Q.1 What is an antibody?
A type of cell
A protein that helps fight germs
A chemical that fuels cells
A type of vaccine
Explanation - Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to specific germs or toxins, helping the body to fight infections.
Correct answer is: A protein that helps fight germs
Q.2 Which part of the immune system makes antibodies?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Neurons
Explanation - White blood cells, especially B cells, produce antibodies when they encounter a foreign substance.
Correct answer is: White blood cells
Q.3 What does a monoclonal antibody target?
All cells equally
A single type of cell or molecule
Only bacteria
Only viruses
Explanation - Monoclonal antibodies are designed to bind to a single, specific target, such as a particular protein on a cancer cell.
Correct answer is: A single type of cell or molecule
Q.4 Hybridoma technology is used to produce what?
New kinds of bacteria
Large amounts of a single antibody
More blood cells
Different kinds of viruses
Explanation - Hybridoma technology merges an antibody-producing B cell with a cancerous cell line to create a cell that can grow forever and make lots of the same antibody.
Correct answer is: Large amounts of a single antibody
Q.5 The first step in creating a hybridoma is to collect cells from which animal?
A rabbit that has been infected
A mouse that has been immunized
A chicken that has been vaccinated
A human donor
Explanation - Scientists immunize a mouse with a target antigen, then extract the mouse’s antibody-producing B cells for fusion.
Correct answer is: A mouse that has been immunized
Q.6 What does the word “monoclonal” mean?
Many types
One type
Two types
Three types
Explanation - "Mono" means one, and "clonal" refers to identical cells; monoclonal antibodies come from one clone of a cell.
Correct answer is: One type
Q.7 Which of these is NOT a step in hybridoma production?
Immunizing a mouse
Fusing B cells with myeloma cells
Selecting cells that grow forever
Injecting the hybridoma into a patient
Explanation - Hybridoma cells are grown in a lab; the antibodies they produce are purified for use, not the cells themselves.
Correct answer is: Injecting the hybridoma into a patient
Q.8 Why do scientists use a “myeloma” cell in hybridoma technology?
It makes the hybridoma glow
It gives the hybridoma a limitless growth ability
It helps the hybridoma to produce many kinds of antibodies
It helps the hybridoma to travel in the body
Explanation - Myeloma cells can divide forever, so when they fuse with an antibody-producing cell, the new hybridoma can also divide forever.
Correct answer is: It gives the hybridoma a limitless growth ability
Q.9 How do scientists know which hybridoma cells produce the right antibody?
By tasting the liquid
By checking the color of the cells
By a test called a plaque assay
By watching them move under a microscope
Explanation - A plaque assay helps identify cells that produce the desired antibody by seeing if they can bind to a target and form visible spots.
Correct answer is: By a test called a plaque assay
Q.10 What is an antigen?
A type of antibody
A molecule that can trigger an immune response
A kind of cell
A chemical that kills cells
Explanation - Antigens are substances, like proteins on a virus, that the immune system recognizes as foreign and responds to.
Correct answer is: A molecule that can trigger an immune response
Q.11 Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating:
All types of infections equally
Specific diseases, like cancer
Only bacterial infections
All diseases at once
Explanation - Because they target one specific molecule, monoclonal antibodies can be designed to attack cells involved in particular diseases.
Correct answer is: Specific diseases, like cancer
Q.12 What safety concern is linked to monoclonal antibody therapy?
They always cause infections
They can cause allergic reactions
They make you invisible
They increase muscle mass
Explanation - Like any medication, monoclonal antibodies can sometimes trigger allergic or immune reactions in patients.
Correct answer is: They can cause allergic reactions
Q.13 Which of these is a common use for monoclonal antibodies?
Detecting disease markers in lab tests
Cooking food
Cleaning surfaces
Painting walls
Explanation - Monoclonal antibodies can bind to specific proteins used as markers to help diagnose diseases.
Correct answer is: Detecting disease markers in lab tests
Q.14 What does “hybridoma” mean?
A type of bacteria
A hybrid of two cell types
A new kind of antibody
A vaccine
Explanation - The name comes from fusing a B cell (producing antibodies) with a myeloma cell, creating a hybridoma.
Correct answer is: A hybrid of two cell types
Q.15 Which cell type is NOT typically involved in producing antibodies?
B cells
T cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Explanation - Platelets are involved in blood clotting, not antibody production.
Correct answer is: Platelets
Q.16 Which of these is a benefit of monoclonal antibodies in research?
They are cheap and easy to make
They can target only one molecule, providing clarity
They can replace all other research tools
They are produced in every cell
Explanation - Their high specificity helps scientists study a single molecule without interference.
Correct answer is: They can target only one molecule, providing clarity
Q.17 In hybridoma technology, what is the purpose of “selecting” cells after fusion?
To keep only cells that are alive
To choose cells that grow slowly
To find cells that produce the desired antibody
To eliminate cells that produce any antibody
Explanation - Scientists screen many hybridomas and keep those that secrete the correct antibody.
Correct answer is: To find cells that produce the desired antibody
Q.18 Which of the following is NOT a step in making monoclonal antibodies?
Immunize an animal
Fuse immune cells with myeloma cells
Grow the hybridoma cells in culture
Inject the hybridoma into the patient
Explanation - Hybridoma cells are grown in the lab and their antibodies are extracted; the cells themselves are not used in patients.
Correct answer is: Inject the hybridoma into the patient
Q.19 What is a key advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in disease treatment?
They can target a single specific part of a disease-causing cell
They are produced by the body naturally
They are cheap to produce
They are the same as polyclonal antibodies
Explanation - Their specificity allows for precise attacks on diseased cells while sparing healthy ones.
Correct answer is: They can target a single specific part of a disease-causing cell
Q.20 Why do scientists choose mice for hybridoma production?
Mice have a very short life span
Mice are easy to immunize and produce many B cells
Mice do not have an immune system
Mice produce the same antibodies as humans
Explanation - Mice are small, breed quickly, and have a well-understood immune system, making them ideal for antibody research.
Correct answer is: Mice are easy to immunize and produce many B cells
Q.21 Which of these statements is true about monoclonal antibodies?
They are the same as vaccines
They are identical copies of one antibody
They come from many different B cells
They cannot be used in humans
Explanation - Monoclonal antibodies are produced by identical cells, giving them uniform specificity.
Correct answer is: They are identical copies of one antibody
Q.22 What does the term “B cell” refer to?
A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
A type of nerve cell
A bone cell
A cell that carries oxygen
Explanation - B cells are a subset of lymphocytes that produce antibodies as part of the immune response.
Correct answer is: A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
Q.23 Which technique is commonly used to identify which hybridomas produce the correct antibody?
Blood typing
Plaque assay
X-ray imaging
Ultrasound
Explanation - Plaque assays detect cells that secrete the desired antibody by forming visible plaques.
Correct answer is: Plaque assay
Q.24 Why do scientists use a fusion partner cell that can divide forever?
To make the process faster
Because it is cheaper
To ensure the new hybrid cell can keep producing antibodies for a long time
To make the hybrid cells glow
Explanation - A myeloma cell can divide endlessly, so the hybridoma inherits this property and keeps making antibodies.
Correct answer is: To ensure the new hybrid cell can keep producing antibodies for a long time