Q.1 Which drug delivery system uses a polymeric matrix to slowly release a drug over time?
Liposome
Polymeric matrix
Nanoparticle
Transdermal patch
Explanation - Polymeric matrix formulations embed the drug within a polymer that erodes or swells, providing sustained release.
Correct answer is: Polymeric matrix
Q.2 What is the primary advantage of using liposomes for drug delivery?
High mechanical strength
Biodegradability
Encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
Rapid clearance from the body
Explanation - Liposomes are bilayered vesicles that can carry both types of drugs, increasing bioavailability.
Correct answer is: Encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
Q.3 Which nanocarrier is designed to release its payload in response to a change in pH?
Polymeric micelle
Gold nanoparticle
Quantum dot
pH-responsive nanoparticle
Explanation - pH-responsive nanoparticles destabilize in acidic or basic environments, triggering drug release.
Correct answer is: pH-responsive nanoparticle
Q.4 In a transdermal patch, what is the role of the permeation enhancer?
To increase drug dosage
To improve skin absorption
To reduce the patch's adhesion
To provide electrical stimulation
Explanation - Permeation enhancers increase drug flux through the stratum corneum by disrupting lipid packing.
Correct answer is: To improve skin absorption
Q.5 Which technique can be used to fabricate microfluidic channels for drug delivery devices?
Laser ablation
Photolithography
3D printing
All of the above
Explanation - Laser ablation, photolithography, and 3D printing are all established methods for creating microfluidic structures.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.6 What property of gold nanoparticles makes them suitable for photothermal therapy?
Their high electrical conductivity
Their ability to absorb near-infrared light
Their magnetic moment
Their fluorescence emission
Explanation - Gold nanoparticles convert absorbed NIR light into heat, selectively destroying tumor cells.
Correct answer is: Their ability to absorb near-infrared light
Q.7 Which of the following is NOT a typical stimulus for controlled drug release?
Temperature
pH
Light
Gravity
Explanation - Controlled release usually responds to temperature, pH, light, or enzymes, but not gravity.
Correct answer is: Gravity
Q.8 Which polymer is commonly used in biodegradable drug delivery systems due to its hydrolysis in the body?
Polystyrene
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polyethylene
Explanation - PLGA degrades by hydrolysis into lactic and glycolic acids, making it biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
Q.9 What is the main benefit of using polymeric micelles in drug delivery?
Improved drug solubility
Increased drug stability in plasma
Higher drug loading capacity
All of the above
Explanation - Polymeric micelles enhance solubility, protect drugs from degradation, and increase loading.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.10 Which imaging technique is often used to monitor drug delivery in real time within the body?
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Ultrasound imaging
Explanation - MRI provides high-resolution, non-invasive imaging to track nanoparticles labeled with contrast agents.
Correct answer is: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Q.11 What is the purpose of ligand modification on nanoparticles?
To improve circulation time
To enable targeted delivery to specific cells
To increase size
To reduce synthesis complexity
Explanation - Ligands such as antibodies or peptides direct nanoparticles to receptors on target cells.
Correct answer is: To enable targeted delivery to specific cells
Q.12 Which material is commonly used for flexible bioelectronic devices that can interface with neural tissue?
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Polyimide (PI)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - Polyimide offers flexibility, chemical stability, and biocompatibility for neural interfaces.
Correct answer is: Polyimide (PI)
Q.13 In nanoparticle-based drug delivery, what does the term 'enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)' effect refer to?
The ability of nanoparticles to cross the blood-brain barrier
The tendency of nanoparticles to accumulate in tumors due to leaky vasculature
The rapid clearance of nanoparticles by the liver
The process of nanoparticles adhering to the skin
Explanation - EPR effect describes tumor-specific accumulation of nanoparticles because of permeable vasculature.
Correct answer is: The tendency of nanoparticles to accumulate in tumors due to leaky vasculature
Q.14 Which of the following is a common challenge when designing implantable drug delivery systems?
Immune rejection
Biodegradation control
Power supply
All of the above
Explanation - Implantable systems face immune responses, degradation rates, and power management issues.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.15 What is the main function of a controlled release transdermal patch?
To increase drug absorption by local heating
To release drug over a prolonged period through the skin
To deliver drug only upon user activation
To provide a cosmetic effect
Explanation - Controlled release patches maintain steady drug flux across the skin for extended therapy.
Correct answer is: To release drug over a prolonged period through the skin
Q.16 Which property of dendrimers makes them suitable for drug delivery?
Their rigid crystalline structure
Their branched architecture and multiple surface functional groups
Their metallic core
Their natural occurrence in tissues
Explanation - Dendrimers offer high loading capacity and functionalizable surfaces for targeted delivery.
Correct answer is: Their branched architecture and multiple surface functional groups
Q.17 What is the purpose of an encapsulation efficiency calculation in nanoparticle formulation?
To determine the drug loading capacity
To assess the stability of the nanoparticles
To calculate the surface charge
To measure the particle size distribution
Explanation - Encapsulation efficiency indicates the fraction of drug successfully incorporated into nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: To determine the drug loading capacity
Q.18 Which of the following is a typical route of administration for subcutaneous drug delivery systems?
Oral
Intravenous
Subcutaneous injection
Topical
Explanation - Subcutaneous routes involve injection into the tissue layer just below the dermis.
Correct answer is: Subcutaneous injection
Q.19 What role does polyethylene glycol (PEG) play when attached to drug delivery nanoparticles?
It provides magnetic properties
It enhances targeting to the brain
It increases circulation time by reducing protein adsorption
It accelerates nanoparticle degradation
Explanation - PEGylation creates a steric barrier, preventing opsonization and rapid clearance.
Correct answer is: It increases circulation time by reducing protein adsorption
Q.20 Which type of sensor is commonly used to monitor glucose levels for diabetic patients?
pH sensor
Electrochemical glucose sensor
Thermal sensor
Optical sensor
Explanation - Electrochemical glucose sensors measure current generated by glucose oxidation at the electrode.
Correct answer is: Electrochemical glucose sensor
Q.21 In a drug delivery system, what does the term 'burst release' refer to?
A sudden, rapid release of the drug after administration
A gradual release over months
The initial slow release of drug
The release triggered by an external stimulus
Explanation - Burst release is an unintended rapid release occurring immediately after formulation.
Correct answer is: A sudden, rapid release of the drug after administration
Q.22 Which electrical engineering technique is useful in designing drug delivery pumps?
Finite element analysis (FEA)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Gas chromatography (GC)
Explanation - FEA models fluid flow and mechanical stresses in micro-pumps and drug delivery devices.
Correct answer is: Finite element analysis (FEA)
Q.23 What is the main benefit of using magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery?
They can be directed by external magnetic fields
They fluoresce under UV light
They are electrically conductive
They have high thermal stability
Explanation - Magnetic fields can steer nanoparticles to specific sites, improving targeting.
Correct answer is: They can be directed by external magnetic fields
Q.24 Which parameter is critical for evaluating the stability of liposomal formulations in storage?
Zeta potential
Particle size
pH
All of the above
Explanation - Zeta potential, size, and pH all influence liposome stability during storage.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.25 Which of the following is an example of a stimuli-responsive polymer?
Polyethylene (PE)
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - PNIPAM changes its hydrophilicity with temperature, making it a thermo-responsive polymer.
Correct answer is: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Q.26 Which drug delivery system utilizes a biodegradable polymer scaffold to release drugs over months?
Microneedle patch
Biodegradable stent
Polymeric scaffold
Intravenous infusion
Explanation - Polymeric scaffolds provide sustained release by gradually degrading over time.
Correct answer is: Polymeric scaffold
Q.27 What is the main function of a microneedle array in transdermal drug delivery?
To increase skin barrier strength
To create micro-channels for drug penetration
To monitor blood glucose
To deliver electrical stimulation
Explanation - Microneedles bypass the stratum corneum, allowing drugs to reach deeper skin layers.
Correct answer is: To create micro-channels for drug penetration
Q.28 In the context of nanobiotechnology, what does 'PEGylation' aim to reduce?
Drug loading capacity
Toxicity
Immunogenicity and opsonization
Particle size
Explanation - PEGylation reduces recognition by the immune system, extending circulation time.
Correct answer is: Immunogenicity and opsonization
Q.29 Which type of imaging can be used to monitor the release of fluorescently labeled drugs from nanoparticles?
MRI
Fluorescence microscopy
CT scan
PET scan
Explanation - Fluorescent tags allow visualization of drug release dynamics under a microscope.
Correct answer is: Fluorescence microscopy
Q.30 What is the significance of the 'size' of a nanoparticle in drug delivery?
It determines the drug's chemical structure
It influences cellular uptake and biodistribution
It controls the color of the particle
It affects the melting point of the drug
Explanation - Particle size affects how nanoparticles circulate, are taken up by cells, and cleared.
Correct answer is: It influences cellular uptake and biodistribution
Q.31 Which material is commonly used as a hydrogel for controlled drug release?
Silicone
Polyacrylamide
Polyethylene glycol
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Explanation - PEG-based hydrogels swell in water and can release drugs over extended periods.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene glycol
Q.32 Which of the following is a key advantage of using nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery?
Reduced immunogenicity
Improved stability and uptake by antigen-presenting cells
Increased toxicity
Lower production cost
Explanation - Nanoparticles protect antigens and enhance delivery to immune cells.
Correct answer is: Improved stability and uptake by antigen-presenting cells
Q.33 In drug delivery, what does 'biodistribution' refer to?
The route of administration
The distribution of a drug within the body over time
The chemical composition of the drug
The dosage form
Explanation - Biodistribution studies track how a drug moves and accumulates in tissues.
Correct answer is: The distribution of a drug within the body over time
Q.34 Which device is used for precise drug dosing in implantable drug delivery systems?
Microfluidic pump
Large intravenous catheter
Transdermal patch
Oral capsule
Explanation - Microfluidic pumps control flow rates with high precision for drug delivery.
Correct answer is: Microfluidic pump
Q.35 What does the term 'theranostics' refer to in drug delivery?
Therapy without diagnostics
Therapy combined with diagnostic capabilities
Therapy only for diagnostics
Therapy for treating diagnostics equipment
Explanation - Theranostics integrates treatment and diagnostic monitoring into one platform.
Correct answer is: Therapy combined with diagnostic capabilities
Q.36 Which of the following is a common challenge in scaling up nanoparticle production for clinical use?
Maintaining batch-to-batch consistency
Reducing the number of particles
Eliminating the need for sterilization
Increasing the particle size drastically
Explanation - Consistency ensures safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance.
Correct answer is: Maintaining batch-to-batch consistency
Q.37 Which of the following is NOT a common method for characterizing nanoparticles?
Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Explanation - HPLC analyzes chemical composition; DLS, TEM, and SEM assess size and morphology.
Correct answer is: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Q.38 Which type of implantable drug delivery system uses an electrical stimulus to trigger drug release?
Passive polymeric matrix
Electroactive hydrogel
Microneedle array
Transdermal patch
Explanation - Electroactive hydrogels change shape or permeability in response to electrical signals.
Correct answer is: Electroactive hydrogel
Q.39 What is the main advantage of using a hydrogel-based drug delivery system for wound healing?
Rapid drug evaporation
Maintaining a moist environment and controlled release
Increased drug degradation
High mechanical strength
Explanation - Hydrogels provide moisture and sustained drug release, promoting healing.
Correct answer is: Maintaining a moist environment and controlled release
Q.40 Which property of a nanoparticle can be tuned to avoid rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system?
Surface charge
Size
PEGylation
All of the above
Explanation - Charge, size, and PEGylation all influence opsonization and clearance rates.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.41 In drug delivery, what does the term 'bioavailability' refer to?
The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation
The cost of drug production
The shelf life of the drug
The solubility of the drug
Explanation - Bioavailability measures the fraction of administered drug that is available for activity.
Correct answer is: The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation
Q.42 Which of the following is a typical function of a drug delivery sensor?
Monitoring drug concentration in real-time
Providing electrical stimulation to muscles
Diagnosing diseases via imaging
Cooling the patient
Explanation - Sensors can track drug levels to adjust dosing dynamically.
Correct answer is: Monitoring drug concentration in real-time
Q.43 What is a common material used for flexible electronics in implantable devices?
Copper
Polyimide
Aluminum
Stainless steel
Explanation - Polyimide offers flexibility and biocompatibility for neural and cardiac interfaces.
Correct answer is: Polyimide
Q.44 Which of the following is NOT a typical route of drug delivery?
Intravenous
Intraperitoneal
Inhalation
Atmospheric
Explanation - Atmospheric is not a medical route; drug delivery occurs via body-specific routes.
Correct answer is: Atmospheric
Q.45 Which method can be used to attach targeting ligands to the surface of nanoparticles?
Covalent coupling
Physical adsorption
Both covalent coupling and physical adsorption
Neither; ligands cannot be attached
Explanation - Both chemical bonding and physisorption techniques can attach ligands to nanoparticle surfaces.
Correct answer is: Both covalent coupling and physical adsorption
Q.46 In the context of drug delivery, what does 'controlled release' primarily aim to achieve?
Maximize peak drug concentration
Maintain steady drug levels over time
Eliminate all drug from the system
Increase the drug's solubility in water
Explanation - Controlled release keeps drug concentration within therapeutic range and reduces side effects.
Correct answer is: Maintain steady drug levels over time
Q.47 What does the acronym 'FITC' stand for in nanoparticle labeling?
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
Fluorescent Isothiocyanate Tag Compound
Fluorine Isotope Tagging Compound
Fibrinogen Isothiocyanate Colorant
Explanation - FITC is a fluorescent dye used to label biomolecules for imaging.
Correct answer is: Fluorescein isothiocyanate
Q.48 Which technique can be used to monitor drug release from a nanoparticle in real time?
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Both UV-Vis spectroscopy and NMR
None of the above
Explanation - Both techniques can monitor changes in drug concentration during release.
Correct answer is: Both UV-Vis spectroscopy and NMR
Q.49 What is the key advantage of using micelles for drug solubilization?
They increase drug stability in acidic media
They allow for high drug loading of hydrophobic compounds
They degrade quickly in the bloodstream
They provide a solid delivery platform
Explanation - Micelles encapsulate hydrophobic drugs in their core, improving solubility.
Correct answer is: They allow for high drug loading of hydrophobic compounds
Q.50 Which property of nanoparticles is most relevant for crossing the blood–brain barrier?
Surface charge
Size
Hydrophobicity
All of the above
Explanation - Charge, size, and hydrophobicity all affect permeability across the BBB.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.51 Which type of drug delivery system uses a biodegradable polymer that degrades into lactic acid?
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethylene oxide
Polyurethane
Polystyrene
Explanation - PLGA hydrolyzes to lactic and glycolic acids, making it biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Q.52 Which of the following is a potential side effect of excessive nanoparticle accumulation in the liver?
Liver toxicity
Kidney failure
Respiratory distress
Skin rash
Explanation - The liver is a major clearance organ; overload can cause hepatotoxicity.
Correct answer is: Liver toxicity
Q.53 Which of the following is a key factor for determining the release rate from a polymeric drug delivery system?
Polymer crystallinity
Drug solubility in polymer
Diffusion coefficient
All of the above
Explanation - Crystallinity, solubility, and diffusion all influence release kinetics.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.54 Which of the following is a method used to measure nanoparticle size distribution?
Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Gel electrophoresis
X-ray diffraction
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - DLS estimates size based on Brownian motion of particles in solution.
Correct answer is: Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Q.55 What is the main purpose of using a pH-sensitive linker in drug conjugates?
To improve drug solubility
To release the drug in acidic tumor environments
To increase the drug's half-life
To reduce manufacturing cost
Explanation - pH-sensitive linkers cleave at lower pH, enabling targeted tumor release.
Correct answer is: To release the drug in acidic tumor environments
Q.56 Which type of sensor can detect changes in electrical impedance across skin tissue for drug delivery monitoring?
Capacitance sensor
Impedance sensor
Temperature sensor
Pressure sensor
Explanation - Impedance sensors measure electrical resistance changes related to tissue and drug presence.
Correct answer is: Impedance sensor
Q.57 What does the term 'bioresorbable' mean in the context of drug delivery devices?
The device is biodegradable and dissolves in the body
The device resists absorption by the body
The device is non-biodegradable
The device is made of metals
Explanation - Bioresorbable devices degrade and are absorbed, eliminating the need for removal.
Correct answer is: The device is biodegradable and dissolves in the body
Q.58 Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'smart' drug delivery system?
Passive diffusion only
Stimuli-responsive release
Fixed dosage
No external control
Explanation - Smart systems respond to stimuli like pH, temperature, or light for controlled release.
Correct answer is: Stimuli-responsive release
Q.59 Which type of nanocarrier is best suited for crossing the blood–brain barrier via receptor-mediated transport?
Polystyrene nanoparticles
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles
Lipid-based nanoparticles
Metal nanoparticles
Explanation - Lipid-based carriers can mimic cell membranes and exploit receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Correct answer is: Lipid-based nanoparticles
Q.60 What is the purpose of using a 'sustained release' formulation in chronic disease management?
To reduce dosing frequency
To maximize peak plasma concentration
To increase drug toxicity
To allow rapid clearance
Explanation - Sustained release maintains therapeutic levels over time, improving patient compliance.
Correct answer is: To reduce dosing frequency
Q.61 Which of the following is NOT a typical application of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery?
Targeted cancer therapy
Vaccine development
Electrical circuit design
Gene therapy delivery
Explanation - Electrical circuit design is unrelated to drug delivery applications.
Correct answer is: Electrical circuit design
Q.62 Which analytical method is used to measure the drug release profile from a nanoparticle dispersion?
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Gel electrophoresis
Titration
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - HPLC separates and quantifies drug molecules released from nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Q.63 Which of the following is an example of a stimuli-responsive polymer used in drug delivery?
Polyethylene
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Polystyrene
Explanation - PNIPAM changes hydrophilicity with temperature, making it a thermo-responsive polymer.
Correct answer is: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Q.64 What does the term 'bioinspired' mean in the design of drug delivery systems?
Using materials from plants
Mimicking natural biological systems or mechanisms
Avoiding biological components
Using only synthetic chemistry
Explanation - Bioinspired systems emulate biological strategies for improved performance.
Correct answer is: Mimicking natural biological systems or mechanisms
Q.65 Which of the following is a characteristic of an implantable drug delivery system?
Requires daily manual dosing
Can deliver drugs continuously for weeks or months
Must be removed after use
Is only used for topical applications
Explanation - Implantable systems release drugs over extended periods without frequent dosing.
Correct answer is: Can deliver drugs continuously for weeks or months
Q.66 Which technique is used to attach a fluorescent label to a nanoparticle for imaging?
Covalent bonding
Non-covalent adsorption
Both covalent and non-covalent methods
None of the above
Explanation - Fluorescent dyes can be linked covalently or adsorbed onto nanoparticle surfaces.
Correct answer is: Both covalent and non-covalent methods
Q.67 What is a major advantage of using biodegradable polymers in drug delivery?
They require no removal after drug release
They increase drug toxicity
They cannot be used in vivo
They are expensive to produce
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers degrade into harmless metabolites after drug release.
Correct answer is: They require no removal after drug release
Q.68 Which type of drug delivery device uses a microneedle array to create microchannels in the skin?
Transdermal patch
Microneedle patch
Inhaler
Injectable syringe
Explanation - Microneedles pierce the skin to allow drug penetration without pain.
Correct answer is: Microneedle patch
Q.69 What does 'nanotoxicity' refer to?
Toxic effects of nanoparticles on biological systems
The toxicity of nanotechnology in electronics
The safety of nanoparticles in space travel
The lack of toxicity of all nanoparticles
Explanation - Nanotoxicity studies evaluate potential adverse effects of nanoparticles in vivo.
Correct answer is: Toxic effects of nanoparticles on biological systems
Q.70 Which of the following is a typical challenge when delivering drugs across the blood–brain barrier using nanoparticles?
Low permeability due to tight junctions
High metabolic stability
High plasma protein binding
All of the above
Explanation - The BBB has tight junctions that limit nanoparticle penetration.
Correct answer is: Low permeability due to tight junctions
Q.71 Which type of drug delivery system is best suited for localized cancer therapy?
Systemic intravenous infusion
Localized microcatheter-based delivery
Oral tablets
Topical cream
Explanation - Microcatheters deliver drugs directly to tumor sites, minimizing systemic exposure.
Correct answer is: Localized microcatheter-based delivery
Q.72 What is the role of 'stimuli-responsive' materials in drug delivery?
To remain inert under all conditions
To respond to triggers like pH or temperature for controlled release
To degrade instantly upon contact
To increase drug loading capacity only
Explanation - Stimuli-responsive materials release drugs upon encountering specific environmental cues.
Correct answer is: To respond to triggers like pH or temperature for controlled release
Q.73 Which technique is commonly used to monitor real-time drug release from implantable devices?
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Computed tomography (CT)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Gas chromatography (GC)
Explanation - OCT can provide high-resolution imaging of drug release dynamics inside tissues.
Correct answer is: Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Q.74 Which of the following is an example of a drug delivery system that uses a temperature-triggered release mechanism?
Thermosensitive hydrogel
pH-sensitive polymer
Electro-responsive hydrogel
Magnetic nanoparticle system
Explanation - Thermosensitive hydrogels change swelling behavior at specific temperatures, controlling release.
Correct answer is: Thermosensitive hydrogel
Q.75 What does the term 'bioadhesion' refer to in the context of transdermal drug delivery?
The ability of a drug to stick to skin tissues
The process of drug diffusion into the bloodstream
The interaction between drug molecules and plasma proteins
The degradation of the drug by enzymes
Explanation - Bioadhesive materials improve drug retention on skin surfaces for better absorption.
Correct answer is: The ability of a drug to stick to skin tissues
Q.76 Which of the following is a common method to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles?
MTT assay
X-ray crystallography
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Explanation - MTT assay measures cell viability after nanoparticle exposure.
Correct answer is: MTT assay
Q.77 In a drug delivery system, what does a 'biphasic release profile' indicate?
Two distinct stages: initial burst and sustained release
Single uniform release over time
Release only at the beginning of therapy
Release only at the end of therapy
Explanation - Biphasic release shows an initial rapid release followed by a slower, sustained phase.
Correct answer is: Two distinct stages: initial burst and sustained release
Q.78 Which of the following is a major advantage of using lipid-based nanoparticles for drug delivery?
They are highly crystalline
They are easily degraded by enzymes in the body
They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
They are highly toxic
Explanation - Lipid-based carriers like liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles accommodate diverse drugs.
Correct answer is: They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
Q.79 What is the significance of a 'high zeta potential' in nanoparticles?
It indicates high stability against aggregation
It indicates low stability
It affects the drug's chemical structure
It is unrelated to drug delivery
Explanation - High zeta potential provides electrostatic repulsion, preventing nanoparticle clumping.
Correct answer is: It indicates high stability against aggregation
Q.80 Which type of drug delivery device can be powered by a miniature battery to deliver drugs on demand?
Passive patch
Electroactive hydrogel
Battery-powered micro-pump
Transdermal patch
Explanation - Miniature pumps can be driven by batteries for controlled, on-demand drug administration.
Correct answer is: Battery-powered micro-pump
Q.81 Which of the following is an example of an ex vivo drug delivery technique?
Inhalation therapy
Skin patch
In vitro skin permeation study
Intravenous injection
Explanation - Ex vivo studies use removed tissues to evaluate drug penetration outside living organisms.
Correct answer is: In vitro skin permeation study
Q.82 Which of the following best describes the 'enhanced permeation and retention' (EPR) effect?
Nanoparticles can penetrate the skin more easily
Nanoparticles accumulate in tumor tissues due to leaky vasculature
Nanoparticles are retained in the liver
Nanoparticles do not leave the bloodstream
Explanation - The EPR effect describes preferential tumor accumulation of nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: Nanoparticles accumulate in tumor tissues due to leaky vasculature
Q.83 Which of the following is NOT a typical function of an implantable drug delivery system?
Controlled drug release over time
Monitoring of drug concentration
Providing a mechanical support structure
Eliminating the need for external pumps
Explanation - Implantable systems focus on drug delivery, not structural support.
Correct answer is: Providing a mechanical support structure
Q.84 Which material is often used for the fabrication of flexible electronics in neural interfaces?
Polyimide
Polystyrene
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polyethylene terephthalate
Explanation - Polyimide is flexible, durable, and compatible with neural tissue.
Correct answer is: Polyimide
Q.85 What does the term 'bioresorbable implant' mean?
An implant that remains indefinitely
An implant that is removed manually
An implant that dissolves or is absorbed by the body over time
An implant that is made from metal only
Explanation - Bioresorbable implants gradually degrade, eliminating the need for surgical removal.
Correct answer is: An implant that dissolves or is absorbed by the body over time
Q.86 Which technique is commonly used to produce nanoparticles with uniform size distribution?
High-pressure homogenization
Cold precipitation
Manual mixing
None of the above
Explanation - High-pressure homogenization can produce nanoparticles with narrow size distribution.
Correct answer is: High-pressure homogenization
Q.87 Which of the following is a typical feature of a pH-responsive drug delivery system?
Release of drug only at neutral pH
Release of drug at acidic or basic conditions
Release regardless of pH
Inability to release drug
Explanation - pH-responsive systems trigger drug release in specific pH environments.
Correct answer is: Release of drug at acidic or basic conditions
Q.88 What is the main challenge when designing a drug delivery system for ocular applications?
High systemic absorption
Rapid tear turnover and limited corneal permeability
Large eye volume
Low sensitivity to light
Explanation - These factors limit drug residence time and absorption into ocular tissues.
Correct answer is: Rapid tear turnover and limited corneal permeability
Q.89 Which of the following best describes an 'electrostatic spray deposition' technique?
A method of creating thin films by spraying a charged solution
A method of measuring drug concentration
A type of microfluidic device
A chemical synthesis technique
Explanation - Electrostatic spray deposition uses an electric field to deposit coatings uniformly.
Correct answer is: A method of creating thin films by spraying a charged solution
Q.90 What is the role of a 'biodegradable polymer matrix' in drug delivery?
To degrade into toxic byproducts
To provide structural support only
To control drug release and degrade safely over time
To act as a permanent implant
Explanation - Biodegradable matrices release drugs gradually while safely breaking down.
Correct answer is: To control drug release and degrade safely over time
Q.91 Which type of drug delivery system would most likely be used for localized, sustained release of a chemotherapeutic agent?
Oral tablet
Intravenous infusion
Intracavitary polymeric sponge
Topical cream
Explanation - Polymeric sponges can be inserted into cavities for local sustained release.
Correct answer is: Intracavitary polymeric sponge
Q.92 What is the function of an 'ionic liquid' in drug delivery formulations?
To increase drug solubility
To act as a catalyst in drug synthesis
To provide a solid matrix
To increase toxicity
Explanation - Ionic liquids can solubilize hydrophobic drugs and improve bioavailability.
Correct answer is: To increase drug solubility
Q.93 Which of the following is a major safety concern with nanoparticles in drug delivery?
Nanoparticles are always safe
Potential for long-term accumulation and toxicity
Nanoparticles are easily detected by the immune system
Nanoparticles have no effect on cells
Explanation - Nanoparticles can accumulate in organs, leading to toxic effects.
Correct answer is: Potential for long-term accumulation and toxicity
Q.94 Which type of drug delivery system uses a 'triggered' release upon exposure to light?
Heat-responsive polymer
Light-sensitive nanocarrier
pH-sensitive capsule
Temperature-sensitive gel
Explanation - Light-sensitive carriers release drug when illuminated at specific wavelengths.
Correct answer is: Light-sensitive nanocarrier
Q.95 Which of the following is a key factor influencing the biodistribution of nanoparticles?
Particle size
Surface charge
Hydrophobicity
All of the above
Explanation - Size, charge, and hydrophobicity collectively determine nanoparticle biodistribution.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.96 What is the main advantage of using a 'pH-responsive polymer' in drug delivery to tumor tissues?
It releases drug in the acidic tumor environment
It prevents drug release at any pH
It increases drug's half-life
It reduces manufacturing cost
Explanation - Tumor microenvironments are acidic, triggering drug release from pH-responsive polymers.
Correct answer is: It releases drug in the acidic tumor environment
Q.97 Which type of drug delivery system would be best for delivering a vaccine to the mucosal surface?
Intramuscular injection
Oral tablet
Nasal spray with nanoparticle carriers
Transdermal patch
Explanation - Nasal delivery targets mucosal immunity, especially with nanoparticle carriers.
Correct answer is: Nasal spray with nanoparticle carriers
Q.98 Which of the following is a common method to assess the 'in vitro' release profile of a drug from nanoparticles?
Dialysis method
Centrifugation
Gel electrophoresis
Both a and b
Explanation - Dialysis and centrifugation separate released drug from nanoparticles for measurement.
Correct answer is: Both a and b
Q.99 What is the main purpose of using 'thermo-responsive hydrogels' in drug delivery?
To change color at different temperatures
To remain solid at body temperature
To gel or dissolve upon temperature changes for controlled release
To provide structural support
Explanation - Thermo-responsive hydrogels transition states with temperature, enabling controlled release.
Correct answer is: To gel or dissolve upon temperature changes for controlled release
Q.100 Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a drug-loaded micelle?
Core-shell structure
Ability to solubilize hydrophobic drugs
Large size (~1 micron)
Potential for active targeting
Explanation - Micelles are typically 10-100 nm; larger sizes are uncommon.
Correct answer is: Large size (~1 micron)
Q.101 In a transdermal drug delivery system, what factor primarily influences the rate of drug permeation through the skin?
Skin temperature
Drug molecular weight
Ambient light
Color of the patch
Explanation - Smaller molecules permeate skin more easily; molecular weight is a key factor.
Correct answer is: Drug molecular weight
Q.102 Which of the following is a typical challenge when scaling up the production of liposomal drug formulations?
Maintaining uniform vesicle size
Ensuring consistent drug encapsulation efficiency
Preventing oxidation of lipids
All of the above
Explanation - Uniform size, encapsulation, and lipid stability are critical at scale.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.103 What does 'controlled drug release' aim to avoid?
Low drug bioavailability
Drug toxicity due to peak concentrations
Poor patient compliance
All of the above
Explanation - Controlled release reduces peak plasma levels, minimizing toxicity.
Correct answer is: Drug toxicity due to peak concentrations
Q.104 Which of the following is an example of a 'nanocarrier' used in gene therapy?
Cationic polymeric nanoparticles
Polystyrene beads
Silver nanoparticles
Carbon nanotubes
Explanation - Cationic polymers complex with nucleic acids for efficient gene delivery.
Correct answer is: Cationic polymeric nanoparticles
Q.105 What is the purpose of a 'biosensor' in a drug delivery system?
To measure drug concentration in real time
To provide structural support
To increase drug solubility
To reduce manufacturing cost
Explanation - Biosensors monitor drug levels, allowing dosage adjustments on the fly.
Correct answer is: To measure drug concentration in real time
Q.106 Which type of drug delivery device is commonly used for controlled release of insulin?
Oral tablet
Transdermal patch
Intramuscular injection
Implantable reservoir
Explanation - Implantable reservoirs can provide steady insulin release over days or weeks.
Correct answer is: Implantable reservoir
Q.107 What is a primary advantage of using microfluidic systems in drug delivery research?
High throughput and precise control over fluid flow
Large sample volume requirement
Inability to control temperature
High cost of operation
Explanation - Microfluidics enable detailed study of drug kinetics with minimal sample volumes.
Correct answer is: High throughput and precise control over fluid flow
Q.108 Which of the following is a key characteristic of a 'biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle'?
It is made of metal
It degrades into non-toxic metabolites
It is permanent in the body
It has a high melting point
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers break down into harmless byproducts after drug release.
Correct answer is: It degrades into non-toxic metabolites
Q.109 Which of the following is an example of an external stimulus that can trigger drug release from a responsive system?
Ambient temperature
Light
Electrical field
All of the above
Explanation - Light, temperature, and electrical stimuli can trigger responsive drug release.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.110 What is the main function of a 'nanoparticle surface coating' in drug delivery?
To increase drug loading
To improve circulation time and reduce immune recognition
To decrease particle size
To make nanoparticles visible to the naked eye
Explanation - Surface coatings like PEG help evade the immune system and extend half-life.
Correct answer is: To improve circulation time and reduce immune recognition
Q.111 Which of the following is a key advantage of using microcapsules in drug delivery?
They can encapsulate large volumes of drug
They are highly toxic
They have unlimited release rates
They can be made of metals
Explanation - Microcapsules can encapsulate sizable drug amounts for sustained release.
Correct answer is: They can encapsulate large volumes of drug
Q.112 Which of the following is a common method to functionalize the surface of polymeric nanoparticles for targeting?
Covalent coupling of ligands
Physical adsorption of proteins
Both a and b
None of the above
Explanation - Ligands can be attached covalently or adsorbed to target specific cells or tissues.
Correct answer is: Both a and b
Q.113 What is a primary reason for using 'hydrophilic polymers' in drug delivery?
To increase drug solubility in aqueous environments
To create a rigid structure
To enhance drug toxicity
To prevent drug release
Explanation - Hydrophilic polymers improve water solubility of drugs and enable sustained release.
Correct answer is: To increase drug solubility in aqueous environments
Q.114 Which type of drug delivery system is best suited for delivering drugs that are unstable in the gastrointestinal tract?
Oral tablet
Enteric-coated capsule
Transdermal patch
Inhalation spray
Explanation - Enteric coating protects drugs from stomach acid and releases them in the intestine.
Correct answer is: Enteric-coated capsule
Q.115 What is the function of a 'microemulsion' in drug delivery?
To increase drug solubility in oil
To facilitate drug penetration through the skin
To create a stable colloidal dispersion for drug delivery
To produce a crystalline solid form
Explanation - Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, dispersing drugs in a colloidal system.
Correct answer is: To create a stable colloidal dispersion for drug delivery
Q.116 Which of the following is a typical feature of a 'nanostructured lipid carrier' (NLC)?
High drug loading capacity
Solid core with liquid lipid
Both a and b
None of the above
Explanation - NLCs combine solid and liquid lipids for high loading and stability.
Correct answer is: Both a and b
Q.117 Which technique is commonly used for the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles with narrow size distribution?
Emulsion polymerization
Batch mixing
Drying
All of the above
Explanation - Emulsion polymerization offers precise control over particle size and polydispersity.
Correct answer is: Emulsion polymerization
Q.118 What is the main advantage of using a 'stimuli-responsive' drug delivery system?
It releases drug continuously regardless of environment
It can release drug only in the presence of specific stimuli, improving targeting
It decreases drug stability
It is cheaper to produce
Explanation - Stimuli-responsive systems release drugs at the target site, reducing side effects.
Correct answer is: It can release drug only in the presence of specific stimuli, improving targeting
Q.119 Which of the following is an advantage of using microfluidic devices for drug screening?
Large scale production
Precise control of reaction conditions
High cost
Low throughput
Explanation - Microfluidics allow fine-tuning of concentration, temperature, and flow for screening.
Correct answer is: Precise control of reaction conditions
Q.120 What is the purpose of a 'sustained release implant' in drug delivery?
To provide a single high dose of drug
To maintain drug concentration at therapeutic levels over extended periods
To rapidly clear the drug from the body
To act as a diagnostic device
Explanation - Sustained release implants deliver drugs gradually over time.
Correct answer is: To maintain drug concentration at therapeutic levels over extended periods
Q.121 Which of the following best describes a 'nanoparticle's zeta potential'?
Its mass
Its surface charge
Its shape
Its magnetic properties
Explanation - Zeta potential is a measure of the electric potential at the particle's slipping plane.
Correct answer is: Its surface charge
Q.122 Which of the following is a typical application of electro-responsive hydrogels?
Passive drug release
Triggering drug release by applying an electrical field
Thermal control of drug release
Light-induced release
Explanation - Electro-responsive hydrogels change shape or swelling upon electrical stimulation.
Correct answer is: Triggering drug release by applying an electrical field
Q.123 What is the significance of 'drug loading efficiency' in nanoparticle formulations?
It indicates the ratio of drug to polymer in the formulation
It measures the number of nanoparticles produced
It determines the particle size distribution
It has no importance
Explanation - Loading efficiency reflects how effectively the drug is incorporated into the carrier.
Correct answer is: It indicates the ratio of drug to polymer in the formulation
Q.124 Which of the following is a common method to stabilize nanoparticles against aggregation?
Adding surfactants
Increasing temperature
Increasing ionic strength
All of the above
Explanation - Surfactants provide steric or electrostatic stabilization of nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: Adding surfactants
Q.125 Which of the following is an example of a 'biodegradable polymeric micelle'?
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micelle
Polystyrene micelle
Polyethylene glycol micelle
Silica micelle
Explanation - PLGA micelles degrade into lactic and glycolic acids, making them biodegradable.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micelle
Q.126 Which technique is used to quantify the amount of drug released from a formulation during in vitro release studies?
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry
Both a and c
Explanation - HPLC and MS are common analytical methods for drug quantification.
Correct answer is: Both a and c
Q.127 Which of the following is an example of a 'responsive drug delivery' strategy that uses enzyme-triggered release?
pH-sensitive polymer
Temperature-sensitive gel
Enzyme-sensitive linker
Light-triggered release
Explanation - Enzyme-sensitive linkers cleave in presence of specific enzymes, releasing the drug.
Correct answer is: Enzyme-sensitive linker
Q.128 Which of the following is NOT typically used as a carrier for drug delivery?
Nanoparticles
Microparticles
Molecular crystals
Metal implants
Explanation - Metal implants are structural, not drug carriers.
Correct answer is: Metal implants
Q.129 What is the main goal of using a 'drug depot' in implantable devices?
To release drugs immediately after implantation
To provide a sustained, long-term drug release
To increase drug toxicity
To reduce drug loading
Explanation - Drug depots are designed for gradual release over months or years.
Correct answer is: To provide a sustained, long-term drug release
Q.130 Which type of nanoparticle is best suited for delivering hydrophilic drugs?
Liposome
Polymeric micelle
Solid lipid nanoparticle
Gold nanoparticle
Explanation - Liposomes contain aqueous cores that encapsulate hydrophilic drugs efficiently.
Correct answer is: Liposome
Q.131 Which of the following is a key advantage of using 'nanoparticles' for targeted drug delivery?
Improved biodistribution
Enhanced targeting through ligand attachment
Reduced systemic side effects
All of the above
Explanation - Nanoparticles can improve distribution, targeting, and reduce side effects.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.132 Which of the following best describes the 'burst release' phenomenon?
Rapid initial release followed by a slower, sustained release
Gradual release over time with no initial spike
Release only at the end of therapy
No release of drug
Explanation - Burst release is the immediate, high amount of drug released upon administration.
Correct answer is: Rapid initial release followed by a slower, sustained release
Q.133 Which of the following is a typical challenge when designing a drug delivery system for ocular applications?
High ocular penetration
Rapid tear turnover
Large eye volume
None of the above
Explanation - Rapid tear turnover limits drug residence time on the eye surface.
Correct answer is: Rapid tear turnover
Q.134 Which of the following is an example of a 'biomimetic' drug delivery system?
Gold nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles
Liposomes mimicking cell membranes
Solid lipid nanoparticles
Explanation - Liposomes replicate biological lipid bilayers, enabling efficient fusion or uptake.
Correct answer is: Liposomes mimicking cell membranes
Q.135 What is the main advantage of using a 'polymeric scaffold' for tissue engineering?
Provides a rigid structure only
Supports cell growth and differentiation
Prevents drug release
All of the above
Explanation - Scaffolds provide a matrix for cells to proliferate and mature into tissues.
Correct answer is: Supports cell growth and differentiation
Q.136 Which of the following is a typical function of a 'nanoparticle sensor' in a drug delivery system?
To monitor drug concentration
To provide electrical stimulation
To increase drug solubility
To act as a structural support
Explanation - Nanoparticle sensors can detect drug levels for real-time monitoring.
Correct answer is: To monitor drug concentration
Q.137 What is the main advantage of using a 'nanoparticle-based vaccine'?
Improved antigen stability and delivery
Increased side effects
Higher production cost
None of the above
Explanation - Nanoparticle vaccines protect antigens and enhance immune responses.
Correct answer is: Improved antigen stability and delivery
Q.138 Which of the following is a common method used to produce nanoparticles with a core-shell structure?
Emulsion polymerization
Layer-by-layer assembly
Drying
All of the above
Explanation - Layer-by-layer assembly creates distinct core and shell layers in nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: Layer-by-layer assembly
Q.139 Which of the following is NOT a common route for drug delivery?
Intravenous
Oral
Transdermal
Atmospheric
Explanation - Atmospheric is not a medical route for drug delivery.
Correct answer is: Atmospheric
Q.140 Which of the following is a key advantage of 'nanofibrous scaffolds' in tissue engineering?
High mechanical strength only
Mimicking the extracellular matrix
Low biocompatibility
None of the above
Explanation - Nanofibrous scaffolds imitate natural tissue architecture for better cell attachment.
Correct answer is: Mimicking the extracellular matrix
Q.141 What is the purpose of 'surface functionalization' of nanoparticles in drug delivery?
To increase drug loading
To enhance targeting to specific cells
To improve stability in biological fluids
All of the above
Explanation - Functionalization can improve loading, targeting, and stability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.142 Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a 'stimuli-responsive polymer' used in drug delivery?
It degrades at a constant rate regardless of environment
It responds to environmental changes such as pH, temperature, or light
It has no effect on drug release
It is non-biodegradable
Explanation - Stimuli-responsive polymers change conformation or solubility in response to triggers.
Correct answer is: It responds to environmental changes such as pH, temperature, or light
Q.143 Which of the following is an example of a 'nanoparticle-based imaging agent'?
Iron oxide nanoparticle for MRI
Gold nanoparticle for CT
Both a and b
None of the above
Explanation - Iron oxide and gold nanoparticles enhance contrast in MRI and CT imaging, respectively.
Correct answer is: Both a and b
Q.144 Which of the following is an advantage of using a 'polymeric micelle' for drug delivery?
High loading of hydrophobic drugs
Stable in aqueous environments
Both a and b
All of the above
Explanation - Polymeric micelles solubilize hydrophobic drugs and remain stable in water.
Correct answer is: Both a and b
Q.145 What is the main benefit of 'in situ gel' drug delivery systems?
Rapid drug release
Stability at body temperature and pH
Long-term sustained release
All of the above
Explanation - In situ gels form upon contact with bodily fluids and release drugs gradually.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.146 Which of the following is a key factor influencing the 'pharmacokinetics' of nanoparticles?
Surface charge
Size
Shape
All of the above
Explanation - All listed factors affect circulation time, biodistribution, and clearance.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.147 What is the primary reason for using a 'polysaccharide-based' drug delivery system?
Biodegradability
Low immunogenicity
High mechanical strength
All of the above
Explanation - Polysaccharides are biodegradable, non-immunogenic, and can be engineered for mechanical properties.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.148 Which of the following is an example of a 'microfluidic chip' used in drug discovery?
High-throughput screening chip
Battery-powered pump chip
Transdermal patch chip
None of the above
Explanation - Microfluidic chips enable high-throughput testing of drug formulations.
Correct answer is: High-throughput screening chip
Q.149 What is the main advantage of using a 'nanoparticle-based drug delivery system' over conventional formulations?
Improved drug solubility
Targeted delivery and reduced toxicity
Longer shelf-life
All of the above
Explanation - Nanoparticles enhance solubility, targeting, and stability.
Correct answer is: All of the above