals from EMG electrodes to the processor
Transferring mechanical load to the prosthetic hand
Transferring data to a cloud server
Explanation - The hand‑over refers to the signal pathway that carries EMG data to the controller.
Correct answer is: Transferring control signals from EMG electrodes to the processor
Q.37 Which material is often used in a prosthetic socket to provide electrical insulation between the socket and the control electronics?
PVC foam
Silicone rubber
Aluminum alloy
Steel
Explanation - Silicone rubber offers excellent dielectric properties and comfort.
Correct answer is: Silicone rubber
Q.38 In rehabilitation engineering, the term 'gait training' primarily involves:
Teaching patients to walk without a prosthesis
Improving walking patterns using assistive devices
Analyzing muscle EMG signals
Reconstructing bone geometry
Explanation - Gait training uses orthoses or prostheses to correct and optimize walking mechanics.
Correct answer is: Improving walking patterns using assistive devices
Q.39 Which component of a prosthesis is responsible for converting electrical power into mechanical torque?
Battery
Motor
Sensor
Controller
Explanation - The motor (actuator) turns electrical current into torque to move the prosthetic limb.
Correct answer is: Motor
Q.40 What does the 'SACH' foot model emphasize in prosthetic design?
Softness and flexibility
Stiffness and durability
Energy return
Thermal regulation
Explanation - The SACH foot is a rigid, low‑cost design focusing on structural strength.
Correct answer is: Stiffness and durability
Q.41 The 'socket seal' in a prosthesis helps to:
Prevent electrical short circuits
Reduce socket‑skin friction and improve fit
Increase battery capacity
Improve wireless signal transmission
Explanation - The socket seal maintains a smooth interface, preventing friction and enhancing comfort.
Correct answer is: Reduce socket‑skin friction and improve fit
Q.42 Which of the following best describes the function of an 'EMG amplifier' in a prosthetic system?
To supply power to the prosthesis
To increase the amplitude of weak EMG signals for detection
To convert mechanical motion to electrical signals
To store data from sensors
Explanation - EMG amplifiers boost muscle signals so the controller can reliably interpret them.
Correct answer is: To increase the amplitude of weak EMG signals for detection
Q.43 In a powered prosthetic knee, the term 'suspension' refers to:
The mechanism that locks the knee in extension
The method of attaching the foot to the knee
The control algorithm for knee flexion
The device’s battery life
Explanation - Suspension ensures secure attachment of the foot to the knee joint during use.
Correct answer is: The method of attaching the foot to the knee
Q.44 Which technology is commonly used to provide vibration feedback to a prosthetic user for sensory restoration?
Piezoelectric actuator
LED light
Microphone
Thermistor
Explanation - Piezoelectric actuators generate vibrations that can convey tactile information.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric actuator
Q.45 In prosthetic foot design, 'heel‑strike' refers to:
The moment the foot lifts from the ground
The initial ground contact during walking
The time between two consecutive toe‑offs
The phase when the prosthesis is recharged
Explanation - 'Heel‑strike' is when the heel first contacts the ground in a gait cycle.
Correct answer is: The initial ground contact during walking
Q.46 Which of these is a common cause of socket discomfort in prosthesis users?
Excessive thermal expansion
Improper skin contact and pressure distribution
Over‑tightening of the battery
Using a low‑quality motor
Explanation - Uneven pressure or poor contact leads to skin irritation and socket discomfort.
Correct answer is: Improper skin contact and pressure distribution
Q.47 What is the primary function of a 'myoelectric hand grip'?
To provide visual feedback to the user
To sense the weight of objects
To translate EMG signals into precise grasp patterns
To act as a battery backup
Explanation - Myoelectric grips read EMG signals and use them to control finger flexion and grasp.
Correct answer is: To translate EMG signals into precise grasp patterns
Q.48 Which component provides the interface between the electrical power source and the prosthetic actuator?
Transistor
Power supply
Voltage regulator
Controller
Explanation - A voltage regulator ensures the actuator receives consistent voltage levels.
Correct answer is: Voltage regulator
Q.49 Which of the following is a key feature of a 'dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis' (DAFO) in terms of gait assistance?
It locks the ankle in a fixed position
It allows passive ankle rotation with limited dorsiflexion
It provides active electrical stimulation to the ankle
It eliminates the need for a foot component
Explanation - DAFOs provide controlled, dynamic ankle motion to aid in the swing phase.
Correct answer is: It allows passive ankle rotation with limited dorsiflexion
Q.50 In prosthetic socket design, what is the purpose of a 'soft lining' material?
To increase electrical conductivity
To reduce friction and improve comfort
To act as a battery
To provide structural support
Explanation - Soft linings cushion the residual limb and reduce pressure points.
Correct answer is: To reduce friction and improve comfort
Q.51 The 'SACH' foot model is primarily used for which type of amputee?
Transhumeral amputees
Transradial amputees
Transtibial amputees
Transfemoral amputees
Explanation - SACH feet are commonly fitted to below‑knee amputees for basic gait support.
Correct answer is: Transtibial amputees
Q.52 What does the term 'prosthetic alignment' refer to?
The aesthetic design of the prosthesis
The electrical configuration of the control system
The precise positioning of components to match the user’s gait mechanics
The type of battery used
Explanation - Alignment ensures that the prosthesis operates in harmony with the user’s natural movements.
Correct answer is: The precise positioning of components to match the user’s gait mechanics
Q.53 Which of the following is a major benefit of using a 'vacuum socket'?
It eliminates the need for an actuator
It creates a secure, pressure‑sized fit
It provides wireless data transfer
It reduces the need for EMG sensors
Explanation - Vacuum sockets use negative pressure to maintain a snug and comfortable fit.
Correct answer is: It creates a secure, pressure‑sized fit
Q.54 Which component of a powered prosthetic knee is responsible for controlling the speed of flexion?
Hydraulic damper
Microcontroller
Battery
Socket lining
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers regulate the rate of knee flexion during the swing phase.
Correct answer is: Hydraulic damper
Q.55 A 'transfemoral' prosthesis replaces which part of the lower limb?
Below the knee
Above the knee
Below the elbow
Above the elbow
Explanation - Transfemoral amputations involve the thigh, requiring a prosthetic knee and foot.
Correct answer is: Above the knee
Q.56 In an orthotic design, 'heel height' primarily influences:
The electrical power consumption
The gait speed of the user
The alignment and comfort of the foot
The color of the orthosis
Explanation - Heel height affects foot positioning, weight distribution, and overall comfort.
Correct answer is: The alignment and comfort of the foot
Q.57 Which of the following is a typical method of securing a prosthetic socket to a residual limb?
Velcro straps
Suction system
Welding
Taping only
Explanation - Suction systems create a vacuum seal for a secure socket fit.
Correct answer is: Suction system
Q.58 What is the main purpose of a 'cuff' in a prosthetic socket?
To increase electrical resistance
To hold the socket in place at the hip
To provide a flexible interface with the residual limb
To house the battery
Explanation - The cuff is the part that contacts the skin, distributing pressure evenly.
Correct answer is: To provide a flexible interface with the residual limb
Q.59 In prosthetic engineering, the term 'power knee' refers to:
A knee joint that uses a hydraulic damper
A knee joint that is manually actuated
A knee joint that uses an electric motor for actuation
A knee joint that provides no movement
Explanation - Power knees are actively driven by motors to assist walking.
Correct answer is: A knee joint that uses an electric motor for actuation
Q.60 Which of the following is a key challenge when incorporating electrical stimulation in orthoses?
Maintaining signal integrity in the presence of motion artifacts
Increasing the mechanical stiffness of the device
Improving the color of the orthosis
Reducing the manufacturing cost by 50%
Explanation - Motion can introduce noise that interferes with precise stimulation timing.
Correct answer is: Maintaining signal integrity in the presence of motion artifacts
Q.61 Which of these components is essential for the wireless communication of a prosthetic control system?
USB port
Bluetooth module
Serial port
Ethernet cable
Explanation - Bluetooth modules enable wireless data transfer between the prosthesis and external devices.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth module
Q.62 The 'heel counter' in a prosthetic foot primarily functions to:
Store energy for push‑off
Maintain foot rigidity
Provide aesthetic detailing
Generate electrical power
Explanation - The heel counter provides structural support to the rearfoot region.
Correct answer is: Maintain foot rigidity
Q.63 What is the main advantage of a 'myoelectric sleeve' in prosthetic control?
It increases battery life
It provides better electrode contact and signal stability
It reduces manufacturing costs
It allows for wireless charging
Explanation - Sleaves help secure EMG electrodes and reduce signal variability.
Correct answer is: It provides better electrode contact and signal stability
Q.64 In the context of prosthetic design, which parameter is crucial for determining the load‑bearing capacity of a socket?
Material thickness and density
Number of EMG electrodes
Battery capacity
Color of the prosthesis
Explanation - Thicker, denser materials can handle higher loads while maintaining comfort.
Correct answer is: Material thickness and density
Q.65 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'force sensor' in a prosthetic limb?
To monitor battery temperature
To detect ground contact during gait
To measure skin humidity
To generate light signals
Explanation - Force sensors help the control system determine when the foot strikes the ground.
Correct answer is: To detect ground contact during gait
Q.66 The 'SACH' foot model was developed by which organization?
University of Utah
University of Minnesota
Stanford University
Harvard University
Explanation - The SACH foot was developed at the University of Minnesota's prosthetics research program.
Correct answer is: University of Minnesota
Q.67 Which of these is an essential feature for a powered prosthetic hand used in daily living activities?
High torque motor
Integrated camera
Large battery capacity
All of the above
Explanation - All features contribute to functional, long‑lasting, and versatile use.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.68 The 'socket seal' is commonly made from:
Silicone
Aluminum
Steel
PVC
Explanation - Silicone provides a flexible, biocompatible seal.
Correct answer is: Silicone
Q.69 What is the primary benefit of using a 'soft lining' in an orthotic device?
Improved electrical conductivity
Reduced friction and skin irritation
Enhanced structural rigidity
Lower production cost
Explanation - Soft linings cushion the limb and minimize pressure points.
Correct answer is: Reduced friction and skin irritation
Q.70 In a myoelectric prosthesis, the 'control algorithm' typically processes:
EMG signals and generates motor commands
Battery voltage only
Temperature data
Ambient light intensity
Explanation - The control algorithm interprets EMG data to produce appropriate motor signals.
Correct answer is: EMG signals and generates motor commands
Q.71 Which of these materials is commonly used for the exterior shell of a myoelectric prosthesis?
Aluminum alloy
Titanium
Carbon fiber composite
Steel
Explanation - Carbon fiber offers high strength, low weight, and corrosion resistance.
Correct answer is: Carbon fiber composite
Q.72 The 'heel‑strike' phase in gait is characterized by:
The foot pushing off the ground
The foot first making contact with the ground
The transition from stance to swing
The phase when the knee is fully extended
Explanation - Heel‑strike marks the beginning of the stance phase.
Correct answer is: The foot first making contact with the ground
Q.73 What type of sensor is most commonly used to detect the angle of a prosthetic knee joint?
Temperature sensor
Magnetometer
Gyroscope
Accelerometer
Explanation - Gyroscopes measure angular velocity, providing knee joint orientation data.
Correct answer is: Gyroscope
Q.74 In powered prostheses, what is the role of a 'micro‑controller'?
To regulate battery voltage
To interpret sensor data and control actuators
To provide structural support
To transmit data via Bluetooth
Explanation - The microcontroller processes inputs and drives the prosthesis outputs.
Correct answer is: To interpret sensor data and control actuators
Q.75 Which of the following is a typical component used in a prosthetic foot for energy storage and return?
Steel spring
Rubber damper
Carbon‑fiber composite plate
Hydraulic piston
Explanation - Carbon‑fiber plates flex to store energy during loading and release it during push‑off.
Correct answer is: Carbon‑fiber composite plate
Q.76 The 'socket design' process typically includes:
Impression making, modeling, and fitting
Only manufacturing the final socket
Battery testing only
Software programming
Explanation - A comprehensive process ensures a comfortable, functional socket.
Correct answer is: Impression making, modeling, and fitting
Q.77 What is a primary advantage of a 'hydraulic damper' in a powered knee joint?
Provides electrical power
Reduces impact forces and improves comfort
Increases battery life
Generates tactile feedback
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers absorb shock, enhancing the gait experience.
Correct answer is: Reduces impact forces and improves comfort
Q.78 The 'heel‑counter' component is primarily designed to:
Increase ankle flexibility
Maintain foot shape and stability
Provide electrical insulation
Store battery energy
Explanation - The heel counter prevents rear‑foot collapse during gait.
Correct answer is: Maintain foot shape and stability
Q.79 Which type of prosthesis is most suitable for a child with a below‑knee amputation who is an active athlete?
Rigid SACH foot with a basic knee
Powered knee and energy‑returning foot
Traditional wooden foot
Static ankle‑foot orthosis
Explanation - Powered and energy‑returning designs provide dynamic performance for active users.
Correct answer is: Powered knee and energy‑returning foot
Q.80 What is the main function of a 'flex sensor' in a prosthetic hand?
Measure the curvature of finger joints
Sense ground contact
Detect EMG signals
Control battery charging
Explanation - Flex sensors provide data on joint angles for grip control.
Correct answer is: Measure the curvature of finger joints
Q.81 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis?
Allows dorsiflexion during stance
Provides rigid support at all times
Adjusts to the user’s gait
Facilitates controlled plantarflexion
Explanation - Dynamic orthoses allow movement, unlike rigid orthoses.
Correct answer is: Provides rigid support at all times
Q.82 In prosthetic engineering, the term 'biocompatibility' refers to:
The electrical compatibility of the prosthesis
The ability of materials to withstand environmental conditions
The compatibility of materials with human tissue to avoid adverse reactions
The aesthetic design of the prosthesis
Explanation - Biocompatibility ensures that materials do not cause irritation or rejection.
Correct answer is: The compatibility of materials with human tissue to avoid adverse reactions
Q.83 Which component is responsible for converting mechanical motion into electrical signals in a myoelectric prosthesis?
EMG electrodes
Battery
Microcontroller
Actuator
Explanation - EMG electrodes pick up muscle electrical activity, converting it into signals.
Correct answer is: EMG electrodes
Q.84 A 'transradial' prosthesis primarily replaces:
The entire arm
The forearm and wrist
The hand only
The upper arm only
Explanation - Transradial amputations involve the forearm, requiring a prosthetic hand and wrist.
Correct answer is: The forearm and wrist
Q.85 What is the key advantage of a 'soft socket' made from silicone in prosthetic design?
Higher electrical conductivity
Improved mechanical stability
Better comfort and reduced skin irritation
Lower cost
Explanation - Soft silicone sockets conform to the residual limb, enhancing comfort.
Correct answer is: Better comfort and reduced skin irritation
Q.86 Which of the following is a typical challenge when using myoelectric control in prosthetic hands?
High power consumption
Inconsistent EMG signal due to sweat and movement
Low battery capacity
Poor aesthetics
Explanation - Sweat and motion can degrade EMG signal quality, affecting control.
Correct answer is: Inconsistent EMG signal due to sweat and movement
Q.87 In the context of prosthetic feet, the term 'heel‑rise' refers to:
The height of the foot above the ground at heel‑strike
The angle of the ankle joint
The curvature of the foot sole
The amount of energy returned during push‑off
Explanation - Heel‑rise affects the gait pattern and comfort during initial ground contact.
Correct answer is: The height of the foot above the ground at heel‑strike
Q.88 Which component is essential for a 'myoelectric' prosthesis to convert EMG signals into actuation signals?
Accelerometer
EMG amplifier
Battery charger
Voltage regulator
Explanation - The EMG amplifier boosts weak muscle signals to usable levels.
Correct answer is: EMG amplifier
Q.89 The 'transfemoral' prosthesis typically requires a:
Powered knee joint
Hydraulic damper knee
Passive floating knee
None of the above
Explanation - Transfemoral users often benefit from powered knees for dynamic walking.
Correct answer is: Powered knee joint
Q.90 What is a primary concern when using a vacuum socket system in a prosthesis?
Electrical interference
Maintaining consistent vacuum pressure during movement
High cost of the vacuum pump
Low battery life
Explanation - Vacuum systems must remain sealed and consistent throughout gait cycles.
Correct answer is: Maintaining consistent vacuum pressure during movement
Q.91 In prosthetic design, 'socket seal' material should possess:
High electrical conductivity
High tensile strength
Biocompatibility and flexibility
Rigid structural support
Explanation - The seal must be comfortable and safe for prolonged skin contact.
Correct answer is: Biocompatibility and flexibility
Q.92 What is the main purpose of a 'hydraulic piston' in a powered prosthetic knee?
To store electrical energy
To control the speed of knee flexion/extension
To provide visual feedback
To power the battery
Explanation - Hydraulic pistons act as actuators that move the knee joint smoothly.
Correct answer is: To control the speed of knee flexion/extension
Q.93 In an orthotic device, the term 'ankle‑foot orthosis' (AFO) primarily supports which joint?
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Hip
Explanation - AFOs provide support and control to the ankle joint.
Correct answer is: Ankle
Q.94 Which of the following is a common method for reducing the weight of a prosthetic limb?
Using thicker metal components
Incorporating composite materials like carbon fiber
Adding extra batteries
Increasing the socket diameter
Explanation - Composite materials provide high strength with low mass.
Correct answer is: Incorporating composite materials like carbon fiber
Q.95 In myoelectric prosthetic design, the 'EMG electrode array' is primarily placed:
On the prosthetic hand
On the residual limb near muscle insertion sites
On the battery compartment
On the microcontroller board
Explanation - Electrodes capture signals from muscles closest to the limb’s surface.
Correct answer is: On the residual limb near muscle insertion sites
Q.96 Which component provides the necessary mechanical linkage between a prosthetic socket and a powered knee joint?
Strap
Linkage rod
Battery pack
Control board
Explanation - A linkage rod transfers forces and motion from the socket to the knee.
Correct answer is: Linkage rod
Q.97 Which of the following best describes a 'powered prosthetic foot'?
A foot that uses a spring to store energy
A foot with an integrated micro‑motor that provides push‑off power
A foot with no moving parts
A foot that is purely cosmetic
Explanation - Powered feet actively generate force to assist in gait.
Correct answer is: A foot with an integrated micro‑motor that provides push‑off power
Q.98 In prosthetic design, what is the purpose of a 'cuff length' measurement?
To determine the socket’s electrical resistance
To ensure proper fit and pressure distribution around the residual limb
To set the battery charging time
To control the prosthesis’s aesthetic color
Explanation - Cuff length affects how the socket contacts the limb.
Correct answer is: To ensure proper fit and pressure distribution around the residual limb
Q.99 Which of the following is a key characteristic of a 'myoelectric' prosthetic hand?
It uses a hydraulic system for movement
It relies on EMG signals for control
It is purely mechanical
It is designed for cosmetic purposes only
Explanation - Myoelectric control uses muscle electrical activity to command the hand.
Correct answer is: It relies on EMG signals for control
Q.100 The 'heel‑counter' in a prosthetic foot is designed to:
Absorb shock during heel strike
Provide aesthetic detailing
Maintain the shape of the rearfoot
Generate electrical power
Explanation - The heel counter keeps the rearfoot from collapsing during stance.
Correct answer is: Maintain the shape of the rearfoot
Q.101 Which of the following is essential for a 'powered knee' to function correctly?
A hydraulic damper only
A motor and control system
A simple mechanical hinge
An external battery pack only
Explanation - Actuation requires both a motor and electronics to control it.
Correct answer is: A motor and control system
Q.102 In orthotic design, 'heel height' is measured:
From the heel to the ground
From the floor to the top of the prosthetic foot
From the knee to the foot
From the ankle to the ground
Explanation - Heel height is the vertical distance from the ground to the highest point of the foot.
Correct answer is: From the floor to the top of the prosthetic foot
Q.103 Which of the following best describes the function of a 'control algorithm' in a myoelectric prosthesis?
To filter noise from EMG signals
To generate mechanical torque from electrical signals
To manage battery charging
To adjust the socket pressure automatically
Explanation - The control algorithm translates EMG signals into actuator commands.
Correct answer is: To generate mechanical torque from electrical signals
Q.104 In a myoelectric system, the term 'signal conditioning' refers to:
Applying filters and amplifiers to raw EMG signals
Adding physical braces to the residual limb
Calibrating the prosthesis for environmental noise
None of the above
Explanation - Signal conditioning prepares EMG data for reliable interpretation.
Correct answer is: Applying filters and amplifiers to raw EMG signals
Q.105 Which of the following is a benefit of using a 'hydraulic damper' in a prosthetic knee?
It provides electrical power to the prosthesis
It allows controlled knee flexion during swing
It reduces the weight of the prosthesis
It eliminates the need for a battery
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers regulate the speed and smoothness of knee movement.
Correct answer is: It allows controlled knee flexion during swing
Q.106 Which material is commonly used to create the internal structure of a myoelectric hand to reduce weight?
Aluminum
Steel
Titanium
Polymer composites
Explanation - Polymer composites offer low weight and sufficient strength for internal frameworks.
Correct answer is: Polymer composites
Q.107 The term 'socket seal' in prosthetics ensures:
Electrical insulation
A tight fit to prevent air or fluid leakage
Structural rigidity
Improved aesthetic appearance
Explanation - A proper seal maintains socket integrity and prevents fluid buildup.
Correct answer is: A tight fit to prevent air or fluid leakage
Q.108 In prosthetic foot design, the 'heel‑strike' phase is important because it:
Triggers the first ground contact, affecting stability
Is the phase of maximum knee flexion
Determines the battery consumption
Is the phase where the prosthetic foot is removed
Explanation - Proper heel‑strike mechanics are crucial for balance and gait.
Correct answer is: Triggers the first ground contact, affecting stability
Q.109 Which component in a myoelectric system is responsible for converting the amplified EMG signals into motor control signals?
EMG amplifier
Microcontroller
Battery pack
Voltage regulator
Explanation - The microcontroller processes the signals and outputs motor commands.
Correct answer is: Microcontroller
Q.110 The 'SACH' foot model is known for being:
Soft and flexible
Rigid and low‑cost
High‑energy return
Integrated with a battery
Explanation - SACH feet are simple, rigid, and economical.
Correct answer is: Rigid and low‑cost
Q.111 In a powered prosthetic knee, the 'actuator' is typically:
A hydraulic cylinder
A pneumatic piston
An electric motor
A spring
Explanation - Electric motors provide the power for active knee movement.
Correct answer is: An electric motor
Q.112 What is a key advantage of using '3‑D printing' for prosthetic sockets?
Reduced electrical resistance
Rapid customization and lower weight
Increased battery life
Automatic socket alignment
Explanation - 3‑D printing enables precise, lightweight designs tailored to individual anatomy.
Correct answer is: Rapid customization and lower weight
Q.113 Which of these is NOT typically considered when designing a dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis?
Dorsiflexion allowance
Plantarflexion restriction
Weight of the device
Battery size
Explanation - DAFOs are passive devices; battery considerations are irrelevant.
Correct answer is: Battery size
Q.114 In a myoelectric hand, which signal is most directly related to the user's intention to grasp?
EMG amplitude from flexor muscles
EMG amplitude from extensor muscles
Temperature sensor reading
Accelerometer output
Explanation - Flexor muscle activation indicates the intent to grasp objects.
Correct answer is: EMG amplitude from flexor muscles
Q.115 What is the main role of a 'voltage regulator' in a prosthetic system?
To increase battery voltage
To maintain a stable voltage for all electronics
To supply power to the socket
To store EMG signals
Explanation - Voltage regulators keep the supplied voltage consistent despite load variations.
Correct answer is: To maintain a stable voltage for all electronics
Q.116 Which component in a prosthetic hand helps to reduce vibration and noise during use?
Carbon‑fiber frame
Soft silicone liner
Electric motor
EMG electrodes
Explanation - Silicone liners absorb vibration, improving comfort.
Correct answer is: Soft silicone liner
Q.117 In orthotic design, the 'heel‑counter' serves to:
Prevent heel slippage
Provide ankle flexibility
Stabilize the rearfoot
Generate electrical power
Explanation - The heel counter keeps the rearfoot stable during stance.
Correct answer is: Stabilize the rearfoot
Q.118 Which of the following is a common method for providing sensory feedback in a myoelectric prosthesis?
Vibration motors
Temperature sensors
Hydraulic dampers
Battery indicators
Explanation - Vibration motors deliver tactile cues to the user.
Correct answer is: Vibration motors
Q.119 The main purpose of a 'suspension system' in a prosthetic leg is to:
Provide electrical power to the actuator
Securely attach the prosthesis to the residual limb
Adjust the knee flexion angle
Control battery temperature
Explanation - Suspension ensures a stable fit and prevents slippage.
Correct answer is: Securely attach the prosthesis to the residual limb
Q.120 Which material is frequently used for the exterior shell of a powered prosthetic knee?
Aluminum alloy
Steel
Titanium
Carbon fiber composite
Explanation - Carbon fiber provides high stiffness and low weight for actuated joints.
Correct answer is: Carbon fiber composite
Q.121 What is the primary function of a 'hydraulic damper' in a dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis?
Store and return energy
Control the speed of ankle motion
Provide electrical power
Adjust socket pressure
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers regulate the motion of the ankle joint.
Correct answer is: Control the speed of ankle motion
Q.122 Which of the following is a typical use of a 'myoelectric prosthesis' in daily life?
Opening a door with a digital lock
Providing sensory feedback during walking
Maintaining a steady heartbeat
Driving a vehicle
Explanation - Myoelectric prostheses can perform tasks requiring precise hand movements.
Correct answer is: Opening a door with a digital lock
Q.123 The 'transfemoral' amputation involves the removal of the limb up to:
Below the knee
Above the knee
Below the elbow
Above the elbow
Explanation - Transfemoral amputations involve the femur and knee.
Correct answer is: Above the knee
Q.124 Which component of a powered prosthetic knee provides the mechanical linkage for energy storage?
Spring
Hydraulic cylinder
Electric motor
Battery pack
Explanation - Springs store elastic energy for push‑off in powered knees.
Correct answer is: Spring
Q.125 In prosthetic engineering, the term 'socket‑skin interface' refers to:
The electrical connection between socket and control board
The mechanical and physiological contact between socket and residual limb
The aesthetic design of the socket
The interface with the prosthetic foot
Explanation - This interface determines comfort and fit.
Correct answer is: The mechanical and physiological contact between socket and residual limb
Q.126 Which type of sensor would you use to detect the angle of a powered knee joint?
Temperature sensor
Accelerometer
Angle encoder
Photodiode
Explanation - Angle encoders provide precise joint position data.
Correct answer is: Angle encoder
Q.127 The 'heel‑rise' of a prosthetic foot primarily affects:
The aesthetic appearance
The amount of ground clearance during swing
The battery life
The electrical insulation
Explanation - Heel‑rise determines how much clearance the foot has when swinging forward.
Correct answer is: The amount of ground clearance during swing
Q.128 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a powered prosthetic hand?
Multiple degrees of freedom
Myoelectric control
Hydraulic actuation
Energy storage and return
Explanation - Powered hands usually use electric motors, not hydraulics.
Correct answer is: Hydraulic actuation
Q.129 In a myoelectric system, the 'EMG amplifier' must have a:
High power output
Low noise and high gain
Large physical size
Integrated battery charger
Explanation - The amplifier boosts signals while minimizing noise for accurate detection.
Correct answer is: Low noise and high gain
Q.130 What is the main advantage of a 'vacuum socket' over a 'spring‑suspension socket'?
Lower manufacturing cost
Better fit and pressure distribution
Higher electrical conductivity
Easier to replace batteries
Explanation - Vacuum systems create a negative pressure fit for improved comfort.
Correct answer is: Better fit and pressure distribution
Q.131 Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'powered prosthetic knee' that is especially important for high‑impact sports?
High torque and rapid actuation
Low electrical consumption
Rigid, non‑flexible structure
Passive damping only
Explanation - Sports require quick, powerful movements that powered knees can provide.
Correct answer is: High torque and rapid actuation
Q.132 Which of these is NOT a typical component of a myoelectric prosthetic hand?
EMG electrodes
Soft silicone liner
Electric motor
Battery charger
Explanation - While the hand has a battery, it typically does not house a charger within the hand itself.
Correct answer is: Battery charger
Q.133 The 'socket seal' in a prosthesis is important because it:
Provides electrical conductivity
Prevents air leakage and improves fit
Increases the structural rigidity
Reduces manufacturing cost
Explanation - A good seal maintains pressure and comfort during movement.
Correct answer is: Prevents air leakage and improves fit
Q.134 Which component in a powered prosthetic knee provides the power source for the motor?
Battery pack
Hydraulic cylinder
EMG electrodes
Microcontroller
Explanation - The battery supplies electrical energy to the motor.
Correct answer is: Battery pack
Q.135 In prosthetic engineering, the 'heel‑counter' is designed to:
Reduce the weight of the foot
Provide a flexible hinge
Stabilize the rearfoot and prevent collapse
Generate electrical power
Explanation - The heel counter maintains foot shape during gait.
Correct answer is: Stabilize the rearfoot and prevent collapse
Q.136 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'transradial' prosthesis?
Replacement of the entire arm
Replacement of the hand and wrist
Replacement of the forearm only
Replacement of the upper arm only
Explanation - Transradial prostheses replace the forearm and provide hand function.
Correct answer is: Replacement of the forearm only
Q.137 The 'control algorithm' in a myoelectric prosthesis is responsible for:
Generating visual feedback to the user
Processing EMG signals and converting them into motor commands
Managing battery temperature
Calibrating the socket fit
Explanation - The algorithm translates muscle signals into prosthetic motions.
Correct answer is: Processing EMG signals and converting them into motor commands
Q.138 In prosthetic foot design, what is the primary function of the 'heel‑counter'?
Store energy for push‑off
Provide aesthetic detailing
Stabilize the rearfoot during stance
Generate electrical power
Explanation - The heel counter maintains the shape of the foot during weight bearing.
Correct answer is: Stabilize the rearfoot during stance
Q.139 Which of the following is a key advantage of a 'myoelectric' prosthetic hand?
High torque from a small motor
Passive movement only
No need for batteries
Controlled by EMG signals for natural movement
Explanation - Myoelectric hands mimic natural muscle control.
Correct answer is: Controlled by EMG signals for natural movement
Q.140 In a powered prosthetic knee, the 'actuator' is typically an:
Electric motor
Hydraulic piston
Pneumatic cylinder
Spring
Explanation - Electric motors provide the active power for knee movement.
Correct answer is: Electric motor
Q.141 The 'socket seal' material must be:
Highly conductive
Biocompatible and flexible
Rough and abrasive
Flammable
Explanation - It must not irritate the skin and must conform to limb shape.
Correct answer is: Biocompatible and flexible
Q.142 Which component is essential for providing a secure attachment between the socket and the residual limb?
Suction system
Hydraulic damper
Battery pack
Microcontroller
Explanation - Suction creates a negative pressure seal that holds the socket in place.
Correct answer is: Suction system
Q.143 The main purpose of a 'dynamic ankle‑foot orthosis' (DAFO) is to:
Allow passive ankle motion while providing dynamic support
Serve as a passive brace with no motion
Deliver electrical stimulation to the ankle
Replace the need for a prosthetic foot
Explanation - DAFOs give controlled movement during gait while supporting the ankle.
Correct answer is: Allow passive ankle motion while providing dynamic support
Q.144 Which of these is a typical application of a powered knee joint?
Providing passive stability for a static user
Assisting stair climbing with active torque
Reducing battery life
Increasing socket pressure
Explanation - Powered knees generate torque to aid in stair ascent and descent.
Correct answer is: Assisting stair climbing with active torque
Q.145 In a myoelectric prosthesis, which component converts the electrical signals into motion?
Microcontroller
EMG amplifier
Electric motor
Battery charger
Explanation - The motor transforms electrical signals into mechanical movement.
Correct answer is: Electric motor
Q.146 Which of the following best describes the function of a 'hydraulic damper' in a prosthetic knee?
To provide electrical power to the knee joint
To control the rate of knee flexion and extension
To increase the weight of the knee joint
To provide passive joint stability only
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers regulate speed, enhancing smoothness and safety.
Correct answer is: To control the rate of knee flexion and extension
Q.147 In prosthetic design, the 'socket‑skin interface' is critical because:
It determines the electrical connectivity of the system
It affects comfort, pressure distribution, and skin health
It controls the prosthesis battery temperature
It is the main source of aesthetic design
Explanation - A well‑designed interface minimizes irritation and improves user experience.
Correct answer is: It affects comfort, pressure distribution, and skin health
Q.148 The 'heel‑counter' in a prosthetic foot primarily:
Provides energy return during gait
Stabilizes the rearfoot
Generates electrical power
Controls the ankle joint
Explanation - It prevents the rearfoot from collapsing under load.
Correct answer is: Stabilizes the rearfoot
Q.149 Which component of a myoelectric prosthetic hand is responsible for detecting the user's grip intention?
EMG electrodes
Microcontroller
Battery pack
Cuff
Explanation - EMG electrodes capture muscle activity that indicates grip intent.
Correct answer is: EMG electrodes
Q.150 In a powered prosthetic knee, which part is responsible for generating torque?
Hydraulic damper
Electric motor
Battery pack
Cuff
Explanation - The motor supplies the torque required for knee actuation.
Correct answer is: Electric motor
Q.151 The main purpose of a 'transfemoral' prosthesis is to replace which portion of the leg?
Below the knee
Above the knee
Below the elbow
Above the elbow
Explanation - Transfemoral amputations remove the femur and knee joint.
Correct answer is: Above the knee
Q.152 Which of these components is essential for a powered prosthetic hand to provide dynamic motion?
EMG electrodes
Hydraulic damper
Passive joint
Spring
Explanation - EMG electrodes capture user intent, which drives the dynamic motion.
Correct answer is: EMG electrodes
Q.153 In the design of a powered prosthetic knee, a 'hydraulic damper' primarily:
Stores energy for push‑off
Provides controlled damping of knee flexion
Generates electrical power
Acts as a sensor
Explanation - The damper smooths the movement of the knee joint.
Correct answer is: Provides controlled damping of knee flexion
Q.154 Which of the following is NOT typically part of a myoelectric prosthesis system?
EMG electrodes
Battery pack
Microcontroller
Thermostatic valve
Explanation - Thermostatic valves are not part of myoelectric prosthetic systems.
Correct answer is: Thermostatic valve
Q.155 A 'vacuum socket system' provides which key benefit?
Longer battery life
Improved socket fit through negative pressure
Reduced manufacturing cost
Higher electrical conductivity
Explanation - Vacuum systems secure the socket using negative pressure, enhancing comfort.
Correct answer is: Improved socket fit through negative pressure
Q.156 Which component in a powered prosthetic knee provides the energy source for actuation?
Hydraulic piston
Battery pack
Microcontroller
EMG amplifier
Explanation - The battery supplies electrical energy to the motor or actuator.
Correct answer is: Battery pack