Q.1 Which principle best captures the ethical requirement that participants must voluntarily agree to neuroengineering research without any form of coercion?
Beneficence
Justice
Informed consent
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Informed consent ensures participants understand the study, its risks, and agree voluntarily, which is a cornerstone of ethical research.
Correct answer is: Informed consent
Q.2 A brain‑computer interface (BCI) that can decode thoughts raises concerns primarily about:
Signal latency
Neuro‑privacy
Battery life
Electrode impedance
Explanation - Decoding thoughts could expose personal mental data, making privacy a central ethical issue.
Correct answer is: Neuro‑privacy
Q.3 Which of the following is an example of dual‑use technology in neuroengineering?
A prosthetic hand for amputees
A neural implant for treating epilepsy
A BCI used for both medical therapy and military weapon control
A portable EEG for sleep monitoring
Explanation - Dual‑use refers to technology that can be applied for both beneficial and harmful purposes.
Correct answer is: A BCI used for both medical therapy and military weapon control
Q.4 The “right to mental integrity” most directly addresses which ethical concern?
Equitable access to neuroprosthetics
Protection from unauthorized brain stimulation
Ensuring devices have low power consumption
Standardization of electrode materials
Explanation - Mental integrity is about safeguarding individuals from involuntary alterations to their neural activity.
Correct answer is: Protection from unauthorized brain stimulation
Q.5 When a neuroengineer develops a device that can enhance cognitive abilities beyond the normal human range, the main ethical issue is:
Device durability
Cognitive enhancement inequality
Signal‑to‑noise ratio
Manufacturing cost
Explanation - Enhancement may create societal gaps between those who can afford it and those who cannot.
Correct answer is: Cognitive enhancement inequality
Q.6 Which regulatory body in the United States primarily oversees the safety of implantable neurodevices?
FDA
EPA
FCC
NIH
Explanation - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates medical devices, including neural implants, for safety and efficacy.
Correct answer is: FDA
Q.7 Data generated by a neural implant belongs to:
The device manufacturer
The researcher who installed it
The participant/patient
The hospital’s IT department
Explanation - Ethical guidelines increasingly assert that individuals own their neural data, similar to personal health records.
Correct answer is: The participant/patient
Q.8 Which ethical framework emphasizes the fair distribution of neurotechnology across different socioeconomic groups?
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Justice
Virtue ethics
Explanation - Justice concerns equity and fairness, relevant to ensuring all groups can benefit from neurotechnology.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.9 A study uses a neural interface to monitor patients’ pain levels without their knowledge. This violates which ethical principle?
Beneficence
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Explanation - Respecting autonomy requires informing participants about monitoring; covert observation undermines this.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.10 Which emerging trend could most directly challenge current privacy laws?
Improved electrode biocompatibility
AI‑driven decoding of internal speech
Miniaturized power sources
Wireless charging of implants
Explanation - If AI can translate neural signals into spoken words, existing privacy regulations may not cover this new form of data.
Correct answer is: AI‑driven decoding of internal speech
Q.11 The term “neuroenhancement” most accurately refers to:
Repairing damaged neural tissue
Improving cognitive or emotional function beyond the typical baseline
Measuring brain activity for diagnostic purposes
Stimulating nerves to relieve pain
Explanation - Neuroenhancement aims to augment normal abilities, not just restore lost function.
Correct answer is: Improving cognitive or emotional function beyond the typical baseline
Q.12 Which of the following is a potential societal risk of widespread brain‑computer interface adoption?
Reduced power consumption in devices
Increased digital divide between users and non‑users
Standardization of EEG signal formats
Improved sleep quality
Explanation - If only a segment of society can access BCIs, disparities in capability and opportunity may widen.
Correct answer is: Increased digital divide between users and non‑users
Q.13 When a neuroengineer designs a device that can both treat disease and augment performance, the ethical term that best describes the conflict is:
Therapeutic misconception
Dual‑use dilemma
Informed consent
Placebo effect
Explanation - Dual‑use dilemmas arise when technology can serve both therapeutic and enhancement purposes, raising ethical concerns.
Correct answer is: Dual‑use dilemma
Q.14 Which international document specifically addresses the rights of persons with disabilities in the context of emerging neurotechnologies?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
The Geneva Conventions
The Helsinki Declaration
Explanation - CRPD includes provisions that apply to accessibility and autonomy concerning assistive technologies.
Correct answer is: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
Q.15 What is a primary ethical concern when using animal models for testing invasive neural implants?
Signal amplification
Animal welfare and humane treatment
Electrode size
Battery life
Explanation - Ethical research mandates minimizing suffering and using alternatives when possible.
Correct answer is: Animal welfare and humane treatment
Q.16 A neurotechnology company promises a ‘memory‑enhancement’ device but has not yet completed human trials. This marketing approach may breach which ethical principle?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Veracity
Justice
Explanation - Veracity requires truthfulness; premature claims can mislead consumers about safety and efficacy.
Correct answer is: Veracity
Q.17 Which emerging neuroengineering technology is most associated with the concept of ‘closed‑loop’ stimulation?
Functional MRI
Deep brain stimulation with real‑time feedback
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Electroencephalography
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems adjust stimulation based on ongoing neural recordings, enhancing efficacy and safety.
Correct answer is: Deep brain stimulation with real‑time feedback
Q.18 When evaluating the ethical acceptability of a neural implant, the principle of non‑maleficence primarily asks whether:
The device is affordable
The device does no harm to the patient
The device improves cognitive performance
The device can be patented
Explanation - Non‑maleficence is the duty to avoid causing harm.
Correct answer is: The device does no harm to the patient
Q.19 Which scenario illustrates a violation of the principle of justice in neuroengineering research?
Testing a new BCI only on male participants
Providing participants with a detailed consent form
Ensuring the device meets safety standards
Offering participants post‑study counseling
Explanation - Justice requires fair inclusion; excluding genders leads to biased data and inequitable benefit distribution.
Correct answer is: Testing a new BCI only on male participants
Q.20 The term “neuro‑data ownership” refers to:
Who owns the hardware of a brain‑computer interface
Who has the right to sell neural recordings
Who controls access and use of an individual’s neural data
Who patents the algorithms for decoding brain signals
Explanation - Ownership concerns the rights over personal neural information, akin to personal medical records.
Correct answer is: Who controls access and use of an individual’s neural data
Q.21 A researcher wants to use a neuroprosthetic to restore limb function in a war veteran. Which additional ethical consideration is most relevant?
Compatibility with existing military equipment
Potential for the device to be repurposed for combat enhancement
Color of the prosthetic
Battery brand preference
Explanation - Dual‑use concerns arise when therapeutic devices could be adapted for military advantage.
Correct answer is: Potential for the device to be repurposed for combat enhancement
Q.22 Which of the following best describes “informed assent” in the context of neuroengineering studies involving minors?
Parental consent only
A child’s agreement after age‑appropriate explanation, alongside parental consent
No consent needed if the study is low risk
Only the researcher’s approval
Explanation - Assent respects the minor’s developing autonomy while requiring guardian consent.
Correct answer is: A child’s agreement after age‑appropriate explanation, alongside parental consent
Q.23 What is the main ethical challenge of using AI algorithms to interpret neural signals?
Algorithmic bias leading to inaccurate interpretations
High computational cost
Need for larger batteries
Limited electrode lifespan
Explanation - Bias can cause misinterpretation of neural data, affecting decisions about treatment or autonomy.
Correct answer is: Algorithmic bias leading to inaccurate interpretations
Q.24 Which principle would support providing low‑cost neuroprosthetics to underserved communities?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Justice emphasizes equitable access to beneficial technologies.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.25 A neural implant that can be remotely updated raises concerns primarily about:
Battery efficiency
Cybersecurity and unauthorized access
Signal strength
Electrode size
Explanation - Remote updates could be hijacked, leading to malicious manipulation of neural activity.
Correct answer is: Cybersecurity and unauthorized access
Q.26 The concept of “neurorights” includes which of the following?
Right to free electricity for implants
Right to mental privacy and cognitive liberty
Right to own the hardware of neural devices
Right to patent neural data
Explanation - Neurorights aim to protect mental privacy, identity, and autonomy in the age of neurotechnology.
Correct answer is: Right to mental privacy and cognitive liberty
Q.27 Which ethical issue is most directly associated with the use of neurostimulation for mood enhancement in healthy individuals?
Device overheating
Regulatory approval speed
Coercive social pressure to enhance
Electrode placement accuracy
Explanation - If enhancement becomes normative, individuals may feel forced to adopt it, compromising autonomy.
Correct answer is: Coercive social pressure to enhance
Q.28 Which of the following best describes the precautionary principle in neuroengineering?
Proceed with all research regardless of risks
Delay deployment of technologies until potential harms are well understood
Focus on cost reduction above safety
Prioritize speed of market entry
Explanation - The precautionary principle advises caution when scientific uncertainty exists about risks.
Correct answer is: Delay deployment of technologies until potential harms are well understood
Q.29 In neuroethics, the term “cognitive liberty” refers to:
The freedom to choose any brain‑computer interface brand
The right to control one’s own mental processes and thoughts
The ability to program neural implants remotely
The legal ownership of neural data
Explanation - Cognitive liberty is about protecting individuals from unwanted manipulation of their thoughts.
Correct answer is: The right to control one’s own mental processes and thoughts
Q.30 Which of the following is a potential conflict of interest for a neuroengineer who holds patents on a neural interface used in their clinical trial?
Improved signal‑to‑noise ratio
Bias toward favorable trial outcomes
Enhanced patient comfort
Reduced manufacturing cost
Explanation - Financial interests may influence study design or reporting, compromising scientific integrity.
Correct answer is: Bias toward favorable trial outcomes
Q.31 The use of neural implants for lie detection raises concerns primarily about:
Power consumption
Accuracy of the detection algorithm
Invasion of mental privacy
Manufacturing tolerances
Explanation - Extracting internal truthfulness can violate personal mental privacy and autonomy.
Correct answer is: Invasion of mental privacy
Q.32 Which of these emerging trends could help reduce the invasiveness of neuroengineering interventions?
Higher‑density electrode arrays
Fully non‑invasive optical imaging and stimulation
Increased battery size
More powerful magnetic fields
Explanation - Optical methods aim to read and influence brain activity without surgery, lowering risk.
Correct answer is: Fully non‑invasive optical imaging and stimulation
Q.33 A neurotechnology company is planning to sell a device that claims to improve attention in children. Which regulatory pathway is most appropriate in the U.S.?
FDA’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)
EPA Clean Air Act
FCC Part 15 certification
NIH Grant approval
Explanation - IDE allows clinical testing of investigational medical devices before market clearance.
Correct answer is: FDA’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)
Q.34 The term “brain‑machine symbiosis” most closely refers to:
A permanent physical attachment of a computer to the skull
A dynamic, two‑way communication loop between neural tissue and external devices
The use of AI to replace human decision‑making
Standardized hardware connectors for neurodevices
Explanation - Symbiosis implies ongoing, bidirectional interaction rather than a one‑way interface.
Correct answer is: A dynamic, two‑way communication loop between neural tissue and external devices
Q.35 Which ethical issue is heightened when neural data is shared across international borders?
Signal latency
Cross‑jurisdictional data privacy and consent standards
Battery recycling
Electrode sterilization
Explanation - Different countries have varying regulations, complicating consent and privacy protections.
Correct answer is: Cross‑jurisdictional data privacy and consent standards
Q.36 In the context of neuroprosthetic limb control, the term “embodiment” refers to:
The physical weight of the prosthetic
The user’s sense that the prosthetic is part of their own body
The battery life of the device
The cost of manufacturing
Explanation - Embodiment is a psychological experience critical for natural control and acceptance.
Correct answer is: The user’s sense that the prosthetic is part of their own body
Q.37 Which of the following is an ethical justification for limiting access to certain neuroenhancement technologies?
Reducing manufacturing costs
Preventing unfair competitive advantage in academic or professional settings
Increasing market share
Simplifying device design
Explanation - Limiting access can help maintain fairness and prevent coercive pressure to enhance.
Correct answer is: Preventing unfair competitive advantage in academic or professional settings
Q.38 When a neural implant fails and causes permanent damage, the primary ethical principle violated is:
Justice
Beneficence
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Non‑maleficence obligates avoidance of causing harm; a failure leading to damage breaches this duty.
Correct answer is: Non‑maleficence
Q.39 Which emerging neurotechnology could potentially enable direct brain‑to‑brain communication?
Deep brain stimulation
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Wireless neural mesh networks
Electroencephalography
Explanation - Mesh networks can transmit neural data between brains without wired connections.
Correct answer is: Wireless neural mesh networks
Q.40 A study proposes to implant a device that records dreams without participants’ awareness. Which ethical principle is most compromised?
Justice
Beneficence
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Recording without awareness violates personal autonomy and informed consent.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.41 Which of the following best illustrates the “right to mental integrity” in workplace settings?
Providing ergonomic chairs for employees
Prohibiting employers from mandating brain‑monitoring devices without consent
Offering free coffee in the break room
Requiring employees to attend safety drills
Explanation - Mental integrity protects against involuntary intrusion into an individual’s mental processes.
Correct answer is: Prohibiting employers from mandating brain‑monitoring devices without consent
Q.42 Which ethical issue is most relevant when a neural implant manufacturer outsources production to a country with lax labor standards?
Device latency
Supply‑chain transparency and social responsibility
Signal amplification
Battery capacity
Explanation - Ethical sourcing requires ensuring humane labor practices across the supply chain.
Correct answer is: Supply‑chain transparency and social responsibility
Q.43 The “therapeutic misconception” occurs when:
Patients believe a clinical trial will directly benefit them personally
Researchers misunderstand the device’s specifications
Manufacturers overestimate market demand
Regulators delay approval
Explanation - Therapeutic misconception blurs the line between research and personalized treatment.
Correct answer is: Patients believe a clinical trial will directly benefit them personally
Q.44 Which of the following policy measures could help protect neurorights globally?
International treaties defining mental privacy standards
Increasing device battery sizes
Standardizing electrode shapes
Reducing research funding
Explanation - Treaties can create consistent legal protections for mental privacy across nations.
Correct answer is: International treaties defining mental privacy standards
Q.45 A neuroengineer is developing a BCI that can be controlled via a smartphone app. Which risk must be addressed to protect users?
App store ranking
Potential for malware to hijack the BCI
Color scheme of the app
Screen resolution
Explanation - Security vulnerabilities could allow malicious actors to manipulate neural activity.
Correct answer is: Potential for malware to hijack the BCI
Q.46 When considering equitable access, which factor is least relevant for neuroprosthetic distribution?
Geographic location
Patient’s socioeconomic status
Device color preference
Insurance coverage
Explanation - Equitable access concerns cost, location, and insurance, not aesthetic choices.
Correct answer is: Device color preference
Q.47 The concept of “enhancement vs. therapy” primarily hinges on:
Whether the device is implanted surgically
Whether the technology restores normal function or exceeds it
The brand of the device
The voltage used in stimulation
Explanation - Therapy aims to bring function back to baseline; enhancement goes beyond normal capabilities.
Correct answer is: Whether the technology restores normal function or exceeds it
Q.48 Which ethical concern is heightened by the use of neural implants in children for learning enhancement?
Battery recycling
Long‑term impact on brain development and consent capacity
Device waterproofing
Standardized electrode size
Explanation - Children cannot fully consent, and altering development raises significant ethical questions.
Correct answer is: Long‑term impact on brain development and consent capacity
Q.49 In neuroethics, the term “cognitive liberty” is most closely aligned with which existing human right?
Freedom of speech
Right to privacy
Right to education
Freedom of religion
Explanation - Cognitive liberty expands the notion of privacy to protect thoughts and mental processes.
Correct answer is: Right to privacy
Q.50 Which of the following is a key argument against mandatory neuroenhancement for soldiers?
Increased battery consumption
Potential violation of personal autonomy and consent
Higher cost of training
Difficulty in device cleaning
Explanation - Compulsory enhancement undermines soldiers' rights to control their own bodies and minds.
Correct answer is: Potential violation of personal autonomy and consent
Q.51 When a neurotechnology is marketed with exaggerated claims about its capabilities, which principle is violated?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Veracity
Justice
Explanation - Misrepresentation breaches the duty to be truthful with consumers and patients.
Correct answer is: Veracity
Q.52 Which of the following best captures the ethical challenge of “brain‑data commodification”?
Selling neural implants at a profit
Charging high fees for device maintenance
Treating neural data as a commercial asset without proper consent
Using cheaper materials for electrodes
Explanation - Commodification raises concerns about exploitation and loss of personal control over neural data.
Correct answer is: Treating neural data as a commercial asset without proper consent
Q.53 The principle of “beneficence” in neuroengineering requires developers to:
Maximize profit
Minimize any potential benefits
Promote the well‑being of users and patients
Ensure all devices are the same size
Explanation - Beneficence is about acting in the best interest of others, enhancing health and welfare.
Correct answer is: Promote the well‑being of users and patients
Q.54 A neuroengineer is asked to design an implant that can be used for both therapeutic and recreational gaming purposes. Which ethical issue is most prominent?
Device heating
Dual‑use and potential for addiction
Signal frequency range
Manufacturing cost
Explanation - Mixing therapy with recreation raises concerns about misuse and dependency.
Correct answer is: Dual‑use and potential for addiction
Q.55 Which of the following measures helps ensure the ethical use of neural data in AI research?
Open‑source all raw neural recordings
Implement strict de‑identification and obtain explicit consent
Sell data to the highest bidder
Ignore data provenance
Explanation - Protecting privacy and securing consent are essential for ethical AI training on neural data.
Correct answer is: Implement strict de‑identification and obtain explicit consent
Q.56 Which emerging neurotechnology could blur the line between human and machine cognition, raising philosophical questions about identity?
Standard EEG caps
Hybrid brain‑computer‑AI systems
Conventional pacemakers
Basic EMG sensors
Explanation - Integrating AI directly with neural processing challenges notions of self and agency.
Correct answer is: Hybrid brain‑computer‑AI systems
Q.57 In the context of neuroengineering, “informed consent” must include which of the following elements?
Explanation of risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to withdraw
Only a brief signature on a form
A list of device colors
The cost of the device
Explanation - Comprehensive consent ensures participants understand all aspects of the study.
Correct answer is: Explanation of risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to withdraw
Q.58 Which scenario exemplifies a violation of the principle of justice?
Providing a new neural implant only to patients in affluent neighborhoods
Testing a device on a diverse population
Offering a free trial to all volunteers
Ensuring device safety through rigorous testing
Explanation - Justice requires fair distribution of benefits; limiting access based on wealth is unjust.
Correct answer is: Providing a new neural implant only to patients in affluent neighborhoods
Q.59 Which ethical concern is most relevant when using neurofeedback for behavior modification in schools?
Battery life of the equipment
Potential coercion and loss of student autonomy
Device color matching school uniforms
Ease of data storage
Explanation - Applying neurofeedback without genuine consent can infringe on personal freedom.
Correct answer is: Potential coercion and loss of student autonomy
Q.60 The concept of “neuro‑surveillance” most directly threatens which fundamental right?
Right to free speech
Right to mental privacy
Right to own property
Right to vote
Explanation - Neuro‑surveillance involves monitoring brain activity, encroaching on private thoughts.
Correct answer is: Right to mental privacy
Q.61 A neural implant manufacturer decides to discontinue support for older device models, leaving users without updates. Which ethical principle is at risk?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Abandoning support can create inequality between users of new vs. old devices.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.62 Which of the following best illustrates the “right to cognitive liberty” in a democratic society?
Mandating all citizens wear a neural monitoring headset
Allowing individuals to refuse brain‑reading technologies without penalty
Requiring neural data for voting eligibility
Providing free neural implants to all voters
Explanation - Cognitive liberty protects the freedom to choose whether to undergo neural monitoring.
Correct answer is: Allowing individuals to refuse brain‑reading technologies without penalty
Q.63 Which ethical principle would support providing free neuroprosthetic limbs to veterans who cannot afford them?
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Veracity
Explanation - Justice promotes equitable access to beneficial technologies, especially for those who served.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.64 When a neural interface is designed to modulate mood without clear therapeutic indication, the primary ethical issue is:
Device size
Potential misuse for non‑medical enhancement
Battery color
Cable length
Explanation - Mood modulation without a medical need raises concerns about manipulation and consent.
Correct answer is: Potential misuse for non‑medical enhancement
Q.65 Which of the following is a key consideration for ensuring the autonomy of participants in neuroengineering research?
Providing a snack during the experiment
Offering a choice to withdraw at any time without penalty
Ensuring the lab has comfortable chairs
Using the latest equipment
Explanation - Autonomy includes the right to discontinue participation freely.
Correct answer is: Offering a choice to withdraw at any time without penalty
Q.66 The rise of consumer‑grade brain‑computer interfaces for gaming raises concerns about:
Increased battery life
Potential for addiction and data privacy breaches
Improved screen resolution
Standardized packaging
Explanation - Gaming BCIs can create dependency and expose neural data to commercial entities.
Correct answer is: Potential for addiction and data privacy breaches
Q.67 Which of the following policy approaches could mitigate the risk of neurotechnology being used for coercive interrogation?
Ban all neural devices
Implement strict legal prohibitions on non‑consensual neural data collection
Require all devices to be open‑source
Mandate yearly device upgrades
Explanation - Legal safeguards protect individuals from involuntary neural interrogation.
Correct answer is: Implement strict legal prohibitions on non‑consensual neural data collection
Q.68 A neuroengineer wants to patent a brain‑signal decoding algorithm. Which ethical consideration should they address?
The algorithm’s speed
Potential restriction of access to essential medical tools
The color of the patent document
The weight of the hardware
Explanation - Patenting may limit availability of life‑saving technologies, raising justice concerns.
Correct answer is: Potential restriction of access to essential medical tools
Q.69 Which emerging trend could challenge traditional notions of personal identity?
Standard EEG caps
Neural implants that integrate memory storage and recall
Improved battery connectors
Larger display screens
Explanation - External memory storage may alter self‑perception and continuity of identity.
Correct answer is: Neural implants that integrate memory storage and recall
Q.70 In neuroethics, the term “digital divide” specifically refers to:
Difference in internet speeds
Unequal access to advanced neurotechnologies across socioeconomic groups
Variations in battery capacity
Different screen resolutions
Explanation - The digital divide extends to disparities in access to emerging technologies like BCIs.
Correct answer is: Unequal access to advanced neurotechnologies across socioeconomic groups
Q.71 Which of the following best illustrates a precautionary approach to deploying a new invasive neural stimulator?
Launching worldwide sales immediately
Conducting extensive pre‑clinical testing and phased human trials before market release
Reducing the price to increase adoption
Skipping animal testing due to time constraints
Explanation - Precautionary principle calls for thorough risk assessment prior to widespread use.
Correct answer is: Conducting extensive pre‑clinical testing and phased human trials before market release
Q.72 Which of the following is a potential societal impact of widespread cognitive enhancement?
Uniform device color across populations
Increased competition and pressure to enhance, potentially widening social inequality
Standardized battery life
Reduced need for education
Explanation - Enhancement may create pressure to adopt, leading to inequities between those who can and cannot afford it.
Correct answer is: Increased competition and pressure to enhance, potentially widening social inequality
Q.73 When a neurotechnology is used for both therapeutic and entertainment purposes, what ethical framework can help evaluate its use?
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Dual‑use ethics
Virtue ethics
Explanation - Dual‑use ethics examines the implications of technologies serving both beneficial and potentially harmful roles.
Correct answer is: Dual‑use ethics
Q.74 Which of the following is a key requirement for maintaining participant autonomy in long‑term neural implant studies?
Providing yearly financial bonuses
Offering ongoing opportunities to withdraw consent and receive device removal
Increasing device size each year
Changing the device brand annually
Explanation - Continuous consent respects autonomy over the duration of the study.
Correct answer is: Offering ongoing opportunities to withdraw consent and receive device removal
Q.75 A neuroengineer proposes to sell anonymized neural data to advertisers. Which ethical principle does this most directly challenge?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Selling data without explicit participant consent infringes on personal control over one’s neural information.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.76 Which emerging neurotechnology could potentially reduce the need for invasive brain surgery?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with high‑resolution targeting
Deep brain stimulation with larger leads
Implantable silicon probes
Wireless Bluetooth earbuds
Explanation - Advances in non‑invasive TMS aim to achieve precise stimulation without surgery.
Correct answer is: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with high‑resolution targeting
Q.77 When assessing the ethical acceptability of a new neuroprosthetic, which factor is least relevant?
Device reliability and safety
Potential to improve quality of life
The political affiliation of the developer
Equitable access to the device
Explanation - Ethical evaluation focuses on safety, benefit, and fairness, not personal politics.
Correct answer is: The political affiliation of the developer
Q.78 Which principle would support mandatory disclosure of conflicts of interest for researchers publishing neuroengineering data?
Beneficence
Justice
Transparency (related to veracity)
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Disclosing conflicts maintains honesty and trustworthiness in research.
Correct answer is: Transparency (related to veracity)
Q.79 The use of neural implants to deliver medication directly to the brain raises concerns about:
Battery color
Potential for dosage errors and lack of patient control
Screen size of the device
Cable length
Explanation - Automated delivery must ensure safety and preserve patient autonomy over treatment.
Correct answer is: Potential for dosage errors and lack of patient control
Q.80 Which of the following best describes an ethical challenge associated with brain‑computer interfaces used in competitive sports?
Device weight
Potential unfair advantage and pressure to enhance performance
Uniform design
Stadium lighting
Explanation - BCIs could create inequities and coercive environments in sports.
Correct answer is: Potential unfair advantage and pressure to enhance performance
Q.81 A neuroengineer wants to test a new implant on patients with limited capacity to consent. Which ethical safeguard is essential?
Using a larger battery
Obtaining surrogate (legal guardian) consent and ensuring minimal risk
Choosing the brightest color for the device
Providing free Wi‑Fi
Explanation - When capacity is limited, surrogate consent plus stringent risk minimization protects participants.
Correct answer is: Obtaining surrogate (legal guardian) consent and ensuring minimal risk
Q.82 Which emerging trend may increase the risk of neuro‑data being used for targeted political messaging?
Improved electrode durability
Real‑time decoding of preferences and emotions via BCIs
Longer battery life
Standardized device packaging
Explanation - If emotions and preferences can be read live, they could be exploited for manipulation.
Correct answer is: Real‑time decoding of preferences and emotions via BCIs
Q.83 The concept of “informed assent” is most relevant for which participant group?
Adults over 30
Children and adolescents who cannot provide full legal consent
Senior citizens
Professional athletes
Explanation - Assent acknowledges the developing autonomy of minors while requiring guardian consent.
Correct answer is: Children and adolescents who cannot provide full legal consent
Q.84 Which ethical principle is directly challenged when a neural device’s firmware is updated without informing the user?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Uninformed updates undermine the user’s right to control changes affecting them.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.85 A neurotechnology startup claims its device can ‘read thoughts’ with 99% accuracy, but provides no peer‑reviewed evidence. This claim primarily violates:
Non‑maleficence
Beneficence
Veracity
Justice
Explanation - Making unverified claims is dishonest and misleads consumers and investors.
Correct answer is: Veracity
Q.86 Which regulatory approach can help ensure equitable access to neuroprosthetic devices in low‑income regions?
Higher tariffs on imported devices
Subsidies, tiered pricing, and international aid programs
Limiting device distribution to wealthy clinics
Requiring all devices to be gold‑plated
Explanation - Economic support mechanisms promote justice by reducing cost barriers.
Correct answer is: Subsidies, tiered pricing, and international aid programs
Q.87 Which of the following best captures the ethical dilemma of ‘brain‑hacking’?
Improving device battery efficiency
Unauthorized manipulation of neural activity via cyber‑attacks
Choosing device color schemes
Optimizing electrode shape
Explanation - Brain‑hacking threatens mental privacy and safety by allowing external control of neural processes.
Correct answer is: Unauthorized manipulation of neural activity via cyber‑attacks
Q.88 When neuroengineers design devices for people with disabilities, which principle ensures the technology respects users’ self‑determination?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Respecting users’ choices and control over assistive technology aligns with autonomy.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.89 Which emerging neurotechnology could potentially blur the line between voluntary and involuntary actions?
Closed‑loop deep brain stimulation that adjusts without user input
Standard EEG caps
Bluetooth headphones
Standard pacemaker
Explanation - Automatic adjustments may affect behavior without the user’s conscious awareness.
Correct answer is: Closed‑loop deep brain stimulation that adjusts without user input
Q.90 The “right to mental integrity” most directly opposes which practice?
Providing patients with device manuals
Forcing individuals to undergo neural stimulation without consent
Offering free device upgrades
Recycling old electrodes
Explanation - Mental integrity protects against non‑consensual alteration of brain activity.
Correct answer is: Forcing individuals to undergo neural stimulation without consent
Q.91 Which of the following is a major ethical concern when using AI to predict criminal behavior from neural data?
Increased processing speed
Potential bias, false positives, and violation of privacy
Device weight
Battery lifespan
Explanation - Predictive neuro‑AI can lead to discriminatory practices and infringe on mental privacy.
Correct answer is: Potential bias, false positives, and violation of privacy
Q.92 In the context of neuroethics, “beneficence” requires that researchers:
Maximize profit from device sales
Ensure the research maximizes potential benefits while minimizing harms to participants
Publish all data regardless of sensitivity
Use the cheapest materials available
Explanation - Beneficence focuses on promoting well‑being and avoiding harm.
Correct answer is: Ensure the research maximizes potential benefits while minimizing harms to participants
Q.93 Which of the following policy measures could best protect against the misuse of neurotechnology for surveillance?
Mandating open‑source hardware designs
Enacting strict data protection laws specific to neural data
Increasing device battery capacity
Standardizing electrode shape
Explanation - Legal frameworks can limit unauthorized collection and use of neural information.
Correct answer is: Enacting strict data protection laws specific to neural data
Q.94 A neuroengineer proposes a brain‑computer interface that can be used for both rehabilitation and recreational gaming. Which ethical principle is most likely to be challenged?
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Dual‑use considerations
Veracity
Explanation - The device serves both therapeutic and entertainment purposes, raising concerns about misuse and fairness.
Correct answer is: Dual‑use considerations
Q.95 Which emerging trend raises concerns about the commodification of personal thoughts?
Miniaturization of electrode arrays
Commercial platforms selling decoded neural data to advertisers
Improved battery chemistry
Standardized connector pins
Explanation - Turning neural data into a market commodity threatens privacy and autonomy.
Correct answer is: Commercial platforms selling decoded neural data to advertisers
Q.96 When a neurotechnology company offers a device only in high‑income countries, which ethical principle is most at risk?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Limiting distribution based on income creates inequitable access, violating justice.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.97 Which of the following best defines “neuro‑privacy”?
Protecting the physical safety of neural implants
Ensuring that an individual's neural data is not accessed or used without consent
Guaranteeing battery longevity
Standardizing electrode dimensions
Explanation - Neuro‑privacy focuses on safeguarding mental information from unauthorized access.
Correct answer is: Ensuring that an individual's neural data is not accessed or used without consent
Q.98 A researcher wants to use a neural implant to subtly influence a participant’s decision‑making without their awareness. Which principle is violated?
Beneficence
Autonomy
Justice
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Manipulating decisions without consent directly infringes on personal autonomy.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.99 Which emerging neurotechnology could potentially reduce the ethical concern of invasive surgery?
High‑resolution functional MRI
Non‑invasive focused ultrasound neuromodulation
Implantable silicon chips
Wireless Bluetooth earbuds
Explanation - Focused ultrasound can modulate neural activity without opening the skull, lowering surgical risk.
Correct answer is: Non‑invasive focused ultrasound neuromodulation
Q.100 When a neuroengineer publishes data that could identify individual participants, which ethical principle is compromised?
Beneficence
Justice
Confidentiality (related to autonomy)
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Revealing identifiable data breaches participant confidentiality and violates their autonomy.
Correct answer is: Confidentiality (related to autonomy)
Q.101 Which of the following best captures an ethical issue with “brain‑to‑brain communication” technologies?
Battery size
Potential loss of personal identity and consent for transmitted thoughts
Screen resolution
Cable length
Explanation - Direct transmission of thoughts may blur personal boundaries and raise consent concerns.
Correct answer is: Potential loss of personal identity and consent for transmitted thoughts
Q.102 A neurotechnology firm decides to discontinue a device after a safety issue is discovered but does not inform current users. This violates:
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Veracity
Explanation - Failing to disclose known risks is dishonest and puts users at risk.
Correct answer is: Veracity
Q.103 Which of the following is an ethical justification for restricting the use of neuroenhancement in academic testing?
To reduce device cost
To prevent unfair advantage and preserve the integrity of assessment
To increase battery life
To standardize device color
Explanation - Limiting enhancement maintains fairness and the validity of academic evaluation.
Correct answer is: To prevent unfair advantage and preserve the integrity of assessment
Q.104 In the context of neuroethics, “cognitive liberty” most directly opposes which practice?
Providing users with device manuals
Compulsory neural monitoring in the workplace without consent
Offering free device upgrades
Standardizing electrode shapes
Explanation - Cognitive liberty defends the right to control one’s own mental processes, opposing forced monitoring.
Correct answer is: Compulsory neural monitoring in the workplace without consent
Q.105 Which principle would require that a neural implant be designed to minimize potential harm even if it reduces performance?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Explanation - Non‑maleficence prioritizes avoiding harm over achieving maximum performance.
Correct answer is: Non‑maleficence
Q.106 A neuroengineer suggests using a neural implant to subtly influence a user's political views. This raises concerns primarily about:
Battery capacity
Cognitive liberty and mental autonomy
Signal bandwidth
Device ergonomics
Explanation - Manipulating political views infringes on the individual's freedom of thought and autonomy.
Correct answer is: Cognitive liberty and mental autonomy
Q.107 Which emerging trend could increase the risk of inequitable access to neurotechnologies?
Open‑source hardware designs
High‑cost proprietary systems with limited insurance coverage
Standardized electrode sizes
Longer battery life
Explanation - Expensive, proprietary devices can be inaccessible to lower‑income populations, violating justice.
Correct answer is: High‑cost proprietary systems with limited insurance coverage
Q.108 When neural data is stored on cloud servers located in multiple jurisdictions, which ethical issue is most heightened?
Device overheating
Cross‑border data privacy and consent enforcement
Battery weight
Connector durability
Explanation - Different legal regimes can complicate protection of personal neural data.
Correct answer is: Cross‑border data privacy and consent enforcement
Q.109 Which principle would support giving participants the right to have their neural data deleted upon request?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Control over personal data is a key aspect of respecting individual autonomy.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.110 A neurotechnology company markets a device as a ‘mind‑reading’ tool for personal relationships. The main ethical concern is:
Device battery life
Potential violation of privacy and consent within interpersonal contexts
Color of the device case
Ease of device cleaning
Explanation - Reading another person’s thoughts without consent intrudes on mental privacy and autonomy.
Correct answer is: Potential violation of privacy and consent within interpersonal contexts
Q.111 Which ethical principle is most relevant when a researcher decides to terminate a neuroclinical trial early due to unexpected adverse effects?
Beneficence
Justice
Non‑maleficence
Autonomy
Explanation - Stopping the trial prevents further harm to participants, aligning with the duty to do no harm.
Correct answer is: Non‑maleficence
Q.112 When a neuroprosthetic is designed to be upgradeable via software, which ethical safeguard should be prioritized?
Ensuring updates cannot be installed without explicit user consent
Choosing a bright device color
Using the cheapest components
Providing a longer warranty
Explanation - User consent for software changes protects autonomy and prevents unwanted alterations.
Correct answer is: Ensuring updates cannot be installed without explicit user consent