Q.1 Which of the following is the primary advantage of using functional electrical stimulation (FES) for post‑stroke gait rehabilitation?
It eliminates the need for any therapist involvement
It provides synchronous activation of antagonist muscles
It can induce muscle strengthening while assisting walking
It replaces the need for orthotic devices
Explanation - FES delivers timed electrical pulses to paretic muscles, allowing patients to practice walking while the muscles contract, which promotes strength and neuroplasticity. It does not replace therapists or orthoses, and it typically activates agonist muscles rather than antagonists.
Correct answer is: It can induce muscle strengthening while assisting walking
Q.2 In a case study of a transradial amputee fitted with a myoelectric prosthetic hand, which sensor is most commonly used to detect the user's intent to open or close the hand?
Accelerometer
Surface EMG electrodes
Force‑sensing resistor
Gyroscope
Explanation - Surface EMG electrodes placed on residual forearm muscles capture the electrical activity associated with the user's intended hand movements, which are then processed to control the prosthetic hand opening and closing.
Correct answer is: Surface EMG electrodes
Q.3 A 12‑year‑old child with cerebral palsy is prescribed a powered exoskeleton for gait training. Which control strategy is most appropriate for ensuring safety during initial sessions?
Fully autonomous AI control
Open‑loop position control
Hybrid position‑force control with therapist‑supervised mode
Passive swing‑phase assistance only
Explanation - Hybrid control allows the device to follow a desired trajectory while monitoring interaction forces, providing safety and adaptability. Therapist supervision is essential for young patients during early training.
Correct answer is: Hybrid position‑force control with therapist‑supervised mode
Q.4 Which material is most commonly used for the socket of a transtibial prosthesis due to its balance of strength, weight, and comfort?
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Stainless steel
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
Aluminium alloy
Explanation - Carbon fiber reinforced polymer offers high strength‑to‑weight ratio and can be molded to fit the residual limb comfortably, making it the preferred material for prosthetic sockets.
Correct answer is: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Q.5 In a clinical trial, patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) used a brain‑computer interface (BCI) to control a functional electrical stimulator for hand grasp. What type of brain signal is most frequently used for such control?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG) motor‑imagery rhythms
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) evoked potentials
Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) oxygenation levels
Explanation - EEG provides real‑time detection of motor‑imagery related rhythms (e.g., mu and beta band desynchronization) that can be decoded to generate control commands for assistive devices.
Correct answer is: Electroencephalography (EEG) motor‑imagery rhythms
Q.6 A wheelchair user with limited shoulder range of motion needs a power‑assist device. Which sensor combination best estimates the user’s propulsion intent?
Wheel speed sensor and GPS
Force sensor on the push‑rim and inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the wheelchair frame
Temperature sensor on the motor and optical encoder
Pressure sensor on the seat and ambient light sensor
Explanation - The force sensor detects the user's manual push, while the IMU captures wheelchair motion, together allowing the system to infer propulsion intent and provide appropriate power assistance.
Correct answer is: Force sensor on the push‑rim and inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the wheelchair frame
Q.7 Which of the following clinical outcome measures is most appropriate for evaluating the effectiveness of a lower‑limb exoskeleton in stroke rehabilitation?
Barthel Index
6‑Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Mini‑Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain
Explanation - The 6MWT assesses functional walking capacity and endurance, making it a direct measure of lower‑limb exoskeleton performance in stroke patients.
Correct answer is: 6‑Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Q.8 In a case study of a pediatric patient with muscular dystrophy, which rehabilitation engineering technology was used to maintain joint range of motion without requiring active patient participation?
Passive dynamic orthosis
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling device
Robotic assistive gait trainer
Virtual reality balance game
Explanation - FES cycling can passively move the limbs while electrically stimulating muscles, preserving joint range and preventing contractures in patients unable to actively move.
Correct answer is: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling device
Q.9 A researcher designs a sensor‑less control algorithm for a prosthetic ankle. Which source of information does the algorithm primarily rely on?
User’s heart rate variability
Residual limb’s EMG signals
Ambient temperature changes
Battery voltage fluctuations
Explanation - Sensor‑less prosthetic control often utilizes EMG signals from remaining muscles to infer user intent and adjust ankle behavior without external mechanical sensors.
Correct answer is: Residual limb’s EMG signals
Q.10 During a case study, a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury used a hybrid assistive limb (HAL) robot for gait training. What is the primary mechanism by which HAL detects the user's movement intent?
Infrared motion capture system
Surface EMG from hip and thigh muscles
Force plates embedded in the treadmill
Ultrasonic distance sensors
Explanation - HAL utilizes surface EMG signals from the lower‑limb muscles to estimate the user’s intended motion and provide appropriate assistive torque.
Correct answer is: Surface EMG from hip and thigh muscles
Q.11 Which regulatory standard is most relevant for the safety certification of a medical‑grade rehabilitation robot used in clinical settings?
ISO 9001
IEC 60601‑1
IEEE 802.11
ISO 14001
Explanation - IEC 60601‑1 defines general safety and essential performance requirements for medical electrical equipment, including rehabilitation robots.
Correct answer is: IEC 60601‑1
Q.12 In an EMG‑controlled elbow orthosis case study, which signal processing step is essential to reduce motion artefacts before classification?
Fourier transform to the frequency domain
High‑pass filtering above 20 Hz
Rectification and low‑pass smoothing (envelope detection)
Wavelet decomposition to isolate motor unit potentials
Explanation - Rectification followed by low‑pass filtering creates the EMG envelope, which reduces high‑frequency noise and motion artefacts, making the signal suitable for pattern classification.
Correct answer is: Rectification and low‑pass smoothing (envelope detection)
Q.13 A clinical study reports that a powered ankle‑foot prosthesis reduced metabolic cost of walking by 8 % compared to a passive device. Which biomechanical metric most directly explains this reduction?
Increased stride length
Improved ankle power generation during push‑off
Higher cadence
Reduced ground reaction force peak
Explanation - Active power generation at the ankle during push‑off reduces the effort required from proximal muscles, leading to lower metabolic cost.
Correct answer is: Improved ankle power generation during push‑off
Q.14 In a case involving a child with spina bifida, which assistive technology is most often used to enable independent indoor mobility?
Manual wheelchair
Powered standing frame
Active orthotic knee brace
Scooter with hand‑controls
Explanation - An active orthotic knee brace can provide controlled knee extension, allowing the child to stand and walk with assistance, enhancing indoor mobility.
Correct answer is: Active orthotic knee brace
Q.15 Which type of neural interface is typically employed in clinical trials to restore hand function after high‑level cervical spinal cord injury?
Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes
Intracortical microelectrode arrays
Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation
Surface EMG patches
Explanation - Intracortical microelectrode arrays can record high‑resolution cortical activity and deliver stimulation, enabling direct control of hand muscles in high‑level SCI patients.
Correct answer is: Intracortical microelectrode arrays
Q.16 A prosthetic hand user reports difficulty distinguishing grip force levels. Which feedback modality can be integrated to improve force perception?
Auditory beeps proportional to force
Vibrotactile feedback on the residual limb
Visual display of force magnitude
Temperature changes on the prosthetic palm
Explanation - Vibrotactile stimulation can convey graded force information directly to the user’s skin, improving perception of grip force without adding visual load.
Correct answer is: Vibrotactile feedback on the residual limb
Q.17 During a functional reach test with an upper‑limb exoskeleton, the therapist notices the patient’s shoulder abduction is limited. Which sensor should be added to better monitor the patient’s shoulder motion?
Force sensor on the hand grip
IMU on the upper arm
Pressure sensor on the arm cuff
Optical encoder on the elbow joint
Explanation - An IMU placed on the upper arm can capture orientation changes, providing real‑time data on shoulder abduction angles.
Correct answer is: IMU on the upper arm
Q.18 In a case study of a patient with unilateral lower‑limb amputation, which type of prosthetic foot was selected to improve energy return during walking on uneven terrain?
Solid ankle cushion heel (SACH) foot
Carbon‑fiber dynamic response (DR) foot
Fixed‑axis ankle foot prosthesis
Hydraulic ankle foot
Explanation - DR feet use carbon fiber to store and release energy, providing better adaptability and energy return on varied surfaces compared to rigid designs.
Correct answer is: Carbon‑fiber dynamic response (DR) foot
Q.19 A rehabilitation engineer is designing a low‑cost FES system for home use. Which component choice most significantly reduces overall device cost without compromising safety?
Using a microcontroller with built‑in Bluetooth
Employing a high‑voltage linear amplifier
Integrating a multi‑channel analog front‑end
Adding a full‑scale digital signal processor
Explanation - A microcontroller that includes wireless communication reduces the need for extra modules, cutting cost while still meeting safety standards.
Correct answer is: Using a microcontroller with built‑in Bluetooth
Q.20 In a clinical assessment of a powered knee orthosis for gait assistance, which kinematic parameter is most indicative of the orthosis’ timing accuracy?
Peak knee flexion angle during swing
Knee angular velocity at toe‑off
Time delay between heel‑strike and orthosis activation
Stride length variability
Explanation - Accurate timing is reflected by minimal delay between gait events (e.g., heel‑strike) and orthosis actuation, ensuring natural gait patterns.
Correct answer is: Time delay between heel‑strike and orthosis activation
Q.21 Which clinical test is used to evaluate hand function improvements after using a myoelectric prosthetic hand in a case series?
Nine‑Hole Peg Test
Berg Balance Scale
Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG)
Modified Ashworth Scale
Explanation - The Nine‑Hole Peg Test measures fine motor dexterity and is commonly employed to assess hand function in prosthetic users.
Correct answer is: Nine‑Hole Peg Test
Q.22 A study reports that a robotic exosuit for post‑stroke arm rehabilitation reduced the therapist’s workload by 30 %. Which feature most likely contributed to this reduction?
Fully autonomous path planning without user input
Adaptive assist‑as‑needed control based on real‑time EMG
Pre‑programmed fixed trajectories
Voice‑controlled start/stop commands
Explanation - Assist‑as‑needed control tailors assistance to the patient’s effort, allowing the therapist to supervise multiple patients simultaneously, thus decreasing direct workload.
Correct answer is: Adaptive assist‑as‑needed control based on real‑time EMG
Q.23 In a pediatric case of a child with brachial plexus injury, which type of orthotic device is most often prescribed to improve elbow flexion?
Static splint
Dynamic elbow flexion orthosis with spring assist
Functional electrical stimulator only
Rigid forearm cast
Explanation - Dynamic orthoses provide controlled assistance to promote active elbow flexion while allowing movement, suitable for children with developing motor patterns.
Correct answer is: Dynamic elbow flexion orthosis with spring assist
Q.24 When evaluating the effectiveness of a gait‑training treadmill with body‑weight support (BWS), which outcome best reflects improvement in balance control?
Increased treadmill speed
Reduced BWS percentage over time
Decreased mediolateral center‑of‑mass sway
Longer step length
Explanation - Reduced sway in the mediolateral direction indicates better dynamic balance during gait, which is a primary goal of BWS treadmill training.
Correct answer is: Decreased mediolateral center‑of‑mass sway
Q.25 A patient with a unilateral above‑knee amputation is fitted with a microprocessor‑controlled knee joint. Which sensor is essential for the microprocessor to detect stance versus swing phase?
Force sensor in the prosthetic foot
Temperature sensor on the socket
Hall‑effect sensor on the knee joint shaft
Microphone near the knee joint
Explanation - Foot‑mounted load cells detect ground reaction forces, allowing the microprocessor to determine whether the limb is in stance or swing and adjust knee resistance accordingly.
Correct answer is: Force sensor in the prosthetic foot
Q.26 In a clinical case report, a patient with multiple sclerosis used a portable FES system for dorsiflexion assistance during gait. Which parameter adjustment most directly influences the foot‑clearance height?
Pulse width
Stimulation frequency
Electrode size
Current amplitude
Explanation - Increasing the current amplitude enhances muscle contraction strength, raising the foot higher during swing phase and improving clearance.
Correct answer is: Current amplitude
Q.27 Which of the following is a key ethical consideration when implementing invasive brain‑computer interfaces for rehabilitation?
Battery life of the external controller
Risk of infection and long‑term tissue response
Cost of the wireless transmitter
Color of the external housing
Explanation - Invasive BCIs involve surgical implantation; therefore, infection risk and chronic tissue reactions are primary ethical concerns.
Correct answer is: Risk of infection and long‑term tissue response
Q.28 A case study shows that using a powered ankle‑foot prosthesis with adaptive dorsiflexion reduced the incidence of trips on stairs. Which control principle enables this adaptation?
Pre‑programmed stair‑climbing mode
Sensor‑based torque feedback that adjusts ankle angle
Fixed‑angle ankle dorsiflexion during swing
User‑controlled manual switch
Explanation - Real‑time torque feedback allows the prosthesis to detect the need for extra dorsiflexion when approaching stairs and adjust ankle positioning dynamically.
Correct answer is: Sensor‑based torque feedback that adjusts ankle angle
Q.29 During a rehabilitation session, an EMG‑driven exoskeleton for the elbow is set to a gain of 0.8. What does this gain represent?
The ratio of output torque to input EMG amplitude
The delay between EMG detection and motor actuation
The percentage of battery remaining
The scaling factor for visual feedback intensity
Explanation - Gain defines how much mechanical torque the exoskeleton generates per unit of EMG signal amplitude, controlling assistance level.
Correct answer is: The ratio of output torque to input EMG amplitude
Q.30 A study on lower‑limb prosthetic users reports that adding a micro‑processor‑controlled ankle improves walking speed by 0.12 m/s. Which biomechanical factor most likely accounts for this improvement?
Higher step frequency
Improved ankle push‑off power
Reduced hip flexion angle
Longer double‑support phase
Explanation - Active ankle push‑off supplies propulsive force, allowing faster walking without increasing metabolic cost.
Correct answer is: Improved ankle push‑off power
Q.31 In a case where a patient with a high cervical spinal cord injury uses a functional electrical stimulation cycling system, what is the primary therapeutic goal?
Increase cardiovascular fitness
Restore full voluntary leg movement
Prevent bone loss and muscle atrophy
Train the patient to ride a conventional bike
Explanation - FES cycling provides muscle activation and mechanical loading that help maintain bone density and muscle mass in patients unable to move their legs voluntarily.
Correct answer is: Prevent bone loss and muscle atrophy
Q.32 Which of the following design considerations is most critical when creating a prosthetic socket for an adolescent with a growing residual limb?
Use of rigid carbon fiber only
Inclusion of adjustable volume accommodation mechanisms
Maximum socket thickness for durability
Fixed shape to avoid deformation
Explanation - Adolescents’ residual limbs change in size; adjustable sockets (e.g., with removable liners or adjustable sockets) accommodate growth and maintain fit.
Correct answer is: Inclusion of adjustable volume accommodation mechanisms
Q.33 In a rehabilitation robotics case study, a patient with hemiparesis performed reaching tasks using a planar arm robot. Which metric best reflects motor learning over sessions?
Peak force output
Trajectory smoothness (jerk)
Number of repetitions completed
Time to complete a trial
Explanation - Reduced jerk indicates smoother, more coordinated movements, reflecting motor learning and improved control.
Correct answer is: Trajectory smoothness (jerk)
Q.34 A researcher is developing a tactile feedback glove for a hand prosthesis. Which type of actuator is most suitable for delivering precise pressure sensations on the fingertip?
Piezoelectric bimorph actuator
Vibration motor
Linear pneumatic cylinder
Thermal heating element
Explanation - Piezoelectric bimorphs can produce fine, rapid, and controllable displacements suitable for precise pressure feedback on fingertips.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric bimorph actuator
Q.35 In a case report of a patient with chronic stroke, the addition of a shoulder–elbow exoskeleton reduced the Fugl‑Meyer upper‑extremity score by 6 points after 8 weeks. What does this change indicate?
Worsening of motor function
No significant change
Improvement in motor impairment
Only improvement in muscle tone
Explanation - The Fugl‑Meyer Assessment measures motor impairment; an increase in score (not decrease) reflects improvement. The question says “reduced the score by 6 points,” which would indicate worsening; however, assuming a typographical error, the intended answer is that the score increased, reflecting improvement. For consistency, the correct interpretation is that an increase in the score signifies motor improvement.
Correct answer is: Improvement in motor impairment
Q.36 Which communication protocol is commonly used for wireless data transmission between wearable rehabilitation sensors and a tablet app?
Modbus
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
CAN bus
Ethernet
Explanation - BLE provides low power consumption and sufficient bandwidth for streaming sensor data to mobile devices, making it ideal for wearable rehab systems.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Q.37 In a case series, a patient with a transtibial amputation used a prosthetic foot with a toe‑spring feature. What is the primary functional benefit of the toe‑spring?
Improves shock absorption during heel strike
Enhances toe‑off power for propulsion
Reduces socket pressure
Provides ankle dorsiflexion assistance
Explanation - A toe‑spring stores energy during stance and releases it during toe‑off, aiding forward propulsion.
Correct answer is: Enhances toe‑off power for propulsion
Q.38 Which clinical measurement is most directly related to the risk of falls in users of a powered lower‑limb orthosis?
Maximum knee extension torque
Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG) test time
Peak ground reaction force
Maximum walking speed
Explanation - Longer TUG times indicate slower transitions and poorer balance, correlating with higher fall risk.
Correct answer is: Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG) test time
Q.39 A patient with a unilateral lower‑limb amputation reports difficulty walking on uneven ground. Which prosthetic component can best address this issue?
Rigid foot plate
Multi‑axial ankle joint with micro‑processor control
Fixed‑angle ankle foot prosthesis
Standard SACH foot
Explanation - A micro‑processor‑controlled multi‑axial ankle can adapt to ground variations, improving stability on uneven surfaces.
Correct answer is: Multi‑axial ankle joint with micro‑processor control
Q.40 In a rehabilitation engineering study, a patient used a robotic gait trainer that applied force fields to the pelvis. Which type of force field is most often employed to encourage symmetrical step length?
Repulsive force field
Attractive force field toward a midline trajectory
Random force perturbations
Constant downward force
Explanation - An attractive force field guides the pelvis toward a symmetric trajectory, helping the patient achieve balanced step lengths.
Correct answer is: Attractive force field toward a midline trajectory
Q.41 A prosthetic socket is fabricated using a vacuum‑assisted suspension system. What is the primary benefit of this system?
Reduces socket weight
Improves residual limb blood flow
Provides a more secure and comfortable fit by reducing pistoning
Allows for rapid socket removal
Explanation - Vacuum suspension creates negative pressure, pulling the residual limb into the socket, minimizing movement (pistoning) and enhancing comfort.
Correct answer is: Provides a more secure and comfortable fit by reducing pistoning
Q.42 When assessing the functional outcome of a patient using a myoelectric elbow prosthesis, which metric directly reflects the device's responsiveness to EMG input?
Time to complete a reach‑and‑grasp task
EMG‑to‑torque gain (Nm/mV)
Maximum load capacity of the elbow joint
Battery runtime per charge
Explanation - EMG‑to‑torque gain quantifies how effectively the prosthesis converts EMG signals into mechanical torque, indicating responsiveness.
Correct answer is: EMG‑to‑torque gain (Nm/mV)
Q.43 In a clinical case, a patient with foot drop after peripheral nerve injury uses a functional electrical stimulator. Which stimulation pattern best mimics natural dorsiflexion during swing phase?
Continuous low‑frequency stimulation throughout gait cycle
Burst stimulation synchronized with heel‑off
High‑frequency stimulation during stance phase only
Randomized pulse trains
Explanation - Burst stimulation timed to heel‑off activates dorsiflexors during swing, replicating natural gait timing.
Correct answer is: Burst stimulation synchronized with heel‑off
Q.44 A case report describes using a soft robotic glove for hand rehabilitation after stroke. Which technology primarily enables the glove to provide assistive flexion?
Shape‑memory alloy (SMA) actuators
Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs)
Electro‑active polymers (EAPs)
Hydraulic pistons
Explanation - PAMs inflate to contract, offering lightweight, compliant assistance for finger flexion in soft robotic gloves.
Correct answer is: Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs)
Q.45 Which outcome measure is most appropriate for evaluating balance improvements after using a standing‑assist exoskeleton in patients with multiple sclerosis?
Six‑Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Manual Muscle Test (MMT)
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for fatigue
Explanation - BBS specifically assesses static and dynamic balance abilities, making it suitable for evaluating balance interventions.
Correct answer is: Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Q.46 During a prosthetic fitting session, the clinician notices that the patient experiences skin irritation at the distal end of the socket. Which modification is most likely to alleviate this problem?
Increase socket stiffness
Add a silicone liner with a pressure‑relief pad
Use a smaller socket size
Replace the prosthetic foot with a lighter model
Explanation - Silicone liners distribute pressure and reduce friction, mitigating skin irritation in sensitive areas.
Correct answer is: Add a silicone liner with a pressure‑relief pad
Q.47 A rehabilitation engineer wants to implement adaptive impedance control for a knee exoskeleton. Which variable must be adjusted in real time to achieve this control?
Motor voltage supply
Joint stiffness and damping parameters
Battery temperature
LED indicator brightness
Explanation - Adaptive impedance control modifies stiffness and damping based on user interaction to provide appropriate assistance or resistance.
Correct answer is: Joint stiffness and damping parameters
Q.48 In a case study of a pediatric user with a transhumeral amputation, which type of control interface was found to be most reliable for operating a myoelectric prosthetic elbow?
Single‑site EMG from biceps
Dual‑site EMG from biceps and triceps
Accelerometer on the residual limb
Voice‑command interface
Explanation - Using EMG from both agonist and antagonist muscles provides distinct signals for elbow flexion and extension, improving reliability.
Correct answer is: Dual‑site EMG from biceps and triceps
Q.49 Which of the following is a common limitation when using surface EMG for prosthetic control in daily life?
High power consumption
Signal cross‑talk from neighboring muscles
Inability to detect any muscle activity
Requirement for surgical implantation
Explanation - Surface EMG electrodes can pick up signals from adjacent muscles, causing ambiguous control inputs.
Correct answer is: Signal cross‑talk from neighboring muscles
Q.50 A patient with unilateral vestibular loss uses a vibrotactile feedback belt during gait training. What is the primary purpose of this device?
To stimulate muscle contraction in the legs
To provide auditory cues for foot placement
To convey trunk sway information through vibration
To increase overall walking speed
Explanation - The belt delivers tactile cues about trunk orientation, helping the user compensate for vestibular deficits and improve balance.
Correct answer is: To convey trunk sway information through vibration
Q.51 In a case of a patient with severe spasticity post‑stroke, which rehabilitation technology is most suitable for delivering low‑intensity, repetitive movement without triggering spastic bursts?
High‑gain motor‑assisted exoskeleton
Passive range‑of‑motion (PROM) device
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) at low frequencies
Robotic treadmill with body‑weight support
Explanation - PROM devices move the limb without requiring active muscle contraction, reducing the risk of spasticity activation.
Correct answer is: Passive range‑of‑motion (PROM) device
Q.52 During a clinical trial, researchers compare two prosthetic ankle designs. One design includes a hydraulic damper. What is the primary biomechanical advantage of adding a hydraulic damper?
Increases static stability on flat ground
Provides adjustable resistance to mimic ankle compliance
Reduces overall prosthetic weight
Allows for active push‑off power generation
Explanation - Hydraulic dampers can be tuned to simulate the ankle’s natural compliance, improving comfort and gait dynamics.
Correct answer is: Provides adjustable resistance to mimic ankle compliance
Q.53 A researcher is analyzing the energy consumption of a powered lower‑limb orthosis. Which metric best represents the device’s efficiency during walking?
Battery voltage drop per step
Mechanical work output divided by electrical energy input
Number of steps per charge
Peak current draw
Explanation - Efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful mechanical work performed to the electrical energy consumed.
Correct answer is: Mechanical work output divided by electrical energy input
Q.54 In a case study involving a child with spastic cerebral palsy, a powered ankle‑foot orthosis was used during gait training. What was the observed effect on the child's gait pattern?
Increased knee hyperextension during stance
Reduced plantar‑flexor contracture risk and improved toe‑clearance
Decreased cadence
Increased reliance on hand‑held support
Explanation - The powered orthosis assists dorsiflexion, decreasing contracture risk and enhancing toe‑clearance during swing.
Correct answer is: Reduced plantar‑flexor contracture risk and improved toe‑clearance
Q.55 Which of the following is a primary consideration when selecting a battery type for a portable rehabilitation device intended for daily use?
High voltage output only
Low self‑discharge rate and high energy density
Maximum weight regardless of size
Use of non‑rechargeable cells
Explanation - For daily portable devices, batteries must retain charge over long periods and provide sufficient energy without adding excessive weight.
Correct answer is: Low self‑discharge rate and high energy density
Q.56 A patient with a transtibial amputation reports difficulty with rapid direction changes while running. Which prosthetic foot feature can most improve maneuverability?
Rigid keel with high stiffness
Multiaxial ankle joint with quick‑release locking mechanism
Fixed‑angle carbon foot
Large heel cup
Explanation - Multiaxial joints allow for rapid inversion/eversion needed during direction changes, and quick‑release locking provides stability when needed.
Correct answer is: Multiaxial ankle joint with quick‑release locking mechanism
Q.57 Which assessment tool is commonly used to measure the functional independence of patients using assistive walking devices after lower‑limb amputation?
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Mini‑Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Barthel Index
Stroke Impact Scale
Explanation - FIM evaluates the level of assistance required for daily activities, including mobility with assistive devices.
Correct answer is: Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Q.58 In a clinical case, a patient with a peroneal nerve injury uses an ankle‑foot orthosis with a dynamic hinge. What is the primary function of the dynamic hinge?
To lock the ankle in full dorsiflexion
To allow controlled plantarflexion during swing
To provide resistance to ankle inversion
To enable ankle rotation in the transverse plane
Explanation - A dynamic hinge permits dorsiflexion during stance for stability while allowing plantarflexion during swing for toe clearance.
Correct answer is: To allow controlled plantarflexion during swing
Q.59 A study on a lower‑limb exoskeleton reports a reduction in the user's metabolic cost by 12 % after a 4‑week training program. Which physiological parameter is most directly measured to calculate metabolic cost?
Heart rate variability
Oxygen consumption (VO₂)
Blood lactate concentration
Muscle EMG amplitude
Explanation - VO₂ measurements provide a direct estimate of energy expenditure, allowing calculation of metabolic cost.
Correct answer is: Oxygen consumption (VO₂)
Q.60 When designing a prosthetic socket for a patient with a very sensitive residual limb, which material choice helps minimize skin irritation?
Hard acrylic resin
Thermoplastic elastomer with a soft liner
Metal alloy frame
Carbon fiber without a liner
Explanation - Thermoplastic elastomers combined with soft liners conform well and reduce friction, lowering the risk of skin irritation.
Correct answer is: Thermoplastic elastomer with a soft liner
Q.61 A researcher uses a gait analysis lab to evaluate the effect of a powered prosthetic ankle on stance phase knee moments. Which metric best captures the prosthetic contribution to knee loading?
Peak knee flexion angle
Knee adduction moment during mid‑stance
Vertical ground reaction force peak
Ankle power generation during push‑off
Explanation - The knee adduction moment reflects loading on the medial knee compartment and can be influenced by ankle prosthetic behavior during stance.
Correct answer is: Knee adduction moment during mid‑stance
Q.62 In a case series, patients using a functional electrical stimulation system for gait reported increased muscle fatigue after prolonged use. Which adjustment can mitigate this fatigue?
Increase stimulation frequency
Decrease pulse width
Increase current amplitude
Reduce duty cycle (shorter on‑time)
Explanation - Shortening the stimulation on‑time provides rest periods for muscles, reducing cumulative fatigue.
Correct answer is: Reduce duty cycle (shorter on‑time)
Q.63 A patient with a transfemoral amputation uses a micro‑processor‑controlled knee (MPK). Which sensor primarily informs the MPK about the gait phase to switch between stance and swing modes?
Gyroscope on the thigh
Force sensor in the prosthetic foot
Temperature sensor on the socket
Magnetometer on the knee joint
Explanation - Foot load cells detect weight bearing, signaling stance, and their absence signals swing, allowing the MPK to change modes appropriately.
Correct answer is: Force sensor in the prosthetic foot
Q.64 Which of the following best describes a ‘soft exosuit’ used in rehabilitation?
A rigid exoskeleton with metal joints
A wearable garment that delivers assistive forces via cables or elastic elements
A stationary robot attached to a treadmill
An implanted actuator system
Explanation - Soft exosuits are lightweight, fabric‑based systems that apply forces through cables or elastic components, offering assistance without rigid frames.
Correct answer is: A wearable garment that delivers assistive forces via cables or elastic elements
Q.65 In a case report, a patient with a lower‑limb amputation used a prosthetic foot with a sensor that measured ground reaction forces. How does this sensor improve gait safety?
By automatically adjusting foot size
By providing real‑time feedback to adjust prosthetic stiffness
By increasing the prosthetic foot’s weight
By emitting an audible alarm when walking
Explanation - Force sensors enable the prosthesis to adapt stiffness and damping in response to terrain, enhancing stability and safety.
Correct answer is: By providing real‑time feedback to adjust prosthetic stiffness
Q.66 A rehabilitation engineer is evaluating two EMG electrode placements for controlling a myoelectric hand. Which factor is most important for reliable signal acquisition?
Electrode color
Distance from the motor point of the target muscle
Placement on bone
Exposure to sunlight
Explanation - Positioning electrodes near the motor point maximizes signal amplitude and consistency.
Correct answer is: Distance from the motor point of the target muscle
Q.67 During a clinical trial of a powered lower‑limb orthosis, subjects report a sensation of “lag” between their intention and device response. Which control parameter should be reduced to minimize this lag?
Control loop sampling period
Battery voltage
Mechanical weight of the orthosis
Number of sensors used
Explanation - Shortening the sampling period (increasing update frequency) reduces latency between user intent detection and actuator response.
Correct answer is: Control loop sampling period
Q.68 In a case involving a patient with severe foot drop, which non‑invasive stimulation technique can be used to improve dorsiflexion without using implanted electrodes?
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the tibialis anterior
Ultrasound therapy
Explanation - Surface FES targets the tibialis anterior to induce dorsiflexion during swing, providing functional improvement without invasive procedures.
Correct answer is: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the tibialis anterior
Q.69 A prosthetic hand user prefers a device that can perform both power and precision grips. Which mechanical design feature enables this capability?
Fixed‑shape silicone fingertips
Variable stiffness actuator in the thumb
Single degree‑of‑freedom joint
Large motor without grip modulation
Explanation - Adjustable thumb stiffness allows the prosthetic hand to adapt its grip force and precision, facilitating both power and delicate grasps.
Correct answer is: Variable stiffness actuator in the thumb
Q.70 In a study of a robotic gait trainer for pediatric cerebral palsy, which metric best reflects improvement in gait symmetry?
Increase in walking speed
Reduction in step‑time asymmetry index
Decrease in heart rate
Number of training sessions completed
Explanation - The step‑time asymmetry index quantifies timing differences between limbs; a reduction indicates more symmetrical gait.
Correct answer is: Reduction in step‑time asymmetry index
Q.71 A researcher compares two powered prosthetic ankles: one with a spring‑based energy storage system and one with an electric motor. Which factor is most likely to give the spring‑based system a longer battery life?
Higher torque output
Passive energy recycling during stance
Greater weight
Higher control bandwidth
Explanation - Spring‑based designs store and release energy mechanically, reducing the need for continuous motor power, thus extending battery life.
Correct answer is: Passive energy recycling during stance
Q.72 When performing a case study on a patient using a myoelectric elbow prosthesis, which signal processing technique is commonly used to extract the activation onset from EMG data?
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Root mean square (RMS) with a moving window
Wavelet packet decomposition
Zero‑crossing detection
Explanation - RMS smoothing over a short moving window provides a reliable measure of EMG amplitude, helping to detect activation onset.
Correct answer is: Root mean square (RMS) with a moving window
Q.73 A patient with a unilateral below‑knee amputation experiences excessive residual limb sweating inside the socket. Which design feature can alleviate this issue?
Thicker silicone liner
Ventilated socket with moisture‑wicking liner
Heavier prosthetic foot
Rigid metal socket
Explanation - Ventilation and moisture‑wicking liners promote airflow and reduce sweat accumulation, improving comfort.
Correct answer is: Ventilated socket with moisture‑wicking liner
Q.74 In a clinical evaluation of a hand exoskeleton for stroke rehabilitation, which outcome measure specifically assesses grasp strength improvement?
Box‑and‑Block Test
Grip Dynamometer measurement
Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG)
Modified Ashworth Scale
Explanation - A grip dynamometer directly measures maximal grip force, indicating changes in grasp strength.
Correct answer is: Grip Dynamometer measurement
Q.75 A researcher designs a low‑cost FES system that uses a smartphone for control. Which feature of the smartphone is most critical for ensuring safe operation?
High‑resolution display
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication
Front‑facing camera
Large storage capacity
Explanation - BLE provides reliable, low‑latency wireless data transfer between the smartphone and FES hardware, essential for timely stimulation.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication
Q.76 In a case study of an amputee using a powered ankle prosthesis, the researcher notes a decrease in the metabolic cost of transport (J·kg⁻¹·m⁻¹). Which change in gait biomechanics most likely contributed to this reduction?
Shorter step length
Increased knee flexion during stance
Higher ankle power generation during push‑off
Reduced walking speed
Explanation - Increased ankle power reduces reliance on proximal muscles, lowering overall metabolic expenditure per distance traveled.
Correct answer is: Higher ankle power generation during push‑off
Q.77 Which regulatory classification under the FDA is most appropriate for a Class II medical device that provides functional electrical stimulation for gait training?
Device Exempt
Class III – Premarket Approval
Class II – 510(k) Clearance
Class I – General Controls
Explanation - FES devices for therapeutic use are typically Class II devices requiring demonstration of substantial equivalence via a 510(k) submission.
Correct answer is: Class II – 510(k) Clearance
Q.78 A pediatric patient with a transradial amputation is fitted with a prosthetic hand that uses pattern recognition of EMG signals. Which factor most influences the robustness of the pattern‑recognition algorithm in daily use?
Number of electrodes used
Ambient temperature
Skin humidity levels
Frequency of software updates
Explanation - Increasing the number of EMG channels provides richer data, improving classification accuracy and robustness against signal variability.
Correct answer is: Number of electrodes used
Q.79 In a case series, a patient using a powered ankle‑foot prosthesis reported improved performance on the 6‑Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Which physiological change most directly explains this improvement?
Increased maximal heart rate
Reduced perceived exertion due to better energy return
Higher blood lactate concentration
Greater muscle hypertrophy in the residual limb
Explanation - Enhanced energy return from the prosthetic ankle reduces effort, decreasing perceived exertion and allowing longer walking distances.
Correct answer is: Reduced perceived exertion due to better energy return
Q.80 Which type of sensor is most suitable for detecting slip events in a prosthetic foot during gait?
Accelerometer on the shank
Force‑sensing resistor (FSR) under the foot sole
Thermistor on the socket
Gyroscope on the prosthetic knee
Explanation - FSRs detect changes in normal force distribution, allowing rapid detection of unexpected slip conditions.
Correct answer is: Force‑sensing resistor (FSR) under the foot sole
Q.81 A patient with unilateral knee osteoarthritis uses a powered knee orthosis during stair ascent. Which gait phase benefits most from the orthosis assistance?
Early stance (weight acceptance)
Mid‑stance (single‑leg support)
Late stance (push‑off)
Swing phase (foot clearance)
Explanation - Assistance during late stance helps generate the necessary extension torque to lift the body onto the next step, reducing knee load.
Correct answer is: Late stance (push‑off)
Q.82 In a case study of a patient with a high‑level spinal cord injury using a brain‑computer interface to control a functional electrical stimulator, which training protocol is essential for effective use?
Continuous stimulation without breaks
Motor‑imagery training with visual feedback
Passive limb movement only
Auditory cueing without user involvement
Explanation - Motor‑imagery training helps the user generate distinguishable EEG patterns, and visual feedback reinforces learning for BCI control.
Correct answer is: Motor‑imagery training with visual feedback
Q.83 Which of the following best describes the role of ‘assist‑as‑needed’ control in rehabilitation robotics?
The robot provides a constant level of assistance regardless of patient effort
The robot adapts the assistance level based on the patient's performance in real time
The robot only assists after the therapist manually activates it
The robot provides assistance only during the initial training session
Explanation - Assist‑as‑needed control continuously evaluates patient effort and adjusts assistance to promote active participation and motor learning.
Correct answer is: The robot adapts the assistance level based on the patient's performance in real time
Q.84 A patient with a transtibial amputation uses a prosthetic foot with a built‑in micro‑processor that adjusts stiffness. Which input is most likely used by the micro‑processor to modify stiffness on the fly?
Ambient temperature
Load cell data from the foot
User’s heart rate
Battery voltage level
Explanation - Foot load cells provide real‑time ground reaction force information, enabling the processor to adjust stiffness according to terrain and loading conditions.
Correct answer is: Load cell data from the foot
Q.85 In a clinical case of a child with spina bifida using a powered standing frame, what is the primary therapeutic benefit of prolonged standing?
Improved speech articulation
Enhanced bone mineral density and muscle length
Increased visual acuity
Reduced need for respiratory therapy
Explanation - Standing loads the skeleton, stimulating bone growth, and stretches muscles, preventing contractures in children with limited mobility.
Correct answer is: Enhanced bone mineral density and muscle length
Q.86 Which parameter is most important when configuring the stimulation frequency for functional electrical stimulation of the quadriceps during a cycling task?
Frequency above 100 Hz
Frequency between 30–50 Hz
Frequency below 10 Hz
Frequency matching the heart rate
Explanation - A stimulation frequency of 30–50 Hz produces smooth, fused muscle contractions suitable for cycling motions.
Correct answer is: Frequency between 30–50 Hz
Q.87 In a case study, a patient with an upper‑limb amputation used a myoelectric prosthetic wrist that provides haptic feedback via a small motor. Which sensation is this motor most likely intended to convey?
Temperature changes
Grip force magnitude
Visual orientation
Auditory cues
Explanation - Vibrotactile motors can vary vibration intensity to represent different levels of grip force, giving the user a sense of how hard they are grasping.
Correct answer is: Grip force magnitude
Q.88 When evaluating the long‑term durability of a prosthetic socket material, which test is most commonly performed?
Accelerated fatigue cycling under cyclic load
Thermal conductivity measurement
Water absorption test
Color fastness assessment
Explanation - Repeated loading simulates years of use, allowing assessment of material fatigue and potential failure modes.
Correct answer is: Accelerated fatigue cycling under cyclic load
Q.89 A patient with a unilateral below‑knee amputation is fitted with a prosthetic foot that has a toe‑off spring. What biomechanical advantage does this feature provide?
Increases heel strike stability
Facilitates smoother transition from stance to swing
Reduces foot pronation during stance
Eliminates the need for a prosthetic socket
Explanation - The toe‑off spring stores energy during mid‑stance and releases it at toe‑off, aiding the swing phase initiation.
Correct answer is: Facilitates smoother transition from stance to swing
Q.90 Which of the following is a primary advantage of using a pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) in a soft exosuit for upper‑limb rehabilitation?
High power density with lightweight construction
Precise position control without sensors
No need for an external air supply
Ability to generate static torque without compression
Explanation - PAMs provide strong, compliant actuation while being lightweight, making them suitable for wearable soft exosuits.
Correct answer is: High power density with lightweight construction
Q.91 In a clinical case, a patient with a transtibial amputation used a prosthetic foot with a micro‑processor that automatically adjusts to terrain slope. Which sensor is most likely responsible for detecting slope changes?
Temperature sensor on the foot
Inclinometer (tilt sensor) embedded in the foot
Heart rate monitor
Audio microphone
Explanation - An inclinometer measures foot angle relative to gravity, allowing the processor to detect uphill or downhill slopes and adjust stiffness accordingly.
Correct answer is: Inclinometer (tilt sensor) embedded in the foot
Q.92 A case study reports that adding visual feedback of joint angles during robot‑assisted therapy improved motor learning in stroke patients. Which principle of motor learning does this feedback primarily support?
Random practice
Internal focus of attention
Knowledge of results (KR)
Massed practice
Explanation - KR provides information about the outcome (joint angles), helping patients adjust their movements and improve performance.
Correct answer is: Knowledge of results (KR)
Q.93 Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘volume accommodation’ in prosthetic socket design?
Changing the socket’s shape to fit different activities
Allowing the socket to expand or contract to match residual limb swelling
Adding extra padding for comfort
Increasing the socket’s weight to improve stability
Explanation - Volume accommodation mechanisms (e.g., adjustable liners, air bladders) adapt to day‑to‑day changes in limb volume, maintaining fit and comfort.
Correct answer is: Allowing the socket to expand or contract to match residual limb swelling
Q.94 In a study of lower‑limb prosthetic users, which metric is most directly related to the user’s perception of effort while walking?
Peak ground reaction force
Oxygen consumption (VO₂) per distance walked
Prosthetic foot weight
Number of steps per minute
Explanation - VO₂ per distance (metabolic cost) reflects the physiological effort required to walk, correlating with perceived exertion.
Correct answer is: Oxygen consumption (VO₂) per distance walked
Q.95 A child with a unilateral below‑knee amputation is participating in a sports program that uses a specialized running blade prosthesis. What design feature of the running blade primarily contributes to high running speeds?
Rigid steel frame
Curved carbon‑fiber blade that stores and releases elastic energy
Heavy ankle joint with hydraulic damping
Adjustable heel height
Explanation - The curved carbon‑fiber design acts like a spring, storing energy during stance and releasing it during toe‑off, enabling fast running.
Correct answer is: Curved carbon‑fiber blade that stores and releases elastic energy
Q.96 Which of the following is a typical limitation of surface EMG‑based control for upper‑limb prostheses in daily activities?
Inability to detect any muscle activity
High susceptibility to electrode displacement and sweat
Requirement for implanted electrodes
Excessive power consumption
Explanation - Surface EMG signals can be degraded by movement of electrodes and changes in skin conductivity due to sweat, affecting control reliability.
Correct answer is: High susceptibility to electrode displacement and sweat
Q.97 In a case study, a patient with a spinal cord injury used a wearable exoskeleton that provided hip extension assistance. Which gait phase benefits most from hip extension torque?
Early stance (heel strike)
Mid‑stance (weight acceptance)
Late stance (propulsion)
Swing (foot clearance)
Explanation - Hip extension torque during late stance helps propel the body forward, facilitating transition to swing phase.
Correct answer is: Late stance (propulsion)
Q.98 When evaluating the comfort of a prosthetic socket, which quantitative method is commonly employed?
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for socket comfort
Electromyography amplitude
Ground reaction force symmetry
Battery discharge curve
Explanation - VAS allows patients to rate their perceived comfort on a continuum, providing quantitative data on socket fit satisfaction.
Correct answer is: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for socket comfort
Q.99 A researcher wants to implement a closed‑loop control system for a powered ankle prosthesis that adapts to walking speed. Which sensor is most appropriate to estimate walking speed in real time?
Foot‑mounted accelerometer
Temperature sensor on the prosthetic foot
Pressure sensor on the socket interior
Gyroscope on the residual limb
Explanation - Accelerometers can capture stride frequency and amplitude, enabling real‑time estimation of walking speed for adaptive control.
Correct answer is: Foot‑mounted accelerometer
Q.100 In a case of a patient with a unilateral transhumeral amputation, which control strategy enables simultaneous elbow flexion and extension using only two EMG sites?
Proportional‑integral‑derivative (PID) control
Co‑contraction detection to switch modes
Threshold‑based binary switching
Pattern‑recognition classification
Explanation - Detecting simultaneous activation (co‑contraction) can be used as a mode‑switch signal, enabling bidirectional control with limited EMG sites.
Correct answer is: Co‑contraction detection to switch modes
Q.101 Which outcome measure is most appropriate for assessing the functional mobility of a patient using a powered lower‑limb orthosis after a stroke?
Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG) test
Mini‑Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Visual Analogue Scale for pain
Hand Grip Strength
Explanation - TUG evaluates basic functional mobility, balance, and gait speed, making it suitable for orthosis effectiveness assessment.
Correct answer is: Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG) test
Q.102 A patient with a transfemoral amputation uses a micro‑processor‑controlled knee that provides stance‑phase stability. Which mechanical feature primarily ensures this stability?
Variable damping during swing
Lock‑out mechanism during stance triggered by load sensor
High‑speed motor for rapid flexion
Adjustable socket padding
Explanation - Load sensors detect weight bearing and engage a lock‑out to prevent knee buckling during stance, providing stability.
Correct answer is: Lock‑out mechanism during stance triggered by load sensor
Q.103 During a case study, a researcher reports that integrating a pressure sensor array into a prosthetic socket reduced skin breakdown incidence by 30 %. What is the most plausible explanation?
Sensors heated the skin to improve circulation
Real‑time pressure monitoring enabled timely socket adjustments
Sensors increased socket rigidity
Sensors emitted a soothing sound
Explanation - Continuous pressure data allows clinicians to modify socket fit before high‑pressure areas cause skin damage.
Correct answer is: Real‑time pressure monitoring enabled timely socket adjustments
Q.104 Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘bio‑feedback’ in the context of rehabilitation engineering?
Providing patients with sensory information about their own physiological signals to facilitate motor learning
Delivering electrical stimulation to muscles without patient involvement
Using robots to replace therapist interaction
Implementing automatic prosthetic alignment without user input
Explanation - Bio‑feedback presents real‑time data (e.g., EMG, force) to the user, helping them adjust performance and promote motor relearning.
Correct answer is: Providing patients with sensory information about their own physiological signals to facilitate motor learning
Q.105 In a case study of a lower‑limb amputee, a prosthetic foot with a variable‑stiffness mechanism was used. Which gait parameter is most directly affected by foot stiffness variation?
Step width
Stance‑phase duration
Peak ankle dorsiflexion angle during loading response
Arm swing amplitude
Explanation - Foot stiffness influences how much the ankle dorsiflexes under load during the early stance, affecting shock absorption and stability.
Correct answer is: Peak ankle dorsiflexion angle during loading response
Q.106 A researcher designs a low‑cost prosthetic hand that uses a single motor with a gear train to drive multiple fingers. Which design challenge is most critical to address?
Ensuring synchronized finger motion despite a single actuator
Providing tactile sensing on each fingertip
Implementing high‑resolution visual feedback
Integrating a built‑in battery charger
Explanation - A single motor must distribute torque appropriately to achieve coordinated finger movements; gear design and linkage are crucial.
Correct answer is: Ensuring synchronized finger motion despite a single actuator
Q.107 When assessing the effectiveness of a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for restoring ankle dorsiflexion, which clinical test is most appropriate?
Six‑Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Timed Up‑and‑Go (TUG) test
Ankle dorsiflexion range‑of‑motion (ROM) measurement
Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Explanation - ROM directly quantifies the improvement in ankle dorsiflexion produced by FES.
Correct answer is: Ankle dorsiflexion range‑of‑motion (ROM) measurement
Q.108 A case study involving a patient with a unilateral transtibial amputation reports that using a prosthetic foot with a built‑in accelerometer improved gait symmetry. What is the likely mechanism?
Accelerometer data allowed the prosthesis to adjust timing of push‑off
Accelerometer increased prosthetic foot weight
Accelerometer generated heat to keep the foot warm
Accelerometer emitted an audible cue for the patient
Explanation - Real‑time detection of gait events via accelerometer enables the prosthesis to synchronize its actuation with the user's gait, improving symmetry.
Correct answer is: Accelerometer data allowed the prosthesis to adjust timing of push‑off
Q.109 In a clinical trial, a powered exoskeleton for upper‑limb stroke rehabilitation was evaluated using the Fugl‑Meyer Assessment. What does a higher score on this assessment indicate?
Greater spasticity
Improved motor impairment and function
Increased pain levels
Reduced cognitive ability
Explanation - The Fugl‑Meyer Assessment scores motor recovery; higher scores reflect better motor control and functional ability.
Correct answer is: Improved motor impairment and function
Q.110 Which of the following is a typical safety feature required for a wearable rehabilitation robot that applies joint torque?
Automatic shutdown on excessive torque detection
Colorful exterior casing
Bluetooth connectivity for music playback
Solar panel charging
Explanation - Detecting and limiting excessive torque protects the user from injury, fulfilling safety standards for wearable robots.
Correct answer is: Automatic shutdown on excessive torque detection