Q.1 Which genome‑editing technology is most likely to enable precise, multiplexed edits in plants within the next decade?
Zinc‑finger nucleases (ZFNs)
Transcription activator‑like effector nucleases (TALENs)
CRISPR‑Cas12a (Cpf1)
Meganucleases
Explanation - CRISPR‑Cas12a offers a simpler PAM requirement and can process multiple crRNAs from a single transcript, making multiplex editing more efficient than earlier tools.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas12a (Cpf1)
Q.2 What is a "gene drive" and why is it considered a future trend in pest control?
A method to increase gene expression in crops
A system that biases inheritance to spread a genetic trait rapidly through a population
A technique for delivering drugs to specific cells
A process for sequencing genomes faster
Explanation - Gene drives use CRISPR or similar tools to ensure a particular gene is inherited more often than Mendelian ratios predict, allowing rapid spread of traits such as sterility in disease‑carrying mosquitoes.
Correct answer is: A system that biases inheritance to spread a genetic trait rapidly through a population
Q.3 Which of the following best describes "synthetic biology" in the context of future genetic engineering?
Copying natural DNA sequences into plasmids
Designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems not found in nature
Sequencing genomes using next‑generation methods
Applying electrical engineering principles to neural interfaces
Explanation - Synthetic biology goes beyond editing existing genes; it involves creating novel genetic circuits and organisms with custom functions.
Correct answer is: Designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems not found in nature
Q.4 What is the main advantage of using base editors over traditional CRISPR‑Cas9 nucleases for therapeutic applications?
They can insert large DNA fragments
They create double‑strand breaks
They enable single‑base changes without double‑strand breaks
They work only in bacterial cells
Explanation - Base editors fuse a deaminase enzyme to a dead Cas protein, allowing precise conversion of one base to another while avoiding the risks associated with double‑strand DNA breaks.
Correct answer is: They enable single‑base changes without double‑strand breaks
Q.5 Which emerging technology combines CRISPR with RNA‑targeting to expand the scope of genetic engineering?
CRISPR‑Cas13
CRISPR‑Cas9
CRISPR‑Cas12b
CRISPR‑Cas1
Explanation - Cas13 enzymes target RNA instead of DNA, enabling transient gene regulation and antiviral applications without permanent genome alteration.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas13
Q.6 What does the term "precision medicine" refer to in the future of genetic engineering?
Treating all patients with the same drug
Developing one‑size‑fits‑all vaccines
Tailoring medical treatment to an individual's genetic makeup
Using only herbal remedies
Explanation - Precision medicine uses genomic data to customize diagnostics, therapies, and drug dosing for each patient, improving efficacy and reducing side effects.
Correct answer is: Tailoring medical treatment to an individual's genetic makeup
Q.7 Which of the following is a major ethical concern associated with human germline editing?
Increased crop yields
Potential off‑target mutations passed to future generations
Faster bacterial growth
Reduced biodiversity in forests
Explanation - Changes made to germline cells can be inherited, raising concerns about unintended consequences and the need for stringent safety assessments.
Correct answer is: Potential off‑target mutations passed to future generations
Q.8 What role does artificial intelligence (AI) play in the future of genetic engineering?
Generating random DNA sequences
Predicting off‑target effects and designing optimal guide RNAs
Replacing laboratory equipment
Creating physical robots for cell culture
Explanation - AI models can analyze large genomic datasets to predict CRISPR specificity, optimize editing strategies, and accelerate the design of synthetic constructs.
Correct answer is: Predicting off‑target effects and designing optimal guide RNAs
Q.9 Which delivery method is expected to dominate the administration of gene‑editing therapeutics in vivo in the next five years?
Electroporation
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery
Microinjection
Viral vectors exclusively
Explanation - LNPs have proven effective for mRNA vaccines and are being refined for CRISPR components, offering scalable, non‑viral delivery with reduced immunogenicity.
Correct answer is: Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery
Q.10 What is "prime editing" and why is it considered a breakthrough?
A method that inserts whole chromosomes into cells
A technique that enables all 12 possible base‑to‑base conversions without double‑strand breaks
A system that only works in plant chloroplasts
A process for sequencing DNA faster
Explanation - Prime editors fuse a reverse transcriptase to a nickase Cas9 and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA), allowing precise edits including insertions and deletions with minimal off‑target activity.
Correct answer is: A technique that enables all 12 possible base‑to‑base conversions without double‑strand breaks
Q.11 Which of the following is a potential application of gene drives in agriculture?
Increasing the sugar content of fruits
Eliminating invasive weed species by spreading a sterility gene
Making crops resistant to all pests without any monitoring
Creating edible meat from plants
Explanation - Gene drives can be engineered to propagate traits such as sterility or susceptibility to herbicides, offering a genetic approach to control invasive weeds.
Correct answer is: Eliminating invasive weed species by spreading a sterility gene
Q.12 In the context of future trends, what does "cellular reprogramming" aim to achieve?
Turning differentiated cells back into pluripotent stem cells or directly into another cell type
Increasing the size of plant cells
Making bacteria glow in the dark
Improving the speed of electrical circuits
Explanation - Reprogramming uses transcription factors or CRISPR‑based epigenetic editors to revert cells to a more primitive state or trans‑differentiate them, enabling regenerative therapies.
Correct answer is: Turning differentiated cells back into pluripotent stem cells or directly into another cell type
Q.13 Which of the following is a key challenge for the widespread adoption of CRISPR‑based therapies?
Lack of any regulatory frameworks
High cost of sequencing the human genome
Ensuring delivery to the correct tissue and minimizing off‑target edits
Inability to edit bacterial DNA
Explanation - Effective and safe delivery, as well as high specificity, are critical hurdles before CRISPR therapeutics become routine clinical treatments.
Correct answer is: Ensuring delivery to the correct tissue and minimizing off‑target edits
Q.14 What is the purpose of "orthogonal CRISPR systems" in future engineering projects?
To work only in prokaryotes
To enable multiple independent editing events within the same cell without cross‑talk
To increase the mutation rate of viruses
To replace all existing antibiotics
Explanation - Orthogonal systems use distinct Cas proteins and guide RNAs that do not interfere with each other, allowing complex, layered genetic modifications.
Correct answer is: To enable multiple independent editing events within the same cell without cross‑talk
Q.15 Which emerging approach combines CRISPR with epigenetic modifiers to regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence?
CRISPRi (interference)
CRISPRa (activation)
CRISPR‑off
CRISPR‑epigenome editing
Explanation - By fusing dead Cas9 to epigenetic enzymes (e.g., DNA methyltransferases or histone acetyltransferases), researchers can switch genes on or off epigenetically.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑epigenome editing
Q.16 Which of the following is a realistic timeline for the first FDA‑approved CRISPR‑based therapy for a genetic disease?
Within the next 1–2 years
In 5–7 years
In 15–20 years
Never, due to ethical bans
Explanation - Clinical trials are already underway for sickle cell disease and beta‑thalassemia; regulatory approval is expected within the next half‑decade if safety data remain favorable.
Correct answer is: In 5–7 years
Q.17 What does the term "bio‑containment" refer to in synthetic biology?
Storing DNA in a safe vault
Designing genetic safeguards that prevent engineered organisms from surviving outside controlled environments
Using physical barriers around labs
Keeping genetically modified crops in greenhouses
Explanation - Bio‑containment strategies such as auxotrophy, kill‑switches, or dependency on synthetic nutrients limit the ecological impact of released engineered microbes.
Correct answer is: Designing genetic safeguards that prevent engineered organisms from surviving outside controlled environments
Q.18 Which of the following technologies is being explored to create "living materials" that can self‑heal?
CRISPR‑based gene drives
Engineered bacteria that produce cellulose in response to damage
RNA interference in insects
Gene silencing in mammals
Explanation - Synthetic biology enables microbes to sense cracks and secrete structural polymers, leading to materials that can repair themselves autonomously.
Correct answer is: Engineered bacteria that produce cellulose in response to damage
Q.19 What is a major advantage of using "CRISPR‑Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes" over plasmid DNA delivery?
RNPs are cheaper to produce
RNPs provide transient expression, reducing off‑target activity and integration risks
RNPs can integrate into the host genome more efficiently
RNPs require no guide RNA
Explanation - Delivering Cas9 protein pre‑complexed with guide RNA limits the time the nuclease is active inside the cell, enhancing safety for therapeutic uses.
Correct answer is: RNPs provide transient expression, reducing off‑target activity and integration risks
Q.20 Which future trend involves using gene‑editing to create disease‑resistant livestock?
Transgenic cows that produce human milk
Knocking out the CD163 receptor in pigs to confer resistance to PRRSV
Adding fluorescent proteins to chickens for easier tracking
Increasing the size of cattle through selective breeding only
Explanation - PRRSV (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus) uses CD163; its removal via CRISPR makes pigs resistant, a promising agricultural application.
Correct answer is: Knocking out the CD163 receptor in pigs to confer resistance to PRRSV
Q.21 What is the significance of "multiplexed CRISPR screening" for future drug discovery?
It allows simultaneous editing of thousands of genes to identify disease pathways
It creates a single universal drug for all diseases
It reduces the need for clinical trials
It only works in yeast cells
Explanation - Multiplexed screens enable high‑throughput functional genomics, revealing novel targets for therapeutics and accelerating the drug pipeline.
Correct answer is: It allows simultaneous editing of thousands of genes to identify disease pathways
Q.22 Which of the following best describes "RNA‑based vaccines" and their relation to genetic engineering trends?
They alter the DNA of recipients permanently
They deliver mRNA that encodes antigens, a platform that can be rapidly adapted for new pathogens
They are used only for bacterial infections
They require integration into the host genome
Explanation - RNA vaccines use synthetic mRNA to produce antigenic proteins inside cells, showcasing how genetic engineering can enable fast, flexible vaccine development.
Correct answer is: They deliver mRNA that encodes antigens, a platform that can be rapidly adapted for new pathogens
Q.23 Which approach is being investigated to overcome the immune response against CRISPR proteins in humans?
Using Cas proteins from rare bacterial species that are less immunogenic
Increasing the dosage of Cas9
Removing all guide RNAs
Applying heat shock to patients
Explanation - Engineering or discovering novel Cas variants (e.g., Cas12e, Cas13d) reduces pre‑existing immunity, improving safety for therapeutic use.
Correct answer is: Using Cas proteins from rare bacterial species that are less immunogenic
Q.24 What does the term "digital twin" refer to in the context of synthetic biology and genetic engineering?
A virtual replica of a biological system used to model and predict outcomes of genetic modifications
A 3‑D printed organism
A cloned human
A backup of DNA sequences on cloud storage
Explanation - Digital twins integrate computational models with experimental data to simulate how engineered pathways will behave before physical implementation.
Correct answer is: A virtual replica of a biological system used to model and predict outcomes of genetic modifications
Q.25 Which future trend involves the use of "microbial consortia" engineered to perform complex biochemical transformations?
Single‑species fermentation only
Designing communities of different engineered microbes that share metabolic tasks
Using only yeast for all production
Eliminating all microbes from industry
Explanation - Synthetic consortia can divide labor, increase yields, and enable pathways that are too burdensome for a single organism.
Correct answer is: Designing communities of different engineered microbes that share metabolic tasks
Q.26 Which of the following is a predicted outcome of integrating CRISPR with nanotechnology for future diagnostics?
Creating permanent genetic changes in patients
Developing rapid, point‑of‑care tests that detect DNA/RNA with high sensitivity
Replacing all microscopes
Eliminating the need for any reagents
Explanation - CRISPR‑based detection platforms (e.g., SHERLOCK, DETECTR) combined with nanomaterials enable low‑cost, portable diagnostics for pathogens and genetic mutations.
Correct answer is: Developing rapid, point‑of‑care tests that detect DNA/RNA with high sensitivity
Q.27 What is the main purpose of a "kill switch" in engineered microorganisms?
To increase their growth rate
To self‑destruct under predefined environmental conditions, preventing uncontrolled spread
To make them glow under UV light
To improve their flavor in food products
Explanation - Kill switches are genetic circuits that trigger cell death when certain signals are absent, providing a biosafety layer for synthetic organisms.
Correct answer is: To self‑destruct under predefined environmental conditions, preventing uncontrolled spread
Q.28 Which future application could enable "on‑demand" production of pharmaceuticals inside the human body?
Implantable gene‑edited microbes that synthesize drugs when needed
Traditional pill manufacturing only
External infusion of raw chemicals
Vaccination with dead viruses
Explanation - Engineered probiotic bacteria can be programmed to sense disease markers and produce therapeutic molecules locally, reducing systemic side effects.
Correct answer is: Implantable gene‑edited microbes that synthesize drugs when needed
Q.29 What is the significance of "long‑read sequencing" (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore) for future genetic engineering?
It reduces the cost of DNA synthesis
It provides more accurate genome assemblies, facilitating precise editing of complex regions
It replaces the need for CRISPR
It only works on plant DNA
Explanation - Long reads resolve repetitive sequences and structural variants, allowing designers to target previously inaccessible genomic loci.
Correct answer is: It provides more accurate genome assemblies, facilitating precise editing of complex regions
Q.30 Which of the following is an emerging strategy to reduce the size of CRISPR components for easier delivery?
Using smaller Cas proteins like CasΦ or Cas12f
Increasing the length of guide RNAs
Packaging CRISPR in large viral vectors only
Adding extra DNA repeats
Explanation - Compact Cas enzymes fit into delivery vehicles such as AAVs, expanding the range of tissues that can be edited in vivo.
Correct answer is: Using smaller Cas proteins like CasΦ or Cas12f
Q.31 What does the term "gene‑therapy payload" refer to?
The number of patients treated in a trial
The genetic material (e.g., DNA, RNA, CRISPR components) that is delivered to cells
The cost of the therapy
The amount of electricity needed for the procedure
Explanation - Payload defines the therapeutic cargo; optimizing its size and composition is crucial for efficient and safe gene‑therapy.
Correct answer is: The genetic material (e.g., DNA, RNA, CRISPR components) that is delivered to cells
Q.32 Which future development could enable "personalized gene‑editing kits" for home use?
Fully automated, low‑cost CRISPR delivery platforms with built‑in safety checks
Open‑source CRISPR components without regulation
Distribution of viral vectors through mail
None, because gene editing cannot be performed outside labs
Explanation - Advances in microfluidics and AI‑guided design could make point‑of‑care editing feasible, but strict regulations will still be required.
Correct answer is: Fully automated, low‑cost CRISPR delivery platforms with built‑in safety checks
Q.33 What is the main goal of "de‑extinction" projects that use CRISPR?
To create new species from scratch
To resurrect extinct species by editing the genomes of close living relatives
To clone humans
To generate immortal cells for research
Explanation - By inserting ancient DNA sequences into the genome of a surrogate species, scientists aim to recreate traits of extinct organisms.
Correct answer is: To resurrect extinct species by editing the genomes of close living relatives
Q.34 Which technology is expected to make large‑scale, inexpensive DNA synthesis a reality by 2030?
Traditional phosphoramidite chemistry
Enzymatic DNA synthesis using template‑free polymerases
CRISPR‑Cas9 editing
PCR amplification only
Explanation - Enzyme‑based approaches can write DNA base by base without the need for costly chemical steps, scaling down price per base dramatically.
Correct answer is: Enzymatic DNA synthesis using template‑free polymerases
Q.35 What is a "biosensor" engineered with CRISPR‑Cas systems designed to do?
Detect specific nucleic acid sequences and generate a measurable signal
Edit the genome of all cells it contacts
Produce electricity directly
Change the color of the organism permanently
Explanation - CRISPR‑based biosensors (e.g., SHERLOCK) harness collateral cleavage activity to produce fluorescence or color change upon target detection.
Correct answer is: Detect specific nucleic acid sequences and generate a measurable signal
Q.36 Which future trend could allow farmers to monitor plant health at the genetic level in real time?
Deploying drones equipped with CRISPR‑based reporters that sense stress‑related RNAs
Using only visual inspections
Applying generic fertilizers
Planting only genetically unmodified crops
Explanation - Portable CRISPR diagnostics can detect pathogen or stress markers in field samples, enabling precision agriculture.
Correct answer is: Deploying drones equipped with CRISPR‑based reporters that sense stress‑related RNAs
Q.37 What does the term "allele‑specific editing" refer to?
Editing every allele in a genome indiscriminately
Targeting only the disease‑causing version of a gene while leaving the healthy allele untouched
Removing all copies of a gene
Adding extra chromosomes
Explanation - Allele‑specific approaches reduce the risk of haploinsufficiency and preserve normal gene function.
Correct answer is: Targeting only the disease‑causing version of a gene while leaving the healthy allele untouched
Q.38 Which of the following is a potential environmental benefit of gene‑edited crops?
They require no water at all
Reduced need for chemical pesticides, lowering runoff pollution
They grow instantly overnight
They can photosynthesize without sunlight
Explanation - Traits such as pest resistance can diminish pesticide application, benefitting ecosystems and human health.
Correct answer is: Reduced need for chemical pesticides, lowering runoff pollution
Q.39 What is the role of "homology‑directed repair (HDR) templates" in CRISPR editing?
To increase the frequency of random insertions
To provide a DNA blueprint for precise insertion or correction during repair
To cut DNA at multiple sites
To inhibit Cas9 activity
Explanation - HDR templates guide the cell’s repair machinery to incorporate specific sequences at the cut site, enabling accurate edits.
Correct answer is: To provide a DNA blueprint for precise insertion or correction during repair
Q.40 Which future trend involves the use of "CRISPR‑Cas systems" to edit mitochondrial DNA?
Mitochondrial base editing with DdCBE (double‑deaminase) enzymes
Standard Cas9 targeting of nuclear DNA only
Using RNAi to silence mitochondria
Applying CRISPR to chloroplasts only
Explanation - DdCBE enables precise C•G→T•A conversions in mitochondrial genomes, opening therapeutic avenues for mitochondrial diseases.
Correct answer is: Mitochondrial base editing with DdCBE (double‑deaminase) enzymes
Q.41 Why is "multiplexed prime editing" considered a future direction for complex trait engineering?
It can edit many loci simultaneously with high precision and minimal indels
It only works in bacteria
It requires no guide RNAs
It eliminates the need for DNA repair pathways
Explanation - Combining prime editing with multiple pegRNAs allows simultaneous, scarless modifications at several genes, essential for polygenic traits.
Correct answer is: It can edit many loci simultaneously with high precision and minimal indels
Q.42 Which future scenario could enable "in‑body" manufacturing of therapeutic proteins using gene‑edited cells?
Injecting engineered T‑cells that secrete insulin in response to glucose
Taking oral pills of DNA
Using external bioreactors only
Relying on dietary supplements
Explanation - Cell therapies can be programmed to sense physiological cues and produce therapeutic molecules on demand inside the patient.
Correct answer is: Injecting engineered T‑cells that secrete insulin in response to glucose
Q.43 What is a "synthetic promoter" and why is it important for future genetic circuits?
A natural promoter taken from a virus
A designed DNA sequence that controls gene expression with customizable strength and regulation
A protein that degrades DNA
A tool for measuring temperature
Explanation - Synthetic promoters allow precise tuning of gene output, essential for building complex, reliable synthetic pathways.
Correct answer is: A designed DNA sequence that controls gene expression with customizable strength and regulation
Q.44 Which of the following best describes the concept of "genetic "vaccines"" using CRISPR?
Vaccines that permanently edit the host genome
Vaccines that deliver DNA or RNA encoding antigens, sometimes combined with CRISPR to enhance immune responses
Vaccines that only work in plants
Vaccines that require no storage
Explanation - CRISPR can be used to optimize antigen design or modulate immune cells, improving vaccine efficacy.
Correct answer is: Vaccines that deliver DNA or RNA encoding antigens, sometimes combined with CRISPR to enhance immune responses
Q.45 What is a "bio‑foundry" in the context of synthetic biology?
A factory that builds houses for microbes
An automated facility that designs, builds, and tests engineered biological parts at scale
A laboratory for making metal alloys
A device for measuring electricity
Explanation - Bio‑foundries integrate robotics, AI, and high‑throughput screening to accelerate the engineering–design–build–test cycle.
Correct answer is: An automated facility that designs, builds, and tests engineered biological parts at scale
Q.46 Which of the following is a proposed use of CRISPR for combating antimicrobial resistance?
Creating super‑bugs
Using CRISPR‑phage therapy to selectively destroy resistant bacteria
Adding more antibiotics to the market
Disabling all bacterial DNA
Explanation - Engineered bacteriophages can deliver CRISPR systems that cut resistance genes, restoring antibiotic susceptibility.
Correct answer is: Using CRISPR‑phage therapy to selectively destroy resistant bacteria
Q.47 What is the purpose of "chromatin remodeling" tools in future gene‑editing strategies?
To cut DNA more efficiently
To modify the accessibility of genomic regions, improving editing efficiency and regulation
To change the color of cells
To increase the size of chromosomes
Explanation - Targeted epigenetic modifiers can open or close chromatin, making specific loci more amenable to editing or transcriptional control.
Correct answer is: To modify the accessibility of genomic regions, improving editing efficiency and regulation
Q.48 Which future trend involves "gene‑editing of the microbiome" for health benefits?
Altering gut bacteria to produce therapeutic metabolites
Removing all microbes from the body
Using antibiotics only
Vaccinating against microbiome
Explanation - Engineering commensal microbes can enable in‑situ production of drugs, vitamins, or anti‑inflammatory compounds.
Correct answer is: Altering gut bacteria to produce therapeutic metabolites
Q.49 What is the main limitation of current CRISPR technologies that prime editing seeks to address?
Inability to edit mitochondrial DNA
High frequency of insertions/deletions (indels) at the target site
Lack of any off‑target activity
Requirement for viral vectors
Explanation - Prime editing reduces indel formation by avoiding double‑strand breaks, allowing cleaner, more predictable edits.
Correct answer is: High frequency of insertions/deletions (indels) at the target site
Q.50 Which future application could benefit from "CRISPR‑mediated epigenetic memory"?
Permanent gene knockout
Reversible, heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence
Changing the organism’s size
Generating electricity
Explanation - Epigenetic memory systems can store information in DNA methylation patterns, enabling programmable, non‑permanent gene regulation.
Correct answer is: Reversible, heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence
Q.51 Which of the following is a realistic near‑term goal for CRISPR in agriculture?
Creating crops that can grow without any water
Developing disease‑resistant varieties with minimal yield penalty
Engineering plants that can speak
Replacing all fertilizers with CRISPR
Explanation - Targeted editing can confer resistance to pathogens while preserving agronomic traits, offering a sustainable improvement path.
Correct answer is: Developing disease‑resistant varieties with minimal yield penalty
Q.52 What does "programmable RNA editing" using CRISPR‑Cas13 enable?
Permanent DNA modifications
Transient correction of disease‑causing RNA transcripts without changing the genome
Creating new viruses
Increasing the speed of transcription
Explanation - Cas13 fused to deaminases can edit RNA bases (e.g., A→I) providing reversible therapeutic effects.
Correct answer is: Transient correction of disease‑causing RNA transcripts without changing the genome
Q.53 Which future trend aims to reduce the immunogenicity of CRISPR components?
Humanizing Cas proteins through protein engineering
Increasing the dose of Cas9
Using more viral vectors
Adding fluorescent tags
Explanation - Modifying surface residues and using less common bacterial Cas orthologs can evade pre‑existing immunity in patients.
Correct answer is: Humanizing Cas proteins through protein engineering
Q.54 What is the main advantage of "cell‑free protein synthesis" combined with CRISPR for rapid prototyping?
It eliminates the need for living cells, allowing fast testing of genetic constructs
It makes cells grow faster
It reduces the cost of DNA sequencing
It increases the size of plasmids
Explanation - Cell‑free systems can translate DNA or RNA directly, speeding up the design–build–test cycle for synthetic pathways.
Correct answer is: It eliminates the need for living cells, allowing fast testing of genetic constructs
Q.55 Which emerging method is being explored to edit multiple genes in a single step without creating double‑strand breaks?
CRISPR‑Cas9 with multiple guide RNAs
Base‑editing cascades using CRISPR‑derived deaminases
RNA interference
Traditional breeding
Explanation - Stacked base editors can sequentially modify several nucleotides, achieving multiplex editing without DSBs.
Correct answer is: Base‑editing cascades using CRISPR‑derived deaminases
Q.56 What does the term "gene‑circuit" refer to in synthetic biology?
A series of electrical components
An engineered network of genes that process inputs and generate defined outputs
A type of virus
A DNA sequencing method
Explanation - Gene circuits mimic logical functions (e.g., AND, NOT) inside cells, enabling programmable behavior.
Correct answer is: An engineered network of genes that process inputs and generate defined outputs
Q.57 Which future direction could make CRISPR‑based therapies more affordable for low‑income countries?
Developing low‑cost, thermostable CRISPR reagents and simple delivery platforms
Increasing the price of gene therapies
Requiring extensive hospital infrastructure
Limiting CRISPR to academic labs only
Explanation - Stabilizing reagents for ambient storage and using inexpensive delivery (e.g., LNPs) can lower manufacturing costs and expand access.
Correct answer is: Developing low‑cost, thermostable CRISPR reagents and simple delivery platforms
Q.58 What is a potential risk of "horizontal gene transfer" from engineered microbes released into the environment?
The microbes will become invisible
Engineered traits could spread to wild organisms, causing ecological imbalance
The microbes will stop growing
There is no risk at all
Explanation - Horizontal transfer can disseminate synthetic genes, necessitating robust biocontainment strategies.
Correct answer is: Engineered traits could spread to wild organisms, causing ecological imbalance
Q.59 Which future trend involves the use of "CRISPR‑based epigenome editing" to treat neurodegenerative diseases?
Permanently deleting the APP gene
Reactivating silenced neuroprotective genes without altering DNA sequence
Injecting large viral vectors into the brain
Using antibiotics to clear plaques
Explanation - Targeted demethylation or histone modification can restore protective gene expression, offering a reversible therapeutic avenue.
Correct answer is: Reactivating silenced neuroprotective genes without altering DNA sequence
Q.60 What does the phrase "one‑shot" genome editing refer to?
Editing a genome in a single step without the need for selection or multiple rounds
Using one guide RNA per experiment
Editing only one gene in a cell line
Performing editing in a single lab
Explanation - One‑shot approaches aim for high efficiency and precision, enabling immediate functional outcomes after delivery.
Correct answer is: Editing a genome in a single step without the need for selection or multiple rounds
Q.61 Which future technology could enable "in‑vivo" recording of cellular events using CRISPR?
CRISPR‑based DNA tape‑recorders that write temporal information into the genome
Standard PCR
Western blotting
Fluorescence microscopy only
Explanation - Engineered CRISPR systems can insert barcodes in response to stimuli, allowing reconstruction of cellular histories.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑based DNA tape‑recorders that write temporal information into the genome
Q.62 Which of the following best describes the concept of "genetic privacy" in the era of widespread genome editing?
The ability to keep one's genetic information confidential and control its use
Sharing all DNA data publicly
Removing all DNA from a person
Storing DNA in a cloud server
Explanation - As genomic data becomes more accessible, policies must protect individuals from discrimination and unauthorized exploitation.
Correct answer is: The ability to keep one's genetic information confidential and control its use
Q.63 What is a primary advantage of "CRISPR‑Cas9 nickases" over the wild‑type enzyme for therapeutic editing?
They cut both DNA strands simultaneously
They create single‑strand nicks, reducing off‑target double‑strand breaks
They do not require a guide RNA
They are larger and easier to deliver
Explanation - Nickases pair two guides to generate a staggered DSB only at the intended site, enhancing specificity.
Correct answer is: They create single‑strand nicks, reducing off‑target double‑strand breaks
Q.64 Which future trend could enable "personalized nutrition" based on an individual's genome?
Standardized diet plans for everyone
Using genome sequencing to tailor micronutrient recommendations and probiotic formulations
Eliminating all carbs from diets
Providing the same supplements to all people
Explanation - Genomic insights can reveal metabolic variants, allowing diet plans that match genetic predispositions.
Correct answer is: Using genome sequencing to tailor micronutrient recommendations and probiotic formulations
Q.65 What is the purpose of "homology‑independent targeted integration (HITI)" in CRISPR applications?
To insert DNA fragments without relying on HDR, useful in non‑dividing cells
To increase the size of the genome
To delete entire chromosomes
To silence all genes
Explanation - HITI leverages non‑homologous end joining (NHEJ) to achieve precise insertions even in post‑mitotic tissues.
Correct answer is: To insert DNA fragments without relying on HDR, useful in non‑dividing cells
Q.66 Which future development could make CRISPR tools compatible with "electrical engineering" devices for bio‑hybrid systems?
Embedding Cas proteins in nanowire arrays that can be activated by voltage signals
Using only chemical triggers
Removing all proteins from the system
Replacing DNA with silicon
Explanation - Hybrid bio‑electronic interfaces could enable precise, on‑demand genome editing controlled by electrical inputs.
Correct answer is: Embedding Cas proteins in nanowire arrays that can be activated by voltage signals
Q.67 What does the term "synthetic lethality" refer to in the context of CRISPR cancer therapies?
Targeting two genes whose simultaneous inhibition kills cancer cells but spares normal cells
Killing all cells indiscriminately
Increasing cell proliferation
Enhancing DNA repair in tumors
Explanation - CRISPR can knock out a gene that is non‑essential in healthy tissue but lethal when combined with a tumor‑specific mutation.
Correct answer is: Targeting two genes whose simultaneous inhibition kills cancer cells but spares normal cells
Q.68 Which future trend could allow "gene‑editing in space" for long‑duration missions?
Compact, microgravity‑compatible CRISPR delivery systems for on‑demand microbial engineering
Only using Earth‑based labs
Relying on traditional breeding
No need for any genetic manipulation
Explanation - Engineered microbes could produce nutrients, pharmaceuticals, or recycle waste during space travel, reducing resupply needs.
Correct answer is: Compact, microgravity‑compatible CRISPR delivery systems for on‑demand microbial engineering
Q.69 What is a primary advantage of "RNA‑guided DNA methylation" tools for future epigenetic therapies?
They permanently change DNA sequence
They can reversibly silence disease‑associated genes without cutting DNA
They increase mutation rates
They require viral integration
Explanation - Targeted methyltransferases guided by dCas proteins can add methyl groups to promoter regions, modulating expression in a controllable manner.
Correct answer is: They can reversibly silence disease‑associated genes without cutting DNA
Q.70 Which of the following is a potential societal impact of widespread CRISPR‑based human enhancement?
Equal access to technology for all socioeconomic groups
Increased inequality if enhancements are affordable only for the wealthy
Elimination of all diseases with no ethical concerns
Reduction of global population
Explanation - Unequal access could widen gaps in health, cognition, and economic opportunities, raising important policy questions.
Correct answer is: Increased inequality if enhancements are affordable only for the wealthy
Q.71 Which future approach aims to use "CRISPR‑engineered exosomes" for therapy?
Packaging CRISPR components into natural vesicles for targeted delivery to specific tissues
Using exosomes to delete all cellular DNA
Injecting exosomes without any cargo
Replacing exosomes with synthetic polymers
Explanation - Exosomes can cross biological barriers and be directed to specific cell types, offering a biocompatible delivery platform.
Correct answer is: Packaging CRISPR components into natural vesicles for targeted delivery to specific tissues
Q.72 What is the anticipated benefit of "CRISPR‑based gene‑editing of coral reefs"?
Making corals glow in the dark
Enhancing thermal tolerance to help reefs survive rising ocean temperatures
Turning corals into fish
Eliminating all marine life
Explanation - Introducing heat‑resistant alleles could increase coral resilience to climate change, supporting ecosystem preservation.
Correct answer is: Enhancing thermal tolerance to help reefs survive rising ocean temperatures
Q.73 Which future technology could enable "real‑time" monitoring of gene‑editing outcomes in patients?
Wearable devices that detect edited DNA fragments in blood using CRISPR‑based biosensors
Monthly biopsies only
Standard MRI scans
No monitoring is possible
Explanation - Integrated biosensors could continuously sample circulating nucleic acids, providing immediate feedback on editing efficiency and safety.
Correct answer is: Wearable devices that detect edited DNA fragments in blood using CRISPR‑based biosensors
Q.74 Which of the following describes a "split‑Cas9" system designed for increased safety?
Two inactive Cas9 fragments that reconstitute only in target cells, reducing off‑target activity elsewhere
A single large Cas9 protein
Cas9 fused to GFP
Cas9 that works only in bacteria
Explanation - The split system limits functional Cas9 to cells where both halves are delivered, enhancing spatial control.
Correct answer is: Two inactive Cas9 fragments that reconstitute only in target cells, reducing off‑target activity elsewhere
Q.75 What is the purpose of "DNA barcoding" in high‑throughput CRISPR screens?
To label each edited cell with a unique DNA sequence for tracking its phenotype
To change the color of cells
To increase cell division rate
To make DNA invisible
Explanation - Barcodes allow researchers to link genetic perturbations with observed outcomes after sequencing pooled experiments.
Correct answer is: To label each edited cell with a unique DNA sequence for tracking its phenotype
Q.76 Which future trend involves using "CRISPR‑mediated transcriptional amplifiers" to boost expression of therapeutic genes?
Creating a feedback loop where dCas9‑VP64 enhances its own promoter, leading to high‑level expression
Silencing all genes in a cell
Removing all promoters
Using only viral promoters
Explanation - Transcriptional amplifiers can achieve robust gene expression from modest promoter activity, useful for therapeutic dosing.
Correct answer is: Creating a feedback loop where dCas9‑VP64 enhances its own promoter, leading to high‑level expression
Q.77 What is a major concern when applying CRISPR gene drives to wild populations?
The drive may spread beyond the intended species or region
The drive will instantly cure all diseases
It will make organisms immortal
It will have no effect at all
Explanation - Uncontrolled spread could have ecological repercussions, so confinement strategies and reversible drives are under development.
Correct answer is: The drive may spread beyond the intended species or region
Q.78 Which of the following best exemplifies "genetic vaccination" using CRISPR technology?
Introducing a CRISPR system that edits immune cells to express broadly neutralizing antibodies against a virus
Injecting a live virus
Feeding antibiotics
Using a traditional inactivated vaccine
Explanation - Engineering B‑cells or T‑cells to produce protective antibodies provides durable immunity without repeated dosing.
Correct answer is: Introducing a CRISPR system that edits immune cells to express broadly neutralizing antibodies against a virus
Q.79 What is the envisioned benefit of "CRISPR‑based gene‑editing of industrial yeast" for biofuel production?
Yeast will no longer need sugar
Engineering pathways to tolerate high alcohol concentrations and efficiently convert lignocellulosic sugars
Yeast will become fluorescent
Yeast will grow without oxygen
Explanation - Optimized yeast strains can increase yield and reduce costs of biofuel manufacturing, supporting sustainable energy.
Correct answer is: Engineering pathways to tolerate high alcohol concentrations and efficiently convert lignocellulosic sugars
Q.80 Which future technology could enable "in‑situ" genome editing of crops directly in the field without lab equipment?
Hand‑held CRISPR‑RNP spray devices that deliver editors through leaf stomata
Using only traditional breeding
Planting genetically unmodified seeds
Applying chemical fertilizers only
Explanation - Portable delivery systems can introduce RNP complexes into plant tissues, allowing rapid field‑level trait modification.
Correct answer is: Hand‑held CRISPR‑RNP spray devices that deliver editors through leaf stomata
Q.81 What does the term "epigenome editing" refer to?
Changing the DNA sequence directly
Modifying chemical marks on DNA or histones to regulate gene activity without altering the underlying sequence
Removing all chromosomes
Adding extra nucleotides to the genome
Explanation - Epigenome editors can turn genes on or off by adding or removing methyl groups or acetyl marks, offering reversible control.
Correct answer is: Modifying chemical marks on DNA or histones to regulate gene activity without altering the underlying sequence
Q.82 Which future trend could allow "gene‑edited organoids" to be used for personalized drug testing?
Generating patient‑specific mini‑organs with disease‑relevant mutations via CRISPR, then screening drug responses
Using only animal models
Testing drugs on bacteria only
Relying on computer simulations only
Explanation - Organoids recapitulate human tissue architecture, and CRISPR can introduce precise mutations for tailored pharmacology studies.
Correct answer is: Generating patient‑specific mini‑organs with disease‑relevant mutations via CRISPR, then screening drug responses
Q.83 What is the primary challenge in delivering CRISPR components across the blood‑brain barrier (BBB)?
The BBB blocks most large molecules, requiring specialized carriers such as peptide‑conjugated nanoparticles
CRISPR cannot edit neurons
The BBB is not a real barrier
Only viral vectors can cross the BBB
Explanation - Designing delivery vectors that can traverse the BBB is essential for treating neurological diseases with genome editing.
Correct answer is: The BBB blocks most large molecules, requiring specialized carriers such as peptide‑conjugated nanoparticles
Q.84 Which future application envisions using CRISPR to create "living vaccines" that adapt to evolving pathogens?
Engineered bacteria that sense viral antigens and produce corresponding immunogens in the host
Static, one‑time vaccine shots
Only using antibiotics for infections
Relying on herd immunity alone
Explanation - Programmable microbes can dynamically respond to pathogen signatures, offering a flexible vaccination platform.
Correct answer is: Engineered bacteria that sense viral antigens and produce corresponding immunogens in the host
Q.85 What is a potential advantage of "CRISPR‑mediated RNA interference (CRISPRi)" over traditional siRNA approaches?
CRISPRi can achieve long‑term, tunable repression without degrading the target RNA
CRISPRi requires no guide RNA
CRISPRi works only in bacteria
CRISPRi permanently deletes the gene
Explanation - CRISPRi uses dead Cas9 to block transcription, providing reversible and dosage‑adjustable gene knockdown.
Correct answer is: CRISPRi can achieve long‑term, tunable repression without degrading the target RNA
Q.86 Which future trend could enable "on‑demand" production of biodegradable plastics using engineered microbes?
CRISPR‑engineered bacteria that synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste feedstocks
Burning fossil fuels
Using only petroleum‑based plastics
Extracting plastics from trees
Explanation - Synthetic pathways can be optimized for high yield and low cost, turning agricultural waste into eco‑friendly polymers.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑engineered bacteria that synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste feedstocks
Q.87 What is the main idea behind "CRISPR‑based cell lineage tracing"?
Editing DNA to record cell divisions as unique mutation patterns that can be read later
Labeling cells with fluorescent dyes only
Removing all DNA from a cell
Using MRI to view cell lineages
Explanation - Self‑targeting CRISPR arrays accumulate edits over time, creating a molecular barcode of a cell's history.
Correct answer is: Editing DNA to record cell divisions as unique mutation patterns that can be read later
Q.88 Which future development could help overcome the size limitation of CRISPR payloads for AAV vectors?
Splitting the Cas9 gene into two AAVs that reconstitute inside the cell (dual‑AAV system)
Increasing the size of AAV capsids indefinitely
Using only bacterial cells for therapy
Abandoning AAV in favor of plasmids only
Explanation - Dual‑AAV approaches allow delivery of large Cas proteins by packaging them into two separate vectors that combine intracellularly.
Correct answer is: Splitting the Cas9 gene into two AAVs that reconstitute inside the cell (dual‑AAV system)
Q.89 Which future trend could allow "gene‑editing of non‑model organisms" that lack established genetic tools?
Universal, plasmid‑free CRISPR‑RNP delivery platforms adaptable to many species
Only editing mice and humans
Relying on traditional breeding for all organisms
Using only viral vectors that work in humans
Explanation - RNP delivery bypasses species‑specific promoters and reduces the need for species‑specific vectors, broadening the scope of genetic engineering.
Correct answer is: Universal, plasmid‑free CRISPR‑RNP delivery platforms adaptable to many species
Q.90 What is the purpose of "CRISPR‑based gene activation (CRISPRa)" in therapeutic contexts?
To permanently delete disease genes
To increase the expression of beneficial genes without altering the DNA sequence
To cause random mutations
To silence all gene activity
Explanation - CRISPRa fuses dCas9 to transcriptional activators, up‑regulating target genes, useful for diseases caused by haploinsufficiency.
Correct answer is: To increase the expression of beneficial genes without altering the DNA sequence
Q.91 Which future trend involves using "CRISPR‑Cas systems" to edit plant genomes without introducing foreign DNA (DNA‑free editing)?
Transient delivery of RNP complexes that are degraded after editing
Integrating CRISPR genes permanently into the plant genome
Using only chemical mutagens
Applying high‑dose radiation
Explanation - DNA‑free methods avoid regulatory concerns over transgenes and reduce the risk of unintended insertions.
Correct answer is: Transient delivery of RNP complexes that are degraded after editing
Q.92 What is a key advantage of "multiplexed CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)" for studying complex diseases?
It can silence dozens of genes simultaneously to dissect polygenic pathways
It only works on one gene at a time
It requires viral integration for each target
It permanently deletes DNA
Explanation - Multiplexed CRISPRi enables systematic interrogation of gene networks, revealing interactions that underlie multifactorial diseases.
Correct answer is: It can silence dozens of genes simultaneously to dissect polygenic pathways
Q.93 Which future scenario envisions "CRISPR‑based livestock" that produce therapeutic proteins in milk?
Engineering cows to secrete human antibodies or enzymes directly into their milk for easy purification
Only using traditional dairy breeds
Feeding cows with antibiotics to produce proteins
Replacing milk with synthetic plastic
Explanation - Gene‑edited dairy animals can become bioreactors, lowering production costs for biologics.
Correct answer is: Engineering cows to secrete human antibodies or enzymes directly into their milk for easy purification
Q.94 What does the term "gene‑editing ethics board" refer to in future governance?
A multidisciplinary panel that reviews proposals for safety, fairness, and societal impact before clinical or environmental release
A group that funds all gene‑editing projects
A committee that bans all genetic manipulation
A team that designs DNA sequences only
Explanation - Ethics boards ensure responsible development, balancing scientific progress with public concerns.
Correct answer is: A multidisciplinary panel that reviews proposals for safety, fairness, and societal impact before clinical or environmental release
Q.95 Which future trend could enable "CRISPR‑based editing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)" to prevent metastasis?
Nanoparticle‑mediated delivery of CRISPR cargo that specifically targets CTC surface markers
Radiation therapy only
Chemotherapy without targeting
Surgical removal of primary tumors only
Explanation - Targeted nanocarriers can home to CTCs, editing genes essential for survival or invasion, potentially halting metastasis.
Correct answer is: Nanoparticle‑mediated delivery of CRISPR cargo that specifically targets CTC surface markers
Q.96 What is a primary benefit of "CRISPR‑based synthetic promoters" over natural promoters in engineered pathways?
They are always stronger than any natural promoter
They can be precisely tuned for desired expression levels and regulatory inputs
They cannot be controlled
They are cheaper to synthesize but less reliable
Explanation - Synthetic promoters allow designers to set exact transcriptional strengths and respond to specific signals, optimizing pathway performance.
Correct answer is: They can be precisely tuned for desired expression levels and regulatory inputs
Q.97 Which future technology could allow "real‑time" editing of bacterial populations in the gut microbiome?
Oral delivery of CRISPR‑RNPs encapsulated in pH‑responsive capsules that release in the intestine
Intravenous injection of antibiotics only
Fecal transplants without editing
Dietary changes alone
Explanation - Targeted oral formulations can modify specific bacterial strains in situ, altering microbiome composition therapeutically.
Correct answer is: Oral delivery of CRISPR‑RNPs encapsulated in pH‑responsive capsules that release in the intestine
Q.98 What is the anticipated impact of "machine‑learning‑guided guide RNA design" on CRISPR efficiency?
It will have no impact
It will predict highly specific guides, reducing off‑target effects and increasing editing success rates
It will make guides longer than 100 nucleotides
It will replace the need for Cas proteins
Explanation - ML models trained on large datasets can forecast guide activity and specificity, streamlining experimental design.
Correct answer is: It will predict highly specific guides, reducing off‑target effects and increasing editing success rates
Q.99 Which future trend involves using "CRISPR‑engineered algae" for carbon capture?
Engineering algae to increase photosynthetic efficiency and sequester more CO₂, then harvesting them for bio‑products
Planting more trees only
Using fossil fuels exclusively
Reducing ocean acidity by adding lime
Explanation - Genetically enhanced algae can accelerate carbon fixation and generate valuable biomass, contributing to climate mitigation.
Correct answer is: Engineering algae to increase photosynthetic efficiency and sequester more CO₂, then harvesting them for bio‑products
Q.100 What is the concept of "programmable cell death" using CRISPR for cancer therapy?
Engineering tumor cells with a CRISPR‑activated suicide gene that triggers apoptosis when a specific drug is administered
Removing all cells from the body
Using radiation only
Vaccinating against cancer without editing
Explanation - Conditional kill switches allow precise eradication of malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue.
Correct answer is: Engineering tumor cells with a CRISPR‑activated suicide gene that triggers apoptosis when a specific drug is administered
Q.101 Which emerging CRISPR variant enables "RNA editing" without affecting DNA?
Cas13d fused to ADAR deaminase (RNA base editor)
Cas9 nuclease
TALENs
Zinc‑finger nucleases
Explanation - Cas13 targets RNA, and when coupled with ADAR it can convert adenosine to inosine, allowing reversible transcriptome editing.
Correct answer is: Cas13d fused to ADAR deaminase (RNA base editor)
Q.102 What is the potential benefit of "CRISPR‑mediated knock‑in of immune checkpoint inhibitors" directly into T‑cells?
T‑cells become resistant to tumor‑derived immunosuppression, enhancing anti‑cancer activity
T‑cells lose all function
It causes T‑cells to become cancerous
It has no effect on immunity
Explanation - Knocking in PD‑1 resistant variants or secreting checkpoint antibodies can boost T‑cell persistence and tumor clearance.
Correct answer is: T‑cells become resistant to tumor‑derived immunosuppression, enhancing anti‑cancer activity
Q.103 Which future direction aims to replace animal testing with "CRISPR‑engineered human organ‑on‑a‑chip" systems?
Creating microfluidic devices populated with human cells bearing disease‑relevant edits for drug screening
Continuing traditional animal studies only
Using only computer models
Relying on cell‑free extracts
Explanation - Organ‑on‑a‑chip platforms combined with precise genome editing provide physiologically relevant, humane testing environments.
Correct answer is: Creating microfluidic devices populated with human cells bearing disease‑relevant edits for drug screening
Q.104 What does the term "CRISPR‑based gene silencing via DNA methylation" refer to?
Using dCas9 fused to DNA methyltransferases to add methyl groups to promoter regions, shutting down transcription
Removing the gene entirely
Cutting the DNA with Cas9 nuclease
Increasing gene expression
Explanation - Targeted methylation can stably repress gene activity without creating DNA breaks, useful for therapeutic down‑regulation.
Correct answer is: Using dCas9 fused to DNA methyltransferases to add methyl groups to promoter regions, shutting down transcription
Q.105 Which future trend could enable "CRISPR‑based editing of mitochondrial DNA" to treat metabolic disorders?
Using DdCBE (double‑deaminase) editors that specifically target mitochondrial genomes
Standard Cas9 that cannot enter mitochondria
RNA interference only
Gene silencing of nuclear genes
Explanation - DdCBE enables precise C→T conversions in mitochondrial DNA, opening therapeutic avenues for mitochondrial diseases.
Correct answer is: Using DdCBE (double‑deaminase) editors that specifically target mitochondrial genomes
Q.106 What is a key factor for the successful deployment of CRISPR‑based therapeutics in low‑resource settings?
Cold‑chain storage requirements only
Robust, lyophilized CRISPR reagents that remain stable at ambient temperature and simple delivery methods
Need for high‑tech surgical suites
Requirement of large, specialized labs
Explanation - Stabilized reagents and easy administration (e.g., patches or inhalers) reduce infrastructure barriers, widening accessibility.
Correct answer is: Robust, lyophilized CRISPR reagents that remain stable at ambient temperature and simple delivery methods
Q.107 Which emerging technique combines "CRISPR" with "optogenetics" for precise spatial control of gene editing?
Light‑activated Cas9 (photo‑Cas9) that becomes active only upon illumination
Using only chemical inducers
Applying high‑frequency sound
Temperature‑dependent Cas9 only
Explanation - Photo‑Cas9 allows temporal and spatial precision, enabling editing only in illuminated regions of tissue.
Correct answer is: Light‑activated Cas9 (photo‑Cas9) that becomes active only upon illumination
Q.108 What is the main advantage of "CRISPR‑mediated base editing" for correcting point mutations in genetic diseases?
It introduces large insertions
It converts a single nucleotide without causing double‑strand breaks, lowering the risk of indels
It works only in bacterial cells
It requires whole‑genome sequencing each time
Explanation - Base editors enable precise correction of pathogenic SNPs with minimal collateral damage.
Correct answer is: It converts a single nucleotide without causing double‑strand breaks, lowering the risk of indels
Q.109 Which future trend envisions "CRISPR‑engineered bio‑sensors" that can detect environmental pollutants and report via color change?
Engineering microbes with CRISPR‑activated reporters that turn red in the presence of heavy metals
Using only electronic detectors
Relying on human observation alone
Deploying satellite imaging only
Explanation - CRISPR‑based sensing circuits can link detection of specific molecules to visible outputs, enabling low‑cost monitoring.
Correct answer is: Engineering microbes with CRISPR‑activated reporters that turn red in the presence of heavy metals
Q.110 What is a potential use of "CRISPR‑mediated transcriptional repression (CRISPRi)" in agriculture?
Silencing genes that cause susceptibility to drought, thereby improving crop resilience
Increasing pesticide use
Removing all chlorophyll from plants
Making crops glow
Explanation - CRISPRi can down‑regulate stress‑responsive genes without altering the genome, allowing reversible trait modulation.
Correct answer is: Silencing genes that cause susceptibility to drought, thereby improving crop resilience
Q.111 Which future development could enable "CRISPR‑based editing of plant organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria)"?
Designing organelle‑targeted Cas proteins with specific transit peptides
Using standard nuclear‑targeted Cas9 only
Relying on natural mutation rates
Applying high‑dose radiation
Explanation - Fusion of organelle localization signals directs Cas enzymes to chloroplasts or mitochondria, expanding editing scope beyond the nucleus.
Correct answer is: Designing organelle‑targeted Cas proteins with specific transit peptides
Q.112 What is the concept of "CRISPR‑driven adaptive immunity" in engineered microbes?
Programming bacteria with CRISPR arrays that can capture and destroy invading phage DNA, enhancing biocontainment
Making microbes immune to antibiotics
Allowing microbes to survive any temperature
Removing all DNA from the microbe
Explanation - Synthetic CRISPR immune systems can be designed to recognize and neutralize specific threats, increasing safety of engineered strains.
Correct answer is: Programming bacteria with CRISPR arrays that can capture and destroy invading phage DNA, enhancing biocontainment
Q.113 Which future trend could enable "gene‑editing of embryos" with minimal off‑target effects for preventing inherited diseases?
Using high‑fidelity Cas9 variants combined with RNP delivery and thorough pre‑implantation screening
Applying random mutagens to embryos
Using only viral vectors with no safety checks
Skipping any genetic analysis
Explanation - Improved enzyme specificity, transient delivery, and comprehensive genomic analysis together reduce risks associated with germline editing.
Correct answer is: Using high‑fidelity Cas9 variants combined with RNP delivery and thorough pre‑implantation screening
Q.114 What is a primary challenge for "CRISPR‑based therapies" targeting the immune system?
Immune cells readily accept any foreign DNA
Potential immune recognition of Cas proteins leading to clearance or adverse reactions
Lack of any immune cells in the body
CRISPR cannot edit immune cells
Explanation - Pre‑existing immunity against bacterial Cas proteins can diminish efficacy and provoke inflammation, requiring engineering of low‑immunogenic variants.
Correct answer is: Potential immune recognition of Cas proteins leading to clearance or adverse reactions