Q.1 What is the primary ethical concern associated with germline genome editing in humans?
Increased crop yields
Unintended off‑target mutations
Violation of future individuals’ autonomy
Reduced research costs
Explanation - Germline editing changes DNA that will be inherited, raising concerns that future persons cannot consent to modifications made before their birth.
Correct answer is: Violation of future individuals’ autonomy
Q.2 Which international document specifically addresses the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
The Kyoto Protocol
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Montreal Protocol
The Basel Convention
Explanation - The Cartagena Protocol, adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity, governs the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms.
Correct answer is: The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Q.3 Patenting a naturally occurring gene sequence without modification is:
Generally permissible under U.S. law
Allowed only in Europe
Considered unethical and illegal in most jurisdictions
Allowed if the gene is linked to a disease
Explanation - Many jurisdictions, including the EU, reject patents on natural genes because they are products of nature and not inventions.
Correct answer is: Considered unethical and illegal in most jurisdictions
Q.4 In the context of gene drives, the biggest ecological risk is:
Reduced pesticide use
Uncontrolled spread to non‑target species
Higher agricultural yields
Improved biodiversity
Explanation - Gene drives can propagate a genetic trait through a population rapidly, potentially affecting related species and ecosystems unintentionally.
Correct answer is: Uncontrolled spread to non‑target species
Q.5 Which principle of biomedical ethics emphasizes the right of individuals to make informed decisions about genetic testing?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Explanation - Autonomy respects a person's right to self‑determination, including informed consent for genetic tests.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.6 CRISPR‑Cas9 off‑target effects are primarily a concern for:
Economic viability
Legal ownership of patents
Patient safety and unintended mutations
Speed of laboratory work
Explanation - Off‑target cuts can create unintended genetic changes, posing safety risks in therapeutic applications.
Correct answer is: Patient safety and unintended mutations
Q.7 The concept of 'genetic privacy' refers to:
Keeping DNA sequences confidential from unauthorized parties
Sharing all genetic data publicly for research
Storing DNA in a physical vault
Using DNA for password protection
Explanation - Genetic privacy involves protecting personal genetic information from misuse or unwanted disclosure.
Correct answer is: Keeping DNA sequences confidential from unauthorized parties
Q.8 A major legal issue for direct‑to‑consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies is:
Lack of internet connectivity
Inadequate labeling of test kits
Potential for discrimination based on genetic information
Insufficient battery life of testing devices
Explanation - Results can be used by insurers or employers to discriminate, raising legal and ethical concerns.
Correct answer is: Potential for discrimination based on genetic information
Q.9 The precautionary principle in biotechnology suggests that:
New technologies should be adopted quickly
Potential harms should be evaluated before widespread use
All genetic modifications are inherently safe
Regulation should be minimal
Explanation - The principle advises caution and thorough risk assessment prior to large‑scale deployment of new technologies.
Correct answer is: Potential harms should be evaluated before widespread use
Q.10 Which of the following is an example of a socially beneficial application of genetic engineering?
Creating super‑human soldiers
Engineering crops resistant to drought
Designing animals with human facial features
Developing bioweapons
Explanation - Drought‑resistant crops can improve food security and reduce water usage, benefiting society.
Correct answer is: Engineering crops resistant to drought
Q.11 The term 'designer baby' most often raises concerns about:
Reduced manufacturing costs
Equity and access to enhancement technologies
Improved athletic performance
Standardized medical treatments
Explanation - If only wealthy families can afford genetic enhancements, it may exacerbate social inequality.
Correct answer is: Equity and access to enhancement technologies
Q.12 Under the U.S. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), employers are prohibited from:
Hiring anyone with a genetic test
Using genetic information in employment decisions
Requiring employees to undergo DNA sequencing
All of the above
Explanation - GINA specifically bans discrimination based on genetic information in health insurance and employment.
Correct answer is: Using genetic information in employment decisions
Q.13 Which of the following best describes ‘gene therapy’?
Altering crops for higher yield
Injecting functional genes to treat disease
Sequencing DNA for ancestry
Using bacteria to clean oil spills
Explanation - Gene therapy involves delivering correct copies of genes to patients to correct genetic disorders.
Correct answer is: Injecting functional genes to treat disease
Q.14 A key argument against commercializing genetically modified mosquitoes for disease control is:
They are too expensive to produce
Potential ecological imbalance if they spread genes unintentionally
Mosquitoes cannot be genetically modified
There is no public interest
Explanation - Releasing GM mosquitoes could affect predator‑prey relationships and gene flow to wild populations.
Correct answer is: Potential ecological imbalance if they spread genes unintentionally
Q.15 In the context of synthetic biology, ‘bio‑security’ refers to:
Protecting laboratories from natural disasters
Preventing the misuse of biological technologies for harmful purposes
Ensuring DNA is stored in fire‑proof vaults
Guaranteeing that all experiments are profitable
Explanation - Bio‑security focuses on preventing bioterrorism and accidental release of dangerous organisms.
Correct answer is: Preventing the misuse of biological technologies for harmful purposes
Q.16 Which ethical framework emphasizes the greatest good for the greatest number when evaluating genetic engineering?
Deontology
Utilitarianism
Virtue ethics
Ethical relativism
Explanation - Utilitarianism judges actions by their overall consequences, aiming to maximize overall benefit.
Correct answer is: Utilitarianism
Q.17 The term ‘biopiracy’ is most closely associated with:
Stealing genetic resources from indigenous communities without fair compensation
Pirating biological data over the internet
Copying patented DNA sequences
Illegally importing medical devices
Explanation - Biopiracy describes exploitation of biological materials and traditional knowledge without benefit‑sharing.
Correct answer is: Stealing genetic resources from indigenous communities without fair compensation
Q.18 Which of the following regulatory bodies is responsible for approving gene‑editing clinical trials in the United States?
NASA
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Explanation - The FDA oversees the safety and efficacy of medical products, including gene‑editing therapies.
Correct answer is: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Q.19 A common social concern about the use of CRISPR in agriculture is:
Reduced nutritional value of crops
Creation of allergenic proteins
Unclear labeling for consumers
Increased need for manual labor
Explanation - Consumers often demand transparency about whether foods contain genetically edited ingredients.
Correct answer is: Unclear labeling for consumers
Q.20 When considering equity in gene‑therapy access, a major policy recommendation is to:
Provide treatments only to private insurers
Create public funding programs for low‑income patients
Charge premium prices for all patients
Limit therapy to research institutions
Explanation - Publicly funded programs can help ensure that life‑saving therapies are not limited to the wealthy.
Correct answer is: Create public funding programs for low‑income patients
Q.21 Which of the following best illustrates a conflict of interest in genetic‑engineering research?
A scientist publishing results without peer review
A researcher holding stock in a company whose product they are testing
A lab using outdated equipment
A university lacking a bioethics committee
Explanation - Financial stakes can bias the interpretation of data and compromise scientific integrity.
Correct answer is: A researcher holding stock in a company whose product they are testing
Q.22 In many countries, the principle of ‘informed consent’ for genetic testing requires:
A signature from the test subject’s parent only
Clear explanation of risks, benefits, and alternatives
No explanation if the test is routine
Only verbal agreement
Explanation - Informed consent must provide sufficient information for the individual to make an autonomous decision.
Correct answer is: Clear explanation of risks, benefits, and alternatives
Q.23 A 'gene drive' is designed to:
Increase genetic diversity in a population
Accelerate the spread of a particular gene through a population
Prevent any gene from being transmitted
Remove all genetic material from an organism
Explanation - Gene drives bias inheritance, allowing a targeted gene to propagate rapidly across generations.
Correct answer is: Accelerate the spread of a particular gene through a population
Q.24 The ‘right to withdraw’ in a genetic research study means:
Participants can stop contributing data at any time without penalty
Researchers can stop the study whenever they like
Data must be kept forever once submitted
Only minors can withdraw consent
Explanation - Respect for autonomy includes allowing participants to discontinue involvement whenever they wish.
Correct answer is: Participants can stop contributing data at any time without penalty
Q.25 Which of the following is a potential legal consequence for releasing a genetically modified organism without regulatory approval?
Award of a research grant
Fine and possible criminal charges
Automatic patent approval
Free access to the market
Explanation - Many jurisdictions impose penalties for non‑compliant releases to protect public health and the environment.
Correct answer is: Fine and possible criminal charges
Q.26 The concept of ‘genetic determinism’ is problematic because:
It overstates the role of environment in shaping traits
It underestimates the influence of genes on behavior
It assumes genetics alone dictate complex traits, ignoring environmental factors
It promotes the use of DNA sequencing
Explanation - Traits usually result from gene‑environment interactions; deterministic views can lead to misguided policies.
Correct answer is: It assumes genetics alone dictate complex traits, ignoring environmental factors
Q.27 Which ethical principle is most directly related to the fair distribution of benefits and burdens of genetic technologies?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Explanation - Justice concerns equitable access and the fair allocation of risks and benefits across society.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.28 In many jurisdictions, the use of embryos for research is restricted after:
The first cell division
14 days post‑fertilization
The formation of the placenta
Birth
Explanation - The 14‑day rule is a widely adopted ethical limit for human embryo research.
Correct answer is: 14 days post‑fertilization
Q.29 Which of the following is a common argument supporting the regulation of direct‑to‑consumer genetic testing?
It reduces the cost of medical care
It prevents the spread of misinformation and potential psychological harm
It speeds up scientific discovery
It eliminates the need for doctors
Explanation - Uninterpreted or misinterpreted results can cause anxiety, discrimination, or false health decisions.
Correct answer is: It prevents the spread of misinformation and potential psychological harm
Q.30 When a company patents a synthetic gene, the main justification is:
The gene exists in nature
The synthetic gene is a novel, non‑obvious invention
Patents are granted for any DNA sequence
Patents protect trade secrets only
Explanation - Patent law protects inventions that are new, useful, and non‑obvious, which can include engineered DNA sequences.
Correct answer is: The synthetic gene is a novel, non‑obvious invention
Q.31 The term ‘dual‑use’ in biotechnology refers to:
Technologies that can be used for both civilian and military purposes
Tools that are used twice in the same experiment
Products that have two flavors
Methods that require two separate labs
Explanation - Dual‑use research can be beneficial but also has potential for harmful applications, raising security concerns.
Correct answer is: Technologies that can be used for both civilian and military purposes
Q.32 Which of these is an example of a socially acceptable use of gene editing in livestock?
Creating animals that produce more milk without affecting health
Engineering animals to grow horns for combat sports
Modifying animals to have human facial features
Making livestock immune to all diseases, regardless of ecosystem impact
Explanation - Enhancing productivity while maintaining animal welfare is generally viewed as acceptable.
Correct answer is: Creating animals that produce more milk without affecting health
Q.33 In the context of genetic data sharing, a major ethical concern is:
Data redundancy
Loss of intellectual property
Potential re‑identification of anonymized individuals
File format incompatibility
Explanation - Even de‑identified genetic data can sometimes be linked back to individuals, threatening privacy.
Correct answer is: Potential re‑identification of anonymized individuals
Q.34 Which of the following best describes ‘genetic enhancement’?
Treating a disease caused by a gene mutation
Adding new traits beyond the typical human range
Sequencing a genome for research
Using antibiotics to prevent infection
Explanation - Enhancement seeks to improve abilities or characteristics beyond what is considered normal or therapeutic.
Correct answer is: Adding new traits beyond the typical human range
Q.35 A legal framework that requires companies to obtain prior consent from indigenous communities before using their genetic resources is called:
The Nagoya Protocol
The Helsinki Accords
The Paris Agreement
The Geneva Convention
Explanation - The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit‑Sharing aims to ensure fair compensation for the use of genetic resources.
Correct answer is: The Nagoya Protocol
Q.36 Which of the following is a potential unintended consequence of releasing genetically modified fish into the wild?
Immediate increase in fish size for consumers
Disruption of local ecosystems and competition with native species
Guarantee of zero disease in the wild population
Reduced need for fishing regulations
Explanation - GM fish may outcompete or interbreed with wild relatives, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem balance.
Correct answer is: Disruption of local ecosystems and competition with native species
Q.37 The ethical concept of ‘do no harm’ (non‑maleficence) in gene therapy most directly applies to:
Ensuring the therapy does not cause unintended adverse effects
Maximizing profits for biotech companies
Publishing results in high‑impact journals
Accelerating the approval process
Explanation - Non‑maleficence requires that interventions avoid causing unnecessary injury or risk.
Correct answer is: Ensuring the therapy does not cause unintended adverse effects
Q.38 Which of the following describes a ‘public good’ in the context of genetic engineering research?
A product that can be sold at a high price
Knowledge or technology that benefits society as a whole, regardless of who pays
A patented invention owned by a private company
A confidential laboratory protocol
Explanation - Public goods are non‑exclusive and non‑rivalrous, providing broad societal benefits.
Correct answer is: Knowledge or technology that benefits society as a whole, regardless of who pays
Q.39 In the United Kingdom, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) is responsible for:
Regulating all medical devices
Overseeing the use of CRISPR in agriculture only
Licensing and monitoring human embryo research and assisted reproduction
Setting standards for electronic engineering
Explanation - The HFEA regulates activities involving human embryos and reproductive technologies in the UK.
Correct answer is: Licensing and monitoring human embryo research and assisted reproduction
Q.40 Which of the following is a common argument against the creation of genetically modified 'super‑pests' for pest control?
They would increase crop yields
They may spread to non‑target species and cause ecological harm
They are cheaper than traditional pesticides
They eliminate the need for any monitoring
Explanation - Super‑pests could affect ecosystems beyond the intended target, leading to unpredictable outcomes.
Correct answer is: They may spread to non‑target species and cause ecological harm
Q.41 The principle of ‘beneficence’ requires researchers to:
Maximize benefits and minimize harms to participants
Disclose all financial interests publicly
Restrict all genetic research
Focus solely on commercial profit
Explanation - Beneficence guides actions that promote well‑being and protect participants from unnecessary risk.
Correct answer is: Maximize benefits and minimize harms to participants
Q.42 Which technology enables precise editing of DNA without leaving a foreign gene in the genome?
RNA interference (RNAi)
CRISPR base editing
Transgenic insertion of bacterial genes
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Explanation - Base editors can convert one nucleotide to another without introducing double‑strand breaks or foreign DNA.
Correct answer is: CRISPR base editing
Q.43 A major social concern about prenatal genetic testing is:
It reduces the need for obstetricians
It may lead to increased selective abortions based on genetic traits
It makes childbirth more expensive
It eliminates all birth defects
Explanation - Early detection of genetic conditions can influence parental decisions, raising ethical debates about eugenics.
Correct answer is: It may lead to increased selective abortions based on genetic traits
Q.44 In the US, which act specifically protects individuals from discrimination based on genetic information in health insurance?
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
The Affordable Care Act (ACA)
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Explanation - GINA prohibits health insurers from using genetic information to make coverage decisions.
Correct answer is: The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Q.45 Which of the following best captures the concept of ‘informed consent’ for minors in genetic research?
Only the parent’s consent is required
Both parental permission and the child’s assent are needed when appropriate
No consent is required if the research is low risk
Minors can consent independently without any adult involvement
Explanation - Ethical guidelines require parents’ permission and, when capable, the minor’s agreement (assent).
Correct answer is: Both parental permission and the child’s assent are needed when appropriate
Q.46 Which of the following is an example of a ‘gene‑editing off‑target’ effect?
The intended mutation is correctly inserted
A cut occurs at a DNA site that was not intended to be edited
The edited gene fails to express any protein
The organism grows faster than expected
Explanation - Off‑target activity refers to unintended modifications elsewhere in the genome, posing safety concerns.
Correct answer is: A cut occurs at a DNA site that was not intended to be edited
Q.47 The ‘right to know’ in genetic testing means:
Individuals must be told the cost of the test before it is performed
Patients have the right to receive their genetic results and understand their meaning
Only doctors can access test results
All genetic data must be publicly posted
Explanation - Transparency and communication of results empower individuals to make health decisions.
Correct answer is: Patients have the right to receive their genetic results and understand their meaning
Q.48 Which of the following best illustrates the concept of ‘environmental justice’ in the context of releasing GM crops?
Ensuring that only wealthy farms can afford GM seeds
Assessing that the benefits and risks of GM crops are shared fairly across all communities
Guaranteeing that GM crops are exported exclusively
Prioritizing profit over ecological impact
Explanation - Environmental justice seeks equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens.
Correct answer is: Assessing that the benefits and risks of GM crops are shared fairly across all communities
Q.49 In bioethics, the ‘principle of proportionality’ is used to evaluate:
Whether the benefits of a genetic intervention outweigh its risks
The size of a gene construct
The cost of sequencing technologies
The number of authors on a research paper
Explanation - Proportionality balances the magnitude of expected benefits against potential harms.
Correct answer is: Whether the benefits of a genetic intervention outweigh its risks
Q.50 Which of the following is a legal restriction often placed on human embryonic stem‑cell research?
Prohibition of any in‑vitro work
Funding only for lines derived before a specific date
Requirement that embryos be created solely for research
No restrictions exist
Explanation - Some policies allow funding only for stem‑cell lines created before a certain cut‑off to avoid new embryo destruction.
Correct answer is: Funding only for lines derived before a specific date
Q.51 When a biotech firm shares a gene‑edited crop with smallholder farmers without charge, the primary ethical justification is:
Maximizing profit
Promoting social justice and reducing inequality
Increasing the company’s market share
Avoiding regulatory scrutiny
Explanation - Providing technology free of charge can help bridge gaps between rich and poor agricultural communities.
Correct answer is: Promoting social justice and reducing inequality
Q.52 A potential misuse of CRISPR technology is:
Developing disease‑resistant crops
Creating a bioweapon that targets specific ethnic groups
Repairing a faulty gene in a patient
Studying gene function in model organisms
Explanation - The dual‑use nature of CRISPR makes it possible to design harmful agents, raising bio‑security concerns.
Correct answer is: Creating a bioweapon that targets specific ethnic groups
Q.53 The term ‘informed refusal’ in genetic testing refers to:
A participant’s right to decline a test after understanding its implications
The lab’s refusal to process a sample
Mandatory testing by law
A doctor refusing to order a test
Explanation - Respecting autonomy includes acknowledging a person’s informed decision to not undergo testing.
Correct answer is: A participant’s right to decline a test after understanding its implications
Q.54 Which of the following best describes a ‘risk‑benefit analysis’ in the context of approving a new gene therapy?
Comparing the cost of the therapy to its marketing budget
Assessing potential harms versus therapeutic gains for patients
Evaluating how many scientists support the therapy
Measuring the speed of the trial’s completion
Explanation - Regulators weigh safety concerns against expected health benefits before approval.
Correct answer is: Assessing potential harms versus therapeutic gains for patients
Q.55 Which of these is an example of ‘genetic discrimination’?
A school refusing to enroll a child because of a genetic predisposition to a disease
A researcher publishing a paper on gene function
A farmer using a genetically modified seed
A doctor prescribing medication based on symptoms
Explanation - Discrimination based on genetic information can affect education, employment, insurance, etc.
Correct answer is: A school refusing to enroll a child because of a genetic predisposition to a disease
Q.56 In the EU, the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is primarily governed by:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The European Medicines Agency (EMA)
Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Explanation - This regulation sets the framework for the authorization of GM foods and feed in the EU.
Correct answer is: Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003
Q.57 The ethical issue of ‘sociogenomics’ focuses on:
How genetic data can be used to infer social behavior and potentially stigmatize groups
The speed of genome sequencing
The cost of genome editing tools
The creation of synthetic genomes
Explanation - Sociogenomics can link genetics to social traits, risking misuse and discrimination.
Correct answer is: How genetic data can be used to infer social behavior and potentially stigmatize groups
Q.58 A major concern about using CRISPR in human embryos is:
The high cost of reagents
Potential mosaicism, where not all cells carry the edit
The speed of the editing process
The inability to edit any gene
Explanation - Mosaicism can lead to unpredictable outcomes and challenges in assessing safety and efficacy.
Correct answer is: Potential mosaicism, where not all cells carry the edit
Q.59 Which of the following is considered a ‘benefit’ of gene drives for malaria control?
Permanent elimination of the mosquito species
Rapid reduction of disease‑carrying mosquito populations
Increasing biodiversity
Creating a new food source
Explanation - Gene drives can spread traits that reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit malaria.
Correct answer is: Rapid reduction of disease‑carrying mosquito populations
Q.60 The principle of ‘respect for persons’ in research ethics primarily requires:
Ensuring participants are financially compensated
Obtaining voluntary, informed consent from competent individuals
Publishing all data regardless of privacy
Avoiding any form of communication with participants
Explanation - Respect for persons emphasizes autonomy and informed decision‑making.
Correct answer is: Obtaining voluntary, informed consent from competent individuals
Q.61 Which of the following statements about the ‘right to genetic privacy’ is true?
It is universally protected in all countries
It can be overridden for national security without oversight
It is subject to varying levels of protection across jurisdictions
It only applies to DNA collected after 2020
Explanation - Legal safeguards for genetic privacy differ worldwide, leading to inconsistencies.
Correct answer is: It is subject to varying levels of protection across jurisdictions
Q.62 A ‘genetically modified organism’ (GMO) is defined as an organism whose:
DNA has been altered using recombinant DNA technology or genome‑editing tools
Size has been changed through selective breeding
Behavior is modified by training
Habitat has been relocated
Explanation - GMOs contain engineered genetic changes not achievable by traditional breeding alone.
Correct answer is: DNA has been altered using recombinant DNA technology or genome‑editing tools
Q.63 Which of the following is an ethical issue when using CRISPR to edit embryos for non‑therapeutic traits?
Potential increase in genetic diversity
Creation of socioeconomic disparities based on access to enhancements
Reduction of disease prevalence
Improved agricultural yields
Explanation - Non‑therapeutic enhancements may widen gaps between those who can afford them and those who cannot.
Correct answer is: Creation of socioeconomic disparities based on access to enhancements
Q.64 The concept of ‘informed consent’ does NOT require which of the following?
Providing sufficient information about the study
Coercing participants to agree
Ensuring comprehension
Allowing voluntary participation
Explanation - Coercion violates the core principle of voluntary informed consent.
Correct answer is: Coercing participants to agree
Q.65 Which international body issued the ‘Declaration of Helsinki’, influencing ethical standards for human genetic research?
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH)
World Medical Association (WMA)
Explanation - The WMA's Declaration of Helsinki guides ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
Correct answer is: World Medical Association (WMA)
Q.66 A major environmental concern about planting genetically engineered herbicide‑tolerant crops is:
Increased soil fertility
Evolution of herbicide‑resistant weeds
Reduced need for irrigation
Higher crop taste quality
Explanation - Overuse of herbicides can select for weeds that become resistant, undermining the technology.
Correct answer is: Evolution of herbicide‑resistant weeds
Q.67 Which of the following is an example of a ‘benefit-sharing’ arrangement under the Nagoya Protocol?
A company pays royalties to a community whose traditional plant was used for a new drug
A researcher publishes a paper without acknowledgment
A government bans all genetic research
A university keeps all data private
Explanation - Benefit‑sharing ensures that users of genetic resources provide fair compensation or other benefits to the providers.
Correct answer is: A company pays royalties to a community whose traditional plant was used for a new drug
Q.68 In the context of genetic data, the term ‘re‑identification risk’ refers to:
The chance that a sample will degrade over time
The possibility of matching anonymized data to an individual using additional information
The likelihood of a lab accident
The probability that a gene will mutate
Explanation - Even de‑identified genetic datasets can sometimes be linked back to the donor, compromising privacy.
Correct answer is: The possibility of matching anonymized data to an individual using additional information
Q.69 Which of the following best describes the ‘precautionary principle’?
Proceed with new technology regardless of risks
Take preventive action in the face of uncertainty to avoid harm
Ban all genetic research
Require a 10‑year waiting period before any new technology is used
Explanation - The precautionary principle advises caution when scientific evidence about risks is incomplete.
Correct answer is: Take preventive action in the face of uncertainty to avoid harm
Q.70 A ‘gene‑therapy vector’ is most commonly:
A virus engineered to deliver therapeutic DNA
A type of fertilizer
An electrical circuit board
A synthetic polymer used in plastics
Explanation - Vectors, often viral, are used to transport correct genes into patient cells.
Correct answer is: A virus engineered to deliver therapeutic DNA
Q.71 Which of the following is a potential legal issue when a researcher publishes the genome sequence of a rare, endangered species?
Increased tourism revenue
Risk of biopiracy and exploitation of the species
Reduced research funding
Automatic patent protection
Explanation - Publishing genetic data can enable commercial exploitation without benefit‑sharing with source countries.
Correct answer is: Risk of biopiracy and exploitation of the species
Q.72 The concept of ‘genetic essentialism’ can lead to:
Recognizing the complexity of identity beyond genetics
Simplistic judgments about abilities based solely on genetics
Improved social cohesion
Increased funding for public health
Explanation - Genetic essentialism reduces individuals to their DNA, ignoring environment and personal agency.
Correct answer is: Simplistic judgments about abilities based solely on genetics
Q.73 Which of the following best captures an ethical argument for restricting germline editing until safety is proven?
It will reduce research costs
Future generations could inherit unintended harmful mutations
It will make the technology faster
It will increase crop yields
Explanation - Germline edits are heritable; any mistake could propagate, affecting many individuals.
Correct answer is: Future generations could inherit unintended harmful mutations
Q.74 A ‘clinical trial phase I’ for a gene therapy primarily assesses:
Long‑term efficacy in thousands of patients
Safety, tolerability, and appropriate dosage in a small group
Marketing strategies
Manufacturing costs
Explanation - Phase I trials focus on safety and dosage, not efficacy, and involve a limited number of participants.
Correct answer is: Safety, tolerability, and appropriate dosage in a small group
Q.75 Which of the following is a common argument for open‑source sharing of genetic engineering tools?
It accelerates innovation and reduces barriers for low‑resource labs
It maximizes corporate profits
It prevents any misuse of the technology
It eliminates the need for regulatory oversight
Explanation - Open‑source models promote accessibility and collaborative advancement in science.
Correct answer is: It accelerates innovation and reduces barriers for low‑resource labs
Q.76 Which ethical principle would most directly support providing gene‑editing therapies to patients regardless of their ability to pay?
Justice
Autonomy
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Justice calls for equitable access to healthcare resources across socioeconomic groups.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.77 The ‘right to be forgotten’ in the context of genetic data means:
Individuals can request the deletion of their genetic information from databases
Scientists must delete all data after a study ends
All genetic data must be stored forever
Only public datasets can be removed
Explanation - This right allows people to have their personal data erased, protecting privacy.
Correct answer is: Individuals can request the deletion of their genetic information from databases
Q.78 A major concern about using gene editing to create disease‑resistant livestock is:
Higher meat quality
Potential cross‑breeding with wild relatives leading to ecological imbalance
Reduced farm labor costs
Lower feed requirements
Explanation - Gene flow to wild populations could disrupt ecosystems and affect biodiversity.
Correct answer is: Potential cross‑breeding with wild relatives leading to ecological imbalance
Q.79 Which of the following best describes ‘genomic sovereignty’?
A nation's right to regulate and protect its citizens’ genetic resources and data
Ownership of all DNA worldwide by a single organization
The ability to edit any genome without restriction
A type of patent for gene sequences
Explanation - Genomic sovereignty emphasizes that nations have authority over genetic information derived from their populations.
Correct answer is: A nation's right to regulate and protect its citizens’ genetic resources and data
Q.80 Which of the following is an example of a ‘socially responsible’ approach to releasing a genetically modified mosquito for malaria control?
Releasing the mosquitoes without community consultation
Conducting thorough risk assessments, obtaining public consent, and monitoring outcomes
Selling the mosquitoes at a high price to private companies
Using the mosquitoes only in laboratory settings
Explanation - Responsible deployment includes transparency, risk evaluation, and community involvement.
Correct answer is: Conducting thorough risk assessments, obtaining public consent, and monitoring outcomes
Q.81 The ‘right to health’ in the context of genetic technologies implies:
Everyone must receive the latest gene‑editing treatments
Access to safe, effective, and affordable genetic healthcare services
Only wealthy nations can develop genetic therapies
All genetic research must be publicly funded
Explanation - The right to health includes equitable access to medical advances, including genetic therapies.
Correct answer is: Access to safe, effective, and affordable genetic healthcare services
Q.82 Which of the following is a key feature of the ‘CRISPR‑Cas9’ system?
It uses RNA molecules to guide DNA cutting at specific sites
It requires high‑temperature annealing for activity
It only works in bacterial cells
It replaces entire chromosomes in a single step
Explanation - CRISPR‑Cas9 relies on a guide RNA to locate the target DNA sequence for precise editing.
Correct answer is: It uses RNA molecules to guide DNA cutting at specific sites
Q.83 A potential ethical problem with using gene editing to increase human intelligence is:
Higher academic performance for all
Creating societal pressure to conform to enhanced standards and widening inequality
Elimination of learning disabilities
Reduced need for education
Explanation - Enhancing intelligence could lead to new forms of discrimination and social coercion.
Correct answer is: Creating societal pressure to conform to enhanced standards and widening inequality
Q.84 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) review for genetic research?
Assessment of scientific merit
Evaluation of risk‑benefit ratio
Determination of market price for the product
Verification of informed consent procedures
Explanation - IRBs focus on ethical aspects, not commercial pricing.
Correct answer is: Determination of market price for the product
Q.85 The main goal of the ‘Biosafety Level’ (BSL) classification in labs working with genetically modified organisms is to:
Increase the speed of experiments
Protect workers and the environment from accidental release or exposure
Reduce the cost of laboratory equipment
Standardize the color of lab coats
Explanation - BSL guidelines ensure appropriate containment measures based on the risk level of the organisms.
Correct answer is: Protect workers and the environment from accidental release or exposure
Q.86 Which of the following best reflects the concept of ‘genetic solidarity’?
A belief that societies should share the benefits and responsibilities of genetic research equitably
A policy that bans all genetic testing
A principle that only scientists can access genetic data
A legal requirement to patent every gene
Explanation - Genetic solidarity emphasizes collective responsibility and fair distribution of genetic advances.
Correct answer is: A belief that societies should share the benefits and responsibilities of genetic research equitably
Q.87 A potential legal repercussion for violating the 14‑day rule in human embryo research is:
Automatic grant of a patent
Criminal prosecution and loss of funding
Award of a scientific prize
Exemption from all regulations
Explanation - Many jurisdictions consider breach of the 14‑day rule a serious violation, leading to legal sanctions.
Correct answer is: Criminal prosecution and loss of funding
Q.88 Which of the following is a key argument for establishing a global governance framework for gene editing?
To standardize crop yields worldwide
To prevent a regulatory race‑to‑the‑bottom and ensure consistent safety standards
To increase profits for biotech firms
To eliminate all forms of genetic research
Explanation - Global governance can harmonize regulations, avoiding unsafe practices driven by competition.
Correct answer is: To prevent a regulatory race‑to‑the‑bottom and ensure consistent safety standards
Q.89 In the context of genetic testing for employment, the principle of ‘justice’ would demand:
Employers can use any genetic data they wish
All employees have equal protection from genetic discrimination
Only senior staff can be tested
Testing only for physical fitness
Explanation - Justice requires fair treatment and nondiscrimination for all individuals in employment contexts.
Correct answer is: All employees have equal protection from genetic discrimination
Q.90 Which of the following best illustrates a ‘conflict of interest’ in a clinical trial for a gene therapy?
The principal investigator holds stock in the company developing the therapy
The trial is conducted in a high‑altitude lab
The participants are all volunteers
The study uses a double‑blind design
Explanation - Financial stakes can bias the conduct or reporting of trial results.
Correct answer is: The principal investigator holds stock in the company developing the therapy
Q.91 The ethical principle of ‘non‑maleficence’ would most directly oppose which of the following actions?
Providing a patient with a potentially life‑saving gene therapy
Conducting a trial without adequately assessing safety risks
Sharing research findings with the scientific community
Offering counseling before genetic testing
Explanation - Non‑maleficence obliges researchers to avoid causing harm, requiring thorough safety evaluation.
Correct answer is: Conducting a trial without adequately assessing safety risks
Q.92 A key social concern about the use of gene editing in sports is:
Athletes may become too fast
Potential creation of an unfair advantage and a divide between edited and non‑edited athletes
Reduced ticket prices
Increased viewership
Explanation - Genetic enhancement could undermine fairness and equity in competitive sports.
Correct answer is: Potential creation of an unfair advantage and a divide between edited and non‑edited athletes
Q.93 Which of the following best defines the term ‘bioethics’?
The study of plant biology
A field that examines moral issues arising from advances in biology and medicine
A branch of engineering focusing on circuit design
A legal code for patent law
Explanation - Bioethics addresses ethical questions in health care, genetics, and related biological sciences.
Correct answer is: A field that examines moral issues arising from advances in biology and medicine
Q.94 Which of the following would be considered a violation of the ‘right to privacy’ in genetic research?
Storing DNA samples in a locked freezer
Sharing participants’ identifiable genetic data with third parties without consent
Publishing aggregate data without identifiers
Using anonymized data for statistical analysis
Explanation - Disclosing personal genetic information without permission breaches privacy rights.
Correct answer is: Sharing participants’ identifiable genetic data with third parties without consent
Q.95 A major advantage of using CRISPR for crop improvement is:
It eliminates the need for any regulation
It allows precise edits without introducing foreign DNA
It guarantees 100% yield increase
It removes the need for farmers
Explanation - CRISPR can make targeted changes, sometimes resulting in non‑transgenic, regulatory‑friendly crops.
Correct answer is: It allows precise edits without introducing foreign DNA
Q.96 In genetic counseling, the concept of ‘non‑directiveness’ means:
Counselors give a single correct answer
Counselors provide information and support without steering the client toward a specific decision
Clients must decide without any information
Counselors decide for the client
Explanation - Non‑directive counseling respects client autonomy by presenting options neutrally.
Correct answer is: Counselors provide information and support without steering the client toward a specific decision
Q.97 Which international agreement seeks to protect biodiversity by regulating the use of living modified organisms?
The Nagoya Protocol
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Paris Agreement
The Basel Convention
Explanation - The CBD includes provisions on the safe use of LMOs to safeguard biodiversity.
Correct answer is: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Q.98 Which of the following is a major ethical concern regarding the use of CRISPR in human embryos for non‑therapeutic purposes?
Increased crop resilience
Potential to exacerbate social inequality through access to enhancements
Reduced research costs
Improved laboratory safety
Explanation - Non‑therapeutic editing could create a genetic underclass, deepening societal divides.
Correct answer is: Potential to exacerbate social inequality through access to enhancements
Q.99 The term ‘genomic data stewardship’ refers to:
The process of storing DNA in a museum
Responsible management, sharing, and protection of genetic information
Selling personal genetic data to advertisers
Keeping all genomic data secret forever
Explanation - Stewardship involves ethical handling of genomic data, balancing openness with privacy.
Correct answer is: Responsible management, sharing, and protection of genetic information
Q.100 A key reason why some countries ban germline editing is:
Lack of scientific expertise
Ethical concerns about altering the human gene pool for future generations
High agricultural costs
Desire to increase tourism
Explanation - Germline modifications are heritable, prompting caution over irreversible changes to humanity.
Correct answer is: Ethical concerns about altering the human gene pool for future generations