Q.1 Which emerging technology is most likely to enable real‑time control of powered exoskeletons using brain signals?
Electromyography (EMG) sensors
Functional near‑infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Electroencephalography (EEG) based brain‑computer interfaces
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors
Explanation - EEG‑based BCI systems can decode user intent from brain activity and translate it into control commands for exoskeletons, allowing hands‑free operation.
Correct answer is: Electroencephalography (EEG) based brain‑computer interfaces
Q.2 What is the main advantage of soft robotic actuators in future prosthetic hands?
Higher load‑bearing capacity than rigid motors
Reduced weight and increased conformity to human tissue
Simpler manufacturing using metal machining
Unlimited power supply
Explanation - Soft actuators mimic muscle compliance, making prosthetic hands lighter and more comfortable while reducing the risk of skin damage.
Correct answer is: Reduced weight and increased conformity to human tissue
Q.3 Which data‑driven technique is expected to personalize rehabilitation exercise programs automatically?
Rule‑based expert systems
Reinforcement learning algorithms
Linear regression models
Finite state machines
Explanation - Reinforcement learning can adapt to a patient’s performance by rewarding successful movements, thus tailoring therapy in real time.
Correct answer is: Reinforcement learning algorithms
Q.4 What role does 3‑D printing play in the future of custom orthotics?
Mass‑producing identical devices for all patients
Enabling rapid, patient‑specific fabrication from digital scans
Replacing all traditional casting methods instantly
Providing wireless connectivity to devices
Explanation - Additive manufacturing allows orthotics to be printed directly from a 3‑D model of a patient’s limb, ensuring a perfect fit and faster delivery.
Correct answer is: Enabling rapid, patient‑specific fabrication from digital scans
Q.5 Which sensor type is most suitable for measuring joint angles in wearable rehabilitation devices?
Thermocouples
Hall‑effect magnetic sensors
Piezoelectric pressure sensors
Photodiodes
Explanation - Hall‑effect sensors detect changes in magnetic field caused by joint movement, providing accurate angular measurements in compact wearable modules.
Correct answer is: Hall‑effect magnetic sensors
Q.6 In tele‑rehabilitation, what is a primary benefit of using cloud‑based analytics platforms?
Eliminating the need for any local hardware
Providing instant global access to patient data for remote monitoring and AI‑driven insights
Guaranteeing 100 % data privacy without encryption
Reducing the bandwidth required for video streaming
Explanation - Cloud platforms aggregate data from many patients, enabling clinicians to monitor progress remotely and apply AI algorithms for outcome prediction.
Correct answer is: Providing instant global access to patient data for remote monitoring and AI‑driven insights
Q.7 Which emerging material is being investigated for self‑healing neural interfaces?
Silicone elastomers
Conductive hydrogels with dynamic covalent bonds
Copper wires
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Explanation - These hydrogels can restore electrical pathways after mechanical damage, extending the lifespan of implantable neural devices.
Correct answer is: Conductive hydrogels with dynamic covalent bonds
Q.8 What is a key challenge when integrating haptic feedback into virtual‑reality (VR) rehabilitation systems?
Generating high‑resolution visual graphics
Ensuring low latency between user action and tactile response
Increasing battery consumption of the headset
Reducing the cost of VR headsets
Explanation - Latency disrupts the perception of realistic touch, which can impair motor learning and cause motion sickness.
Correct answer is: Ensuring low latency between user action and tactile response
Q.9 Which AI method is most commonly used for classifying electromyographic (EMG) patterns in myoelectric prosthesis control?
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
K‑Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
Decision Trees
Explanation - CNNs can automatically extract spatial and temporal features from EMG signals, improving classification accuracy for complex hand gestures.
Correct answer is: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
Q.10 Energy harvesting in wearable rehabilitation devices is most often achieved through:
Solar panels sewn into clothing
Piezoelectric generators attached to joints
Thermal generators using body heat
Wind turbines on the device
Explanation - Joint motion creates mechanical strain that piezoelectric materials can convert into electrical energy, extending battery life.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric generators attached to joints
Q.11 Which regulatory body in the United States is primarily responsible for approving new rehabilitation medical devices?
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Explanation - The FDA evaluates safety and efficacy of medical devices, including those used for rehabilitation, before market entry.
Correct answer is: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Q.12 What future trend combines augmented reality (AR) with gait training for stroke patients?
AR‑based obstacle courses projected onto the floor
AR glasses that display real‑time joint angle data overlaid on the patient’s legs
AR‑enhanced music therapy
AR‑driven speech recognition
Explanation - Overlaying biomechanical data helps patients visualize and correct their gait patterns during training.
Correct answer is: AR glasses that display real‑time joint angle data overlaid on the patient’s legs
Q.13 Which nanotechnology application holds promise for restoring sensory feedback in prosthetic limbs?
Carbon nanotube–based pressure sensors integrated at the skin interface
Silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial coating
Gold nanorods for optical imaging
Silicon nanowire transistors for power generation
Explanation - CNT sensors can detect subtle pressure changes and transmit tactile information to the user, enabling sensory feedback.
Correct answer is: Carbon nanotube–based pressure sensors integrated at the skin interface
Q.14 In the context of future rehabilitation robotics, what does “modular architecture” refer to?
Using a single monolithic robot for all tasks
Designing robots with interchangeable joint and actuator units to customize therapy
Embedding all electronics on a rigid printed circuit board
Standardizing a single control algorithm for all patients
Explanation - Modular designs allow clinicians to reconfigure the robot to match patient needs, reducing cost and improving versatility.
Correct answer is: Designing robots with interchangeable joint and actuator units to customize therapy
Q.15 Which of the following is a major ethical concern for AI‑driven rehabilitation systems?
The speed of the processor
Potential bias in training data leading to unequal treatment outcomes
The color of the device casing
Battery size
Explanation - If AI models are trained on non‑representative datasets, they may perform worse for under‑represented groups, raising fairness issues.
Correct answer is: Potential bias in training data leading to unequal treatment outcomes
Q.16 Which future trend aims to reduce the need for manual calibration of wearable sensors?
Self‑calibrating sensor fusion algorithms using machine learning
Increasing the number of sensors on the body
Using larger batteries
Standardizing sensor placement with adhesive patches
Explanation - These algorithms can automatically adjust sensor parameters based on detected motion patterns, simplifying setup.
Correct answer is: Self‑calibrating sensor fusion algorithms using machine learning
Q.17 What is the anticipated impact of “digital twins” on rehabilitation engineering?
Creating virtual replicas of patients to simulate and optimize therapy protocols before real‑world application
Providing a backup power source for devices
Replacing the need for any physical therapy
Allowing devices to operate without any sensors
Explanation - Digital twins enable clinicians to test interventions in a virtual environment, improving safety and efficacy.
Correct answer is: Creating virtual replicas of patients to simulate and optimize therapy protocols before real‑world application
Q.18 Which communication protocol is gaining popularity for low‑power, high‑density sensor networks in wearable rehab devices?
Bluetooth Classic
Zigbee
Wi‑Fi 6
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh
Explanation - BLE Mesh supports many devices with low power consumption, ideal for distributed wearable sensor arrays.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh
Q.19 In future neuroprosthetic interfaces, what advantage does optogenetics offer over electrical stimulation?
Higher spatial precision with reduced tissue damage
Lower cost of implementation
No need for genetic modification
Simpler hardware requirements
Explanation - Optogenetics uses light to activate specific neurons, allowing precise control without the broad current spread of electrical stimulation.
Correct answer is: Higher spatial precision with reduced tissue damage
Q.20 Which of the following best describes a “brain‑spine interface” (BSI) under development for spinal cord injury rehabilitation?
A device that reads brain activity and directly stimulates spinal circuits to restore movement
A wireless charger for spinal implants
A diagnostic MRI technique
A robotic exoskeleton for the lower limbs
Explanation - BSIs aim to bypass damaged spinal pathways by linking cortical signals to spinal stimulation, enabling voluntary control.
Correct answer is: A device that reads brain activity and directly stimulates spinal circuits to restore movement
Q.21 What future development could enable prosthetic limbs to adapt their grip strength automatically based on object properties?
Pre‑programmed fixed grip modes
Embedded tactile sensors combined with reinforcement learning controllers
User‑controlled manual switches
Increasing motor size
Explanation - Tactile sensors provide feedback on object texture and hardness, while reinforcement learning adjusts grip force for safe handling.
Correct answer is: Embedded tactile sensors combined with reinforcement learning controllers
Q.22 Which technology is projected to make home‑based rehabilitation more immersive and motivating for pediatric patients?
Mixed‑reality gaming platforms that integrate physical exercises with virtual challenges
Standard television broadcasts
Paper‑based exercise worksheets
Voice‑only audio instructions
Explanation - Mixed‑reality combines real‑world movement with engaging virtual scenarios, increasing adherence in children.
Correct answer is: Mixed‑reality gaming platforms that integrate physical exercises with virtual challenges
Q.23 What is a major limitation of current powered ankle‑foot orthoses (AFOs) that future research aims to overcome?
Inability to generate any assistive torque
Excessive weight and lack of adaptive control for varying gait speeds
Requirement for invasive surgery
Incompatibility with shoes
Explanation - Next‑generation AFOs focus on lightweight materials and algorithms that adjust assistance based on real‑time gait dynamics.
Correct answer is: Excessive weight and lack of adaptive control for varying gait speeds
Q.24 Which emerging sensor technology can simultaneously capture muscle activation and joint motion without wires?
Fiber‑optic shape‑sensing cables
Wireless EMG patches with integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs)
Traditional wired strain gauges
Magnetic resonance coils
Explanation - These patches provide synchronized electrical and kinematic data, improving assessment while preserving patient mobility.
Correct answer is: Wireless EMG patches with integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs)
Q.25 What future trend involves the use of patient‑generated data to continuously improve rehabilitation algorithms?
Closed‑loop adaptive learning systems that update models with each therapy session
Static pre‑programmed exercise routines
Manual data entry by clinicians only
Annual device firmware updates
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems refine their control strategies based on ongoing performance data, personalizing therapy over time.
Correct answer is: Closed‑loop adaptive learning systems that update models with each therapy session
Q.26 Which of the following best describes “haptic tele‑presence” in remote rehabilitation?
The ability to feel tactile sensations from a remote therapist through force‑feedback devices
Video conferencing without any tactile component
Audio‑only guidance for exercises
Sending pre‑recorded vibration patterns to a patient
Explanation - Haptic tele‑presence provides bidirectional force feedback, allowing therapists to guide patients as if physically present.
Correct answer is: The ability to feel tactile sensations from a remote therapist through force‑feedback devices
Q.27 Which future power source is being explored to extend the operational time of implantable neurostimulators?
Miniature nuclear batteries
Wireless inductive charging combined with kinetic energy harvesting
Standard AA batteries
Solar panels implanted under the skin
Explanation - Combining inductive charging with energy harvested from body movement can reduce the need for surgical battery replacements.
Correct answer is: Wireless inductive charging combined with kinetic energy harvesting
Q.28 How might machine‑learning‑based predictive models improve the timing of functional electrical stimulation (FES) in gait rehabilitation?
By randomly delivering pulses
By learning optimal stimulation patterns from previous walking cycles to synchronize with the user's intent
By delivering constant stimulation regardless of gait phase
By using only pre‑set timing tables
Explanation - Predictive models can anticipate the user's gait phase and adjust FES timing for smoother, more natural walking.
Correct answer is: By learning optimal stimulation patterns from previous walking cycles to synchronize with the user's intent
Q.29 Which future development could enable a prosthetic limb to self‑diagnose mechanical faults?
Embedded diagnostic microcontrollers that monitor motor currents and sensor health
External inspection by a technician after each use
Visual inspection by the user
Periodic manual reboot
Explanation - Onboard diagnostics can detect anomalies early, prompting maintenance before failure affects user performance.
Correct answer is: Embedded diagnostic microcontrollers that monitor motor currents and sensor health
Q.30 What is a likely advantage of integrating AI‑driven speech recognition into assistive communication devices for patients with speech impairments?
Eliminating the need for any hardware components
Providing real‑time, context‑aware text generation to enhance communication speed
Reducing the device size to microscopic dimensions
Ensuring the device works without a power source
Explanation - AI can predict words and phrases based on context, reducing the effort required to generate speech output.
Correct answer is: Providing real‑time, context‑aware text generation to enhance communication speed
Q.31 Which future trend focuses on customizing the mechanical properties of prosthetic sockets for each user?
Using a single standard socket size for all patients
3‑D scanning and printing of sockets with graded stiffness using multimaterial additive manufacturing
Embedding metal rods in all sockets
Coating sockets with a universal silicone layer
Explanation - Multimaterial printing allows variation of stiffness across the socket, improving comfort and load distribution.
Correct answer is: 3‑D scanning and printing of sockets with graded stiffness using multimaterial additive manufacturing
Q.32 Which technology is expected to enhance the realism of haptic feedback in virtual rehabilitation environments?
Electrostatic vibration motors
Ultrasonic mid‑air haptic feedback devices
Standard audio speakers
LED light strips
Explanation - Ultrasonic arrays can create tactile sensations in mid‑air without contact, allowing rich haptic experiences in VR.
Correct answer is: Ultrasonic mid‑air haptic feedback devices
Q.33 What is a potential benefit of integrating blockchain technology with patient rehabilitation data?
Infinite storage capacity
Immutable, secure sharing of data across multiple care providers while preserving privacy
Reducing the need for data backup
Eliminating the need for any data encryption
Explanation - Blockchain provides a tamper‑proof ledger that can control access to sensitive health records via smart contracts.
Correct answer is: Immutable, secure sharing of data across multiple care providers while preserving privacy
Q.34 Which emerging actuation method can provide silent, low‑profile movement for wearable exosuits?
Hydraulic pistons
Shape‑memory alloy (SMA) wires
Large DC motors
Pneumatic air cylinders
Explanation - SMAs contract when heated and can be integrated into thin fabrics, delivering quiet assistance without bulky hardware.
Correct answer is: Shape‑memory alloy (SMA) wires
Q.35 What future application of smart textiles could improve post‑stroke arm rehabilitation?
Clothing that changes color based on temperature
Fabric‑embedded stretch sensors that monitor range of motion and provide haptic cues
Standard cotton shirts with no electronics
Textiles that increase friction on the skin
Explanation - Smart textiles can continuously track movement and deliver gentle vibrations to cue the patient, encouraging correct motion.
Correct answer is: Fabric‑embedded stretch sensors that monitor range of motion and provide haptic cues
Q.36 Which approach is being researched to enable “zero‑load” prosthetic control for amputees who have limited residual limb muscles?
Using surface EMG from the skin surface
Implanted myoelectric sensors combined with osseointegration
Relying on voice commands
Mechanical switches on the prosthetic
Explanation - Implanted sensors can capture deeper muscle activity, and osseointegration provides a stable mechanical interface for control.
Correct answer is: Implanted myoelectric sensors combined with osseointegration
Q.37 What is a key advantage of using cloud‑based simulation environments for testing new rehabilitation robots before physical prototyping?
Eliminating the need for any hardware testing
Reducing development cost and time by evaluating multiple designs virtually
Guaranteeing that the robot will work perfectly in real life
Providing unlimited computational power without any cost
Explanation - Virtual simulations allow rapid iteration and safety testing, accelerating the design process.
Correct answer is: Reducing development cost and time by evaluating multiple designs virtually
Q.38 Which future trend could help patients with limited upper‑limb mobility to interact with smartphones?
Voice‑only interfaces
Eye‑tracking control combined with AI‑based gesture prediction
Physical keyboards attached to the phone
Larger screen sizes
Explanation - Eye‑tracking allows hands‑free navigation, while AI predicts intended actions to improve speed and accuracy.
Correct answer is: Eye‑tracking control combined with AI‑based gesture prediction
Q.39 Which sensing modality is likely to become standard for detecting slip events in prosthetic feet?
Temperature sensors
Acoustic emission sensors that listen for changes in foot‑ground interaction sounds
Light sensors
Magnetic field sensors
Explanation - Acoustic signatures change when a foot slips, providing early detection for corrective actions.
Correct answer is: Acoustic emission sensors that listen for changes in foot‑ground interaction sounds
Q.40 How does the concept of “personalized biomechanics” influence future rehabilitation device design?
One‑size‑fits‑all devices are manufactured faster
Device parameters are tailored to each individual's gait, strength, and anatomy using data analytics
All devices use the same fixed stiffness settings
Patients must adapt to the device rather than the device adapting to the patient
Explanation - Personalized biomechanics leverages patient‑specific data to adjust device behavior, improving efficacy and comfort.
Correct answer is: Device parameters are tailored to each individual's gait, strength, and anatomy using data analytics
Q.41 Which future advancement could allow a wheelchair to autonomously navigate indoor environments using the patient’s eye gaze?
Infrared remote control
Eye‑tracking cameras combined with AI‑based path planning
Voice commands only
Manual joystick control
Explanation - Eye‑tracking determines the user’s intended direction, while AI interprets the environment to steer safely.
Correct answer is: Eye‑tracking cameras combined with AI‑based path planning
Q.42 What is a major research focus for improving the durability of implanted neuroprosthetic electrodes?
Using stainless steel leads
Developing flexible, bio‑resorbable polymer coatings that reduce inflammatory response
Increasing electrode size
Adding extra wiring for redundancy
Explanation - These coatings minimize scar tissue formation, extending functional lifespan of the electrodes.
Correct answer is: Developing flexible, bio‑resorbable polymer coatings that reduce inflammatory response
Q.43 Which future trend could enable patients to practice fine motor skills at home with objective feedback?
Paper‑and‑pencil worksheets
Instrumented smart gloves that capture finger motion and provide haptic cues
Audio recordings of instructions
Static video demonstrations
Explanation - Smart gloves track detailed hand movements and can deliver tactile feedback, allowing precise home training.
Correct answer is: Instrumented smart gloves that capture finger motion and provide haptic cues
Q.44 Which approach is being explored to allow prosthetic limbs to adapt to changing terrain without user input?
Pre‑programmed static gait patterns
Embedded terrain‑detecting sensors (e.g., LiDAR) coupled with adaptive control algorithms
User‑controlled manual switches
Fixed‑speed motors
Explanation - Real‑time terrain sensing lets the prosthetic adjust joint stiffness and torque for safe walking on varied surfaces.
Correct answer is: Embedded terrain‑detecting sensors (e.g., LiDAR) coupled with adaptive control algorithms
Q.45 What future capability could allow a neurorehabilitation robot to adjust therapy intensity based on the patient’s emotional state?
Monitoring heart‑rate variability and facial expression analysis using AI
Relying solely on therapist observation
Using a fixed schedule regardless of mood
Adjusting based on ambient temperature
Explanation - Physiological and visual cues can indicate stress or fatigue, prompting the robot to modulate difficulty for optimal engagement.
Correct answer is: Monitoring heart‑rate variability and facial expression analysis using AI
Q.46 Which of the following is a projected benefit of integrating augmented reality overlays with wearable sensors for gait training?
Eliminating the need for any physical therapist
Providing visual cues aligned with the patient’s real‑time joint angles to correct stride length
Increasing the weight of the device
Reducing battery life dramatically
Explanation - AR can project corrective lines or targets directly onto the user’s field of view, enhancing motor learning.
Correct answer is: Providing visual cues aligned with the patient’s real‑time joint angles to correct stride length
Q.47 Which future sensor technology could enable continuous monitoring of muscle fatigue in real time?
Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors that detect changes in muscle birefringence
Standard temperature probes
Simple resistive strain gauges
Infrared proximity sensors
Explanation - These sensors can sense subtle changes in muscle optical properties associated with fatigue, offering real‑time data.
Correct answer is: Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors that detect changes in muscle birefringence
Q.48 What is a primary goal of developing “modular neuro‑rehab kits” for low‑resource settings?
Providing expensive, single‑purpose devices
Allowing clinicians to assemble customized therapy tools from interchangeable modules, reducing cost and complexity
Requiring advanced infrastructure for operation
Limiting usage to only one type of impairment
Explanation - Modular kits enable adaptable, affordable rehabilitation solutions that can be tailored to various patient needs.
Correct answer is: Allowing clinicians to assemble customized therapy tools from interchangeable modules, reducing cost and complexity
Q.49 Which future trend could make rehabilitation robots more socially acceptable in home environments?
Designing them with a friendly, non‑threatening aesthetic and quiet operation
Making them larger and louder
Using only industrial‑grade metal exteriors
Limiting them to clinical settings only
Explanation - Human‑centered design improves user acceptance and encourages regular use at home.
Correct answer is: Designing them with a friendly, non‑threatening aesthetic and quiet operation
Q.50 Which technology could enable a prosthetic limb to “learn” the user’s preferred grip patterns over time?
Hard‑coded grip sequences
Online machine‑learning models that update based on usage statistics
Manual selection via a button
Random grip selection
Explanation - Continual learning algorithms can adapt to the user’s habits, improving convenience and functionality.
Correct answer is: Online machine‑learning models that update based on usage statistics
Q.51 What is a future benefit of integrating multi‑modal feedback (visual, auditory, haptic) in rehabilitation games?
Increasing patient boredom
Enhancing engagement and multisensory motor learning, leading to better outcomes
Making games more expensive to develop without any clinical advantage
Reducing the need for any physical movement
Explanation - Combined feedback channels reinforce learning pathways and keep patients motivated.
Correct answer is: Enhancing engagement and multisensory motor learning, leading to better outcomes
Q.52 Which emerging approach could allow a robotic exoskeleton to provide assistance only when the user’s muscle activation falls below a threshold?
Constant torque output regardless of effort
Hybrid EMG‑based assist‑as‑needed control
Manual on/off switch
Pre‑programmed timing cycles
Explanation - The system reads EMG signals and supplies power only when voluntary effort is insufficient, promoting active participation.
Correct answer is: Hybrid EMG‑based assist‑as‑needed control
Q.53 What future technology could enable seamless integration of prosthetic control with smartphones for parameter tuning?
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) with secure OTA (over‑the‑air) updates
Wired USB connection only
Infrared remote control
Physical key switches
Explanation - BLE provides low‑power wireless connectivity, and OTA updates allow clinicians to adjust settings remotely and securely.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) with secure OTA (over‑the‑air) updates
Q.54 Which future trend could help reduce the cognitive load on users of complex rehabilitation robots?
Complex multi‑step manual programming
Intelligent intent‑recognition that predicts user goals and simplifies command input
Requiring the user to memorize extensive command sets
Eliminating any automation
Explanation - Predictive intent models allow the robot to anticipate actions, reducing the need for explicit user commands.
Correct answer is: Intelligent intent‑recognition that predicts user goals and simplifies command input
Q.55 What advantage does a “closed‑loop neuromodulation” system provide for spinal cord injury rehabilitation?
It delivers fixed electrical stimulation regardless of patient state
It adjusts stimulation parameters in real time based on recorded neural responses to maximize functional recovery
It eliminates the need for any electrodes
It only works in a laboratory setting
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems continuously monitor neural activity and fine‑tune stimulation for optimal therapeutic effect.
Correct answer is: It adjusts stimulation parameters in real time based on recorded neural responses to maximize functional recovery
Q.56 Which future development could enable a wheelchair to automatically adjust seat pressure distribution to prevent pressure ulcers?
Static foam cushions
Smart pressure‑sensing mat with AI‑driven redistribution algorithms
Manual adjustments by the caregiver only
Hard plastic seats
Explanation - Sensors detect high‑pressure zones and the system dynamically alters seat configuration to relieve stress.
Correct answer is: Smart pressure‑sensing mat with AI‑driven redistribution algorithms
Q.57 What is a likely future direction for integrating renewable energy into rehabilitation devices?
Installing large solar panels on the device
Embedding flexible piezoelectric fabrics that harvest energy from body movement
Relying solely on disposable batteries
Using wind turbines on the user’s back
Explanation - These fabrics convert mechanical strain from everyday motions into electrical power, extending device runtime.
Correct answer is: Embedding flexible piezoelectric fabrics that harvest energy from body movement
Q.58 Which emerging technique can provide real‑time visualization of muscle activation patterns during therapy?
X‑ray imaging
Functional near‑infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with wearable probes
Standard photography
Thermal imaging only
Explanation - fNIRS measures changes in blood oxygenation linked to muscle activity, allowing clinicians to see activation maps instantly.
Correct answer is: Functional near‑infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with wearable probes
Q.59 What future feature could enable prosthetic hands to automatically adapt grip stiffness based on the object's fragility?
User manually sets stiffness each time
Integrated force sensors and AI that infer object compliance and adjust grip accordingly
A fixed hard grip for all objects
A simple on/off switch
Explanation - Real‑time force feedback combined with AI can classify objects as delicate or robust and modulate grip force.
Correct answer is: Integrated force sensors and AI that infer object compliance and adjust grip accordingly
Q.60 Which future trend aims to make rehabilitation devices more accessible in low‑income regions?
Using expensive, proprietary components
Developing open‑source hardware and software platforms that can be locally manufactured
Requiring high‑speed internet for all functions
Mandating specialized training for every user
Explanation - Open‑source designs reduce cost and enable local adaptation, facilitating wider adoption worldwide.
Correct answer is: Developing open‑source hardware and software platforms that can be locally manufactured
Q.61 Which future technology could provide tactile sensations to amputees using a prosthetic limb without invasive surgery?
External vibration motors placed on the skin synchronized with prosthetic contacts
Implanted neural electrodes only
Acoustic speakers in the prosthetic
LED lights on the prosthetic surface
Explanation - Non‑invasive haptic feedback via skin‑mounted actuators can convey touch information effectively.
Correct answer is: External vibration motors placed on the skin synchronized with prosthetic contacts
Q.62 What future advancement could allow a rehabilitation robot to personalize therapy duration based on real‑time fatigue detection?
Using a fixed timer for all sessions
Integrating electromyography and heart‑rate variability analysis to dynamically adjust session length
Relying on patient self‑report only
Setting a universal duration for all patients
Explanation - Physiological monitoring enables the robot to detect fatigue and modify therapy duration to optimize safety and effectiveness.
Correct answer is: Integrating electromyography and heart‑rate variability analysis to dynamically adjust session length
Q.63 Which emerging material is being investigated for lightweight, high‑strength components in exoskeleton frames?
Carbon‑fiber reinforced polymer composites
Solid steel bars
Heavy aluminum plates
Wooden beams
Explanation - Carbon‑fiber composites combine high strength with low weight, ideal for wearable robotic structures.
Correct answer is: Carbon‑fiber reinforced polymer composites
Q.64 How might future AI algorithms assist clinicians in interpreting large datasets from multiple rehabilitation devices?
By presenting raw data without analysis
By automatically extracting clinically relevant metrics and highlighting trends for decision‑making
By deleting older data automatically
By converting all data to audio signals
Explanation - AI can synthesize vast sensor streams into actionable insights, reducing clinician workload.
Correct answer is: By automatically extracting clinically relevant metrics and highlighting trends for decision‑making
Q.65 Which future trend could improve the social integration of users of powered wheelchairs?
Adding loud sirens for safety
Developing discreet, aesthetically pleasing designs with adaptive navigation that blends into everyday environments
Making the wheelchair larger than a car
Removing all safety features
Explanation - User‑centric design that looks normal and moves autonomously reduces stigma and encourages social participation.
Correct answer is: Developing discreet, aesthetically pleasing designs with adaptive navigation that blends into everyday environments
Q.66 What is a key advantage of using reinforcement learning over supervised learning for adaptive prosthetic control?
Reinforcement learning requires no labeled data and can improve performance through trial‑and‑error interaction with the user
Supervised learning is always better
Reinforcement learning needs extensive pre‑collected datasets
Supervised learning adapts faster in real time
Explanation - RL agents learn optimal control policies by receiving feedback from the environment, making them suitable for personalized prosthetic tuning.
Correct answer is: Reinforcement learning requires no labeled data and can improve performance through trial‑and‑error interaction with the user
Q.67 Which future development could allow a patient to control a lower‑limb exoskeleton using only eye movements?
Standard joystick control
Eye‑tracking combined with intent‑prediction algorithms to translate gaze direction into gait commands
Voice commands alone
Foot pedals
Explanation - Eye‑tracking captures user intent, and AI interprets the gaze pattern to generate appropriate locomotion commands.
Correct answer is: Eye‑tracking combined with intent‑prediction algorithms to translate gaze direction into gait commands
Q.68 What future technology could enable a prosthetic limb to self‑adjust alignment after an impact or minor fall?
Manual tightening by the user
Embedded shape‑memory alloy actuators that restore original geometry after deformation
Rigid metal frames that cannot move
External technicians fixing it each time
Explanation - SMAs can return to a pre‑programmed shape when heated, allowing the prosthetic to correct minor misalignments automatically.
Correct answer is: Embedded shape‑memory alloy actuators that restore original geometry after deformation
Q.69 Which future trend aims to reduce the learning curve for new users of complex rehabilitation robots?
Providing detailed printed manuals only
Implementing intuitive gesture‑based onboarding with guided tutorials and AI‑assisted assistance
Requiring users to attend a week‑long training camp
Using cryptic command-line interfaces
Explanation - Interactive, hands‑on tutorials combined with AI help users quickly become proficient.
Correct answer is: Implementing intuitive gesture‑based onboarding with guided tutorials and AI‑assisted assistance
Q.70 What future advancement could allow a rehabilitation robot to safely interact with pets in a patient’s home?
Hard‑coded motion sequences that ignore the environment
Real‑time object detection and behavior prediction algorithms to avoid collisions with animals
Removing all safety features
Operating only in empty rooms
Explanation - Advanced perception enables the robot to recognize and adapt to unpredictable movements of pets, maintaining safety.
Correct answer is: Real‑time object detection and behavior prediction algorithms to avoid collisions with animals
Q.71 Which emerging communication standard is expected to support high‑bandwidth, low‑latency data transfer for multi‑sensor rehabilitation suits?
Bluetooth Classic
Wi‑Gig (802.11ad) operating at 60 GHz
Zigbee
Infrared serial communication
Explanation - Wi‑Gig offers multi‑gigabit speeds with low latency, suitable for streaming high‑rate sensor data from full‑body suits.
Correct answer is: Wi‑Gig (802.11ad) operating at 60 GHz
Q.72 What is a future benefit of integrating micro‑LED displays into prosthetic sockets?
Providing visual feedback on socket pressure distribution to the user and clinician
Making the socket heavier
Increasing power consumption dramatically
Adding decorative lighting only
Explanation - Micro‑LEDs can illuminate zones of high pressure, alerting the user to adjust fit before discomfort occurs.
Correct answer is: Providing visual feedback on socket pressure distribution to the user and clinician
Q.73 Which future approach could allow a patient’s rehabilitation plan to evolve automatically as they recover?
Fixed therapy schedule for the entire course
AI‑driven adaptive curriculum that modifies exercise difficulty based on performance metrics gathered each session
Manual re‑programming by the therapist only at the start
No changes throughout therapy
Explanation - Continuous performance monitoring enables the system to incrementally increase challenge, matching the patient’s progress.
Correct answer is: AI‑driven adaptive curriculum that modifies exercise difficulty based on performance metrics gathered each session
Q.74 Which future trend could improve the reliability of wireless power transfer to implanted neuroprosthetic devices?
Increasing the distance between transmitter and receiver to several meters
Resonant inductive coupling with adaptive tuning to maintain optimal alignment despite body movement
Using low‑frequency RF that cannot penetrate tissue
Relying on manual battery replacement
Explanation - Resonant coupling can efficiently transfer power over short distances, and adaptive tuning compensates for positional changes.
Correct answer is: Resonant inductive coupling with adaptive tuning to maintain optimal alignment despite body movement
Q.75 What future technology could enable a prosthetic hand to detect temperature changes and convey that sensation to the user?
Standard metal fingertips
Flexible thermoelectric sensors linked to a haptic feedback system that varies vibration intensity
LED lights on the fingers
Simple pressure sensors only
Explanation - Thermoelectric sensors detect temperature differences, and the feedback system translates this into perceivable cues.
Correct answer is: Flexible thermoelectric sensors linked to a haptic feedback system that varies vibration intensity
Q.76 Which future development could allow a rehabilitation robot to automatically detect and correct a patient’s posture during seated exercises?
Relying solely on the therapist’s observation
Integrating depth cameras with AI pose estimation to monitor spinal alignment and provide corrective prompts
Using a simple timer
Providing no feedback at all
Explanation - Depth sensing combined with AI can precisely track body posture and generate real‑time corrective cues.
Correct answer is: Integrating depth cameras with AI pose estimation to monitor spinal alignment and provide corrective prompts
Q.77 Which emerging approach could make prosthetic limb control more intuitive for users with limited EMG signals?
Increasing the number of EMG electrodes indiscriminately
Combining residual EMG with inertial measurements and machine‑learning‑based multimodal fusion
Using only a single button switch
Relying on voice commands alone
Explanation - Fusing multiple sensor streams compensates for weak EMG signals, enhancing control reliability.
Correct answer is: Combining residual EMG with inertial measurements and machine‑learning‑based multimodal fusion
Q.78 What future trend could enable remote calibration of a patient’s wearable sensor suite without physical therapist presence?
Manual adjustment by the patient using screw knobs
Cloud‑based auto‑calibration algorithms that use reference movements recorded via the device’s own sensors
Sending the device back to the manufacturer for each calibration
Using fixed, non‑adjustable sensors only
Explanation - Algorithms can compare recorded motions to expected patterns and automatically adjust sensor parameters.
Correct answer is: Cloud‑based auto‑calibration algorithms that use reference movements recorded via the device’s own sensors
Q.79 Which future technology could help a prosthetic arm detect and prevent accidental collisions with objects?
Blindly following pre‑set movement trajectories
Embedding proximity radar sensors that trigger rapid grip release when an obstacle is detected
Relying only on visual observation by the user
Using heavy metal frames
Explanation - Radar provides real‑time distance data, allowing the prosthetic to react quickly and avoid injury.
Correct answer is: Embedding proximity radar sensors that trigger rapid grip release when an obstacle is detected
Q.80 Which future trend could reduce the psychological barrier for children using rehabilitation robots?
Designing robots with friendly, cartoon‑like appearances and customizable skins
Making robots look like industrial machinery
Eliminating all interactive features
Using only monochrome color schemes
Explanation - Aesthetically appealing designs increase acceptance and motivation among young users.
Correct answer is: Designing robots with friendly, cartoon‑like appearances and customizable skins
Q.81 What future development could enable a prosthetic foot to adapt its stiffness dynamically while walking on uneven terrain?
Fixed‑stiffness carbon‑fiber blade
Variable‑impedance actuators controlled by real‑time terrain sensing (e.g., accelerometers, pressure sensors) and AI
Manually adjustable screws on the foot
No adaptation at all
Explanation - Sensors detect surface changes, and AI adjusts actuator impedance to provide appropriate compliance.
Correct answer is: Variable‑impedance actuators controlled by real‑time terrain sensing (e.g., accelerometers, pressure sensors) and AI
Q.82 Which emerging method could improve the speed of data acquisition from high‑density EMG arrays used in research prosthetics?
Serial communication at 9600 bps
On‑chip parallel processing with high‑speed SPI interfaces
Manual logging of each channel
Using only a single EMG channel
Explanation - Parallel processing reduces bottlenecks and enables real‑time handling of many EMG channels.
Correct answer is: On‑chip parallel processing with high‑speed SPI interfaces
Q.83 Which future technology could allow a rehabilitation robot to predict and prevent falls in elderly users?
Simple step counter
Predictive gait stability analysis using wearable inertial sensors and machine‑learning classifiers that trigger balance‑assist actions
Relying on the user’s memory alone
No sensors at all
Explanation - Early detection of instability lets the robot intervene before a fall occurs, improving safety.
Correct answer is: Predictive gait stability analysis using wearable inertial sensors and machine‑learning classifiers that trigger balance‑assist actions
Q.84 What future trend could enable seamless sharing of a patient’s rehabilitation progress across multiple care providers while preserving privacy?
Publicly posting data on social media
Using encrypted, interoperable health data standards (e.g., FHIR) with patient‑controlled consent management
Sending raw data via unsecured email
Storing data on a local PC only
Explanation - FHIR provides a standardized, secure way to exchange health information, and consent mechanisms protect privacy.
Correct answer is: Using encrypted, interoperable health data standards (e.g., FHIR) with patient‑controlled consent management
Q.85 Which future development could make a robotic exosuit capable of providing assistance only to the muscles that are fatigued during a task?
Constant assistance to all muscles
Real‑time EMG fatigue detection combined with selective actuator activation
Manual selection of muscles before each session
Random assistance patterns
Explanation - Detecting muscle fatigue allows the exosuit to target support where needed, promoting active participation elsewhere.
Correct answer is: Real‑time EMG fatigue detection combined with selective actuator activation
Q.86 Which emerging technology could provide a prosthetic user with a sense of proprioception (limb position) without invasive implants?
External vibration motors placed on the skin that vary frequency according to joint angle
LED indicators on the prosthetic
Audible beeps for each movement
No feedback at all
Explanation - Tactile vibration patterns can encode joint position, giving the user a non‑invasive proprioceptive cue.
Correct answer is: External vibration motors placed on the skin that vary frequency according to joint angle
Q.87 What future trend aims to reduce the environmental impact of disposable components in rehabilitation devices?
Using single‑use plastics for all parts
Designing reusable, sterilizable modules and employing biodegradable materials where possible
Increasing the number of disposable batteries
Discarding devices after each patient uses them
Explanation - Sustainable design reduces waste and lowers the ecological footprint of rehabilitation technology.
Correct answer is: Designing reusable, sterilizable modules and employing biodegradable materials where possible
Q.88 Which future capability could allow a prosthetic leg to automatically adjust ankle dorsiflexion based on the slope of the walking surface?
Fixed‑angle ankle joint
Embedded inertial sensors that estimate slope and a control algorithm that modulates ankle torque accordingly
User manually turning a knob
No adjustment capability
Explanation - Real‑time slope estimation lets the prosthetic adapt ankle angle for smooth walking on inclines.
Correct answer is: Embedded inertial sensors that estimate slope and a control algorithm that modulates ankle torque accordingly
Q.89 Which future development could enable a rehabilitation robot to learn from multiple patients and improve its control policies globally?
Training a single model on one patient’s data only
Federated learning where each device updates a shared model without transmitting raw patient data
Uploading all raw data to a central server without encryption
Never updating the control software
Explanation - Federated learning aggregates knowledge while preserving privacy, enhancing robot performance across populations.
Correct answer is: Federated learning where each device updates a shared model without transmitting raw patient data