Q.1 Which of the following is a primary medical application of genetic engineering?
Designing more efficient solar panels
Producing insulin through recombinant DNA technology
Improving the conductivity of copper wires
Developing faster microprocessors
Explanation - Recombinant DNA allows bacteria to produce human insulin, a landmark medical application of genetic engineering.
Correct answer is: Producing insulin through recombinant DNA technology
Q.2 What is the main advantage of using genetically modified (GM) crops for pest resistance?
They require no water for growth
They eliminate the need for chemical pesticides
They grow twice as fast as non‑GM crops
They produce electrical energy
Explanation - GM crops can express toxin proteins that deter insects, reducing pesticide applications.
Correct answer is: They eliminate the need for chemical pesticides
Q.3 Which gene‑editing tool is most commonly associated with precise DNA modifications?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
CRISPR‑Cas9
Gel electrophoresis
Northern blotting
Explanation - CRISPR‑Cas9 can target specific DNA sequences for insertion, deletion, or modification with high precision.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas9
Q.4 Golden rice was engineered to produce which nutrient that combats vitamin A deficiency?
Beta‑carotene
Vitamin C
Omega‑3 fatty acids
Vitamin D
Explanation - Beta‑carotene is a precursor of vitamin A; Golden rice expresses genes for its biosynthesis.
Correct answer is: Beta‑carotene
Q.5 In bioremediation, genetically engineered bacteria are used to:
Generate electricity from wind
Break down toxic pollutants in soil or water
Increase the speed of data transmission
Enhance the taste of processed foods
Explanation - Engineered microbes can metabolize hazardous compounds, cleaning contaminated environments.
Correct answer is: Break down toxic pollutants in soil or water
Q.6 What is the purpose of inserting the *Bt* gene into cotton plants?
To make the cotton fibers stronger
To give the plant resistance to bollworm insects
To enable the plant to grow in saline soils
To increase the plant’s photosynthetic rate
Explanation - The *Bt* gene encodes an insecticidal protein from *Bacillus thuringiensis*, protecting cotton from pests.
Correct answer is: To give the plant resistance to bollworm insects
Q.7 Which of the following is a key ethical concern surrounding the use of genetically engineered embryos?
Reduced crop yields
Potential creation of ‘designer babies’
Lower battery life in devices
Decreased solar panel efficiency
Explanation - Manipulating human embryos raises concerns about selection for non‑medical traits and inequality.
Correct answer is: Potential creation of ‘designer babies’
Q.8 In the production of monoclonal antibodies, which cell type is most commonly used as a host after genetic modification?
Yeast cells
CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells
E. coli bacteria
Plant chloroplasts
Explanation - CHO cells are mammalian and can correctly fold and glycosylate complex proteins like antibodies.
Correct answer is: CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells
Q.9 Which of the following is a direct environmental benefit of using genetically engineered biofuel crops?
Higher carbon dioxide emissions
Reduced dependence on fossil fuels
Increased soil erosion
More frequent droughts
Explanation - Biofuel crops can be engineered for higher oil content, providing renewable energy sources.
Correct answer is: Reduced dependence on fossil fuels
Q.10 Gene therapy for a recessive disorder typically aims to:
Delete the healthy gene
Introduce a functional copy of the defective gene
Increase the number of chromosomes
Remove all DNA from the cell
Explanation - Adding a working version of the gene can restore the missing protein function in patients.
Correct answer is: Introduce a functional copy of the defective gene
Q.11 Which technique is used to insert a foreign gene into a plant’s genome?
Electroporation of animal cells
Agrobacterium‑mediated transformation
Western blotting
Flow cytometry
Explanation - Agrobacterium naturally transfers DNA to plants; scientists harness this to deliver desired genes.
Correct answer is: Agrobacterium‑mediated transformation
Q.12 RNA interference (RNAi) in genetically engineered crops is primarily used to:
Increase plant height
Silence genes that make the plant susceptible to viruses
Make the plant glow in the dark
Boost electrical conductivity of plant tissues
Explanation - RNAi can knock down expression of viral susceptibility genes, enhancing resistance.
Correct answer is: Silence genes that make the plant susceptible to viruses
Q.13 Which of the following is NOT a common application of genetic engineering in industry?
Production of human growth hormone
Creation of biodegradable plastics
Designing faster computer chips
Manufacturing of enzymes for detergents
Explanation - Genetic engineering deals with biological systems, not semiconductor fabrication.
Correct answer is: Designing faster computer chips
Q.14 The term "pharming" refers to:
Farming using renewable energy sources
Producing pharmaceuticals in genetically modified plants or animals
Cultivating crops on the moon
Using drones for precision agriculture
Explanation - Pharming harnesses transgenic organisms to manufacture drugs like antibodies or vaccines.
Correct answer is: Producing pharmaceuticals in genetically modified plants or animals
Q.15 Which of the following best describes a ‘knock‑out’ mouse?
A mouse engineered to glow under UV light
A mouse in which a specific gene has been completely disabled
A mouse that can survive without oxygen
A mouse with enhanced muscle mass for research
Explanation - Knock‑out mice lack a functional copy of a target gene, helping study gene function.
Correct answer is: A mouse in which a specific gene has been completely disabled
Q.16 In the context of genetically engineered livestock, the primary goal of inserting the “human lactoferrin” gene into cow's genome is to:
Make the milk sweeter
Increase milk production volume
Produce milk enriched with a protein that has antimicrobial properties
Make the cows resistant to cold weather
Explanation - Human lactoferrin can boost the nutritional and health benefits of cow’s milk.
Correct answer is: Produce milk enriched with a protein that has antimicrobial properties
Q.17 Which of the following diseases has had a successful gene‑therapy treatment approved for clinical use?
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Spinal muscular atrophy
Alzheimer’s disease
Explanation - Onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) uses AAV vectors to deliver a functional SMN1 gene.
Correct answer is: Spinal muscular atrophy
Q.18 The main reason for using *E. coli* as a host for producing recombinant proteins is:
Its ability to perform complex glycosylation
Rapid growth and easy genetic manipulation
Its natural resistance to antibiotics
Its high tolerance to extreme temperatures
Explanation - *E. coli* grows quickly, is well understood, and can be easily transformed with plasmids.
Correct answer is: Rapid growth and easy genetic manipulation
Q.19 Which of the following crops has been genetically engineered to have increased vitamin A content?
Golden rice
Bt corn
Roundup‑Ready soybeans
Viral‑resistant wheat
Explanation - Golden rice expresses carotenoid biosynthesis genes to boost provitamin A.
Correct answer is: Golden rice
Q.20 Gene drives are a technology that can:
Increase the speed of electric current in wires
Spread a particular gene through a population at a rate faster than normal inheritance
Create more efficient solar cells
Improve the taste of processed foods
Explanation - Gene drives bias inheritance, potentially altering entire wild populations.
Correct answer is: Spread a particular gene through a population at a rate faster than normal inheritance
Q.21 Which of the following is a major challenge when using viral vectors for gene therapy?
Low mutation rates in viruses
Immune response against the vector
Excessively high protein production
Inability to enter the nucleus
Explanation - The body’s immune system can recognize and neutralize viral vectors, limiting efficacy.
Correct answer is: Immune response against the vector
Q.22 Synthetic biology often combines genetic engineering with which engineering discipline to create biological circuits?
Civil engineering
Electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering
Aerospace engineering
Explanation - Designing genetic circuits uses concepts from electrical engineering such as logic gates and signal processing.
Correct answer is: Electrical engineering
Q.23 In the context of genetically modified mosquitoes, the primary purpose of the *Wolbachia* infection strategy is to:
Make mosquitoes larger
Reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit dengue and Zika viruses
Increase mosquito lifespan
Make mosquitoes emit light
Explanation - *Wolbachia* can block viral replication inside the mosquito, decreasing disease transmission.
Correct answer is: Reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit dengue and Zika viruses
Q.24 Which of the following best describes the term “bio‑fortification”?
Adding chemical fertilizers to improve soil fertility
Genetically enhancing crops to increase their nutritional value
Increasing the size of agricultural machinery
Applying pesticides to boost crop yield
Explanation - Bio‑fortification uses genetic engineering to raise levels of vitamins, minerals, or protein in foods.
Correct answer is: Genetically enhancing crops to increase their nutritional value
Q.25 What is the main function of the selectable marker gene (e.g., antibiotic resistance) in a plasmid used for plant transformation?
To increase the plant’s growth rate
To allow identification of successfully transformed cells
To enhance photosynthesis efficiency
To change the color of the plant flowers
Explanation - Selectable markers let researchers isolate cells that have taken up the plasmid by surviving on selective media.
Correct answer is: To allow identification of successfully transformed cells
Q.26 Which of these is a commercial product that uses genetically engineered yeast to produce a vitamin?
Vitamin D tablets
Vitamin B12 supplement
Vitamin C gummies
Vitamin K capsules
Explanation - Engineered yeast can synthesize vitamin B12, which is otherwise difficult to obtain from plant sources.
Correct answer is: Vitamin B12 supplement
Q.27 The concept of “personalized medicine” often relies on which genetic engineering technology?
CRISPR‑Cas9 for editing patient‑specific mutations
PCR for amplifying DNA for diagnostics
Gel electrophoresis for protein separation
Southern blotting for RNA detection
Explanation - CRISPR enables precise correction of individual genetic defects, paving the way for tailored therapies.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas9 for editing patient‑specific mutations
Q.28 What is the purpose of adding a “promoter” sequence upstream of a gene in a genetic construct?
To terminate transcription
To initiate transcription and control gene expression level
To translate the protein faster
To degrade the mRNA quickly
Explanation - Promoters bind RNA polymerase and regulate when and how much a gene is expressed.
Correct answer is: To initiate transcription and control gene expression level
Q.29 In the production of bio‑ethanol, genetically engineered yeast strains are often modified to:
Produce more ethanol from xylose and other pentose sugars
Increase resistance to high temperatures
Emit light during fermentation
Grow on metal surfaces
Explanation - Engineering yeast to ferment pentose sugars improves bio‑ethanol yields from plant biomass.
Correct answer is: Produce more ethanol from xylose and other pentose sugars
Q.30 Which of the following is a safety measure commonly required for field trials of GM crops?
Planting crops only during winter
Isolation distances to prevent cross‑pollination with non‑GM crops
Using only hydroponic systems
Applying double the amount of fertilizer
Explanation - Regulations often mandate buffer zones to avoid gene flow to conventional or wild relatives.
Correct answer is: Isolation distances to prevent cross‑pollination with non‑GM crops
Q.31 Which of the following diseases could potentially be treated by using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‑cell therapy, a form of genetic engineering?
Type 1 diabetes
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Hypertension
Asthma
Explanation - CAR‑T cells are engineered to target cancer-specific antigens, showing success in certain leukemias.
Correct answer is: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Q.32 The term “cisgenesis” refers to:
Transfer of genes between unrelated species
Insertion of a gene from the same species or a sexually compatible one
Editing of non‑coding DNA only
Use of synthetic DNA not found in nature
Explanation - Cisgenesis avoids trans‑species gene transfer, potentially easing regulatory concerns.
Correct answer is: Insertion of a gene from the same species or a sexually compatible one
Q.33 What is the main advantage of using plant cell cultures (e.g., tobacco BY‑2 cells) for producing recombinant proteins?
They grow faster than bacteria
They can perform complex post‑translational modifications similar to those in higher plants
They are immune to viral infections
They do not require any growth medium
Explanation - Plant cells can correctly fold and glycosylate proteins, important for many therapeutic proteins.
Correct answer is: They can perform complex post‑translational modifications similar to those in higher plants
Q.34 Which of the following applications of genetic engineering is directly related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
Engineering algae to produce high‑yield bio‑diesel
Creating crops that produce more fruit
Designing bacteria that glow in the dark
Developing faster computer processors
Explanation - Algal bio‑diesel can replace fossil fuels, cutting CO₂ emissions.
Correct answer is: Engineering algae to produce high‑yield bio‑diesel
Q.35 A major advantage of using a “self‑splicing intron” in a genetic construct is:
It increases the length of the gene
It allows removal of the intron without requiring additional enzymes
It prevents transcription entirely
It makes the protein fluorescent
Explanation - Self‑splicing introns catalyze their own excision during RNA processing.
Correct answer is: It allows removal of the intron without requiring additional enzymes
Q.36 In the context of genetically modified fish (e.g., AquAdvantage salmon), the introduced gene primarily serves to:
Make the fish glow in the dark
Accelerate growth rate by increasing growth hormone production
Make the fish resistant to cold water
Alter the fish’s taste to be sweeter
Explanation - A growth hormone‑regulating gene from another fish species enables faster growth.
Correct answer is: Accelerate growth rate by increasing growth hormone production
Q.37 Which of the following is a limitation of using *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* (baker’s yeast) for the production of complex mammalian proteins?
Inability to grow on solid media
Lack of proper mammalian glycosylation patterns
Extremely slow growth rate
Requirement for high temperatures
Explanation - Yeast glycosylation differs from humans, which can affect protein function and immunogenicity.
Correct answer is: Lack of proper mammalian glycosylation patterns
Q.38 The use of a “gene cassette” in plant transformation typically includes:
Only the gene of interest
A promoter, the gene of interest, and a selectable marker
A sequence for antibiotic production
A DNA segment that fluoresces under UV light
Explanation - A gene cassette bundles necessary regulatory elements and markers for selection.
Correct answer is: A promoter, the gene of interest, and a selectable marker
Q.39 What is the primary purpose of “RNA‑seq” in the context of genetically engineered organisms?
To measure the DNA content of cells
To sequence the entire genome
To quantify transcript levels and assess gene expression changes
To visualize proteins under a microscope
Explanation - RNA‑seq provides a snapshot of all RNAs, indicating how genetic modifications affect expression.
Correct answer is: To quantify transcript levels and assess gene expression changes
Q.40 Which of the following is a potential risk associated with the release of gene‑edited mosquitoes into the wild?
Increased crop yields
Unintended ecological impacts on predator‑prey relationships
Higher electricity consumption
Reduced solar panel efficiency
Explanation - Altering mosquito populations could cascade through ecosystems, affecting other species.
Correct answer is: Unintended ecological impacts on predator‑prey relationships
Q.41 In the production of recombinant vaccines, the antigen is often expressed in:
Human skin cells
Plant chloroplasts
Bacterial or yeast expression systems
Metallic nanowires
Explanation - These microorganisms are fast, scalable, and can produce large amounts of antigenic protein.
Correct answer is: Bacterial or yeast expression systems
Q.42 Which of the following best describes “metabolic engineering”?
Changing the shape of a protein
Modifying the pathways in a cell to increase production of a desired metabolite
Increasing the temperature tolerance of a cell
Altering the electrical resistance of a bacterial membrane
Explanation - Metabolic engineering rewires enzymatic steps to boost yields of compounds like biofuels or pharmaceuticals.
Correct answer is: Modifying the pathways in a cell to increase production of a desired metabolite
Q.43 The first genetically modified animal approved for human food consumption was:
A transgenic salmon
A GM pig
A Flavr Savr tomato
A genetically engineered cow
Explanation - Approved in 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato delayed ripening by silencing a polygalacturonase gene.
Correct answer is: A Flavr Savr tomato
Q.44 In gene therapy, a “vector” most commonly refers to:
A type of electric circuit
A delivery vehicle (often a virus) that carries therapeutic DNA into cells
A chemical catalyst
A software program for DNA analysis
Explanation - Vectors protect and transport the therapeutic gene across the cell membrane.
Correct answer is: A delivery vehicle (often a virus) that carries therapeutic DNA into cells
Q.45 Which of the following statements about CRISPR off‑target effects is true?
Off‑target effects never occur with CRISPR
They refer to unintended edits at DNA sites other than the intended target
They improve the efficiency of gene editing
They are only a problem in bacterial cells
Explanation - Off‑target activity can cause mutations elsewhere, a key safety concern.
Correct answer is: They refer to unintended edits at DNA sites other than the intended target
Q.46 The term “biobetter” is used to describe:
A genetically engineered organism that is better than the original species
A biologic drug that is improved over an existing biologic, often via genetic engineering
A new type of battery
A faster internet protocol
Explanation - Biobetters are modified biologics with enhanced efficacy, safety, or dosing.
Correct answer is: A biologic drug that is improved over an existing biologic, often via genetic engineering
Q.47 Which technology is used to create “knock‑in” mouse models where a specific gene is inserted at a precise genomic location?
RNA interference
Homologous recombination
Southern blotting
Electrophoresis
Explanation - Homologous recombination replaces a genomic segment with a donor DNA containing the desired gene.
Correct answer is: Homologous recombination
Q.48 A common method for delivering CRISPR components into plant cells is:
Microinjection of adult plant tissues
Particle bombardment (biolistics)
Electroporation of chloroplasts
Sonication of seeds
Explanation - Biolistics shoots DNA-coated particles into plant cells, bypassing the cell wall barrier.
Correct answer is: Particle bombardment (biolistics)
Q.49 Which of the following is a characteristic of a “self‑replicating” plasmid used in bacterial transformation?
It integrates permanently into the host chromosome
It can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome
It cannot be replicated without viral enzymes
It destroys the host cell after replication
Explanation - Self‑replicating plasmids contain an origin of replication, allowing them to copy themselves in the host.
Correct answer is: It can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome
Q.50 In the context of genetically engineered animals for food, the term “fast‑grow” typically refers to:
Animals that grow twice the normal size within a short period due to growth‑hormone genes
Animals that can survive without water
Animals that produce more meat due to a diet of GM corn
Animals that are resistant to all diseases
Explanation - Fast‑grow animals are engineered to overexpress growth hormones or related pathways.
Correct answer is: Animals that grow twice the normal size within a short period due to growth‑hormone genes
Q.51 Which of the following best illustrates an application of genetic engineering in environmental monitoring?
Creating bacteria that fluoresce in the presence of heavy metals
Engineering trees to grow taller
Modifying wheat to have a sweeter taste
Designing fish that can live in saltwater
Explanation - Such biosensors can detect pollutants by emitting a measurable signal.
Correct answer is: Creating bacteria that fluoresce in the presence of heavy metals
Q.52 The term “synthetic gene circuit” most closely relates to:
An electrical circuit printed on a chip
A network of interacting genes designed to perform logical operations
A new type of gasoline engine
A method for increasing plant height
Explanation - Synthetic gene circuits mimic digital logic using promoters, repressors, and activators.
Correct answer is: A network of interacting genes designed to perform logical operations
Q.53 Which of the following crops has been engineered for herbicide tolerance, allowing farmers to spray herbicide without damaging the crop?
Bt corn
Roundup‑Ready soybeans
Golden rice
Viral‑resistant wheat
Explanation - These soybeans express a glyphosate‑resistant EPSPS enzyme, enabling herbicide use.
Correct answer is: Roundup‑Ready soybeans
Q.54 A major advantage of using viral vectors derived from adeno‑associated virus (AAV) in gene therapy is:
High integration into host genome
Low immunogenicity and ability to infect non‑dividing cells
Ability to carry very large DNA fragments (>100 kb)
Rapid degradation inside the cell
Explanation - AAVs are relatively safe and can transduce many cell types, including neurons.
Correct answer is: Low immunogenicity and ability to infect non‑dividing cells
Q.55 Which of the following best describes the use of “RNA vaccines” such as those for COVID‑19?
They integrate DNA into the host genome permanently
They deliver mRNA encoding a viral antigen, prompting an immune response
They use live attenuated viruses
They replace the need for any protein production
Explanation - mRNA vaccines use the body’s cellular machinery to produce the antigen temporarily.
Correct answer is: They deliver mRNA encoding a viral antigen, prompting an immune response
Q.56 In the context of gene editing, “base editing” refers to:
Replacing one DNA base with another without causing double‑strand breaks
Editing whole chromosomes
Inserting large DNA fragments
Changing RNA bases only
Explanation - Base editors chemically convert one nucleotide to another, offering precision with fewer side effects.
Correct answer is: Replacing one DNA base with another without causing double‑strand breaks
Q.57 Which of the following applications uses genetically engineered microorganisms to produce a biodegradable plastic?
Production of polylactic acid (PLA) using engineered *E. coli*
Synthesis of PET bottles from algae
Creating nylon from corn starch
Manufacturing steel from yeast
Explanation - *E. coli* can be modified to convert sugars into lactic acid, a monomer for PLA.
Correct answer is: Production of polylactic acid (PLA) using engineered *E. coli*
Q.58 What is the primary reason for adding a “terminator” sequence downstream of a transgene?
To start transcription
To stop transcription and provide polyadenylation signals
To increase the gene’s mutation rate
To make the DNA fluorescent
Explanation - Terminators signal RNA polymerase to cease transcription and help stabilize mRNA.
Correct answer is: To stop transcription and provide polyadenylation signals
Q.59 Which of the following is a potential benefit of using “gene drives” to control invasive species?
Permanent eradication without any ecological side effects
Rapid spread of a trait that reduces fertility in the invasive population
Increasing the speed of the species’ migration
Making the species glow for easier tracking
Explanation - Gene drives can push infertility genes through a population, lowering numbers.
Correct answer is: Rapid spread of a trait that reduces fertility in the invasive population
Q.60 In the production of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH), which expression system is most commonly used?
Mammalian cell culture (CHO cells)
Yeast (*Pichia pastoris*)
Bacterial (*E. coli*) with proper folding assistance
Plant chloroplasts
Explanation - CHO cells ensure proper folding and post‑translational modifications of hGH.
Correct answer is: Mammalian cell culture (CHO cells)
Q.61 Which of the following describes a “conditional knockout” mouse?
A mouse where a gene is deleted only in specific tissues or at specific times
A mouse that glows under UV light
A mouse with an extra copy of a gene
A mouse that is resistant to all diseases
Explanation - Conditional knockouts use Cre‑Lox or similar systems to control where/when the gene is removed.
Correct answer is: A mouse where a gene is deleted only in specific tissues or at specific times
Q.62 Which of the following is a major challenge when engineering photosynthetic microorganisms for biofuel production?
Low light absorption efficiency
Inability to grow in water
Excessive production of oxygen
High resistance to antibiotics
Explanation - Improving light capture and carbon fixation is essential for economically viable biofuel yields.
Correct answer is: Low light absorption efficiency
Q.63 The term “gene therapy” most accurately refers to:
Using drugs to increase gene expression
Surgical removal of mutated genes
Introducing functional genes into a patient’s cells to treat disease
Changing the patient’s diet to affect gene activity
Explanation - Gene therapy delivers therapeutic genes to correct or compensate for defective ones.
Correct answer is: Introducing functional genes into a patient’s cells to treat disease
Q.64 Which of the following is an example of a “designer probiotic” created through genetic engineering?
A yogurt culture that produces vitamin K2
A yeast strain that makes bread rise faster
A bacteria engineered to secrete anti‑inflammatory molecules in the gut
A fungus that degrades plastic
Explanation - Designer probiotics are modified to deliver therapeutic compounds directly within the gastrointestinal tract.
Correct answer is: A bacteria engineered to secrete anti‑inflammatory molecules in the gut
Q.65 What is the main advantage of using a “dual‑promoter” system in a genetic construct?
It reduces the size of the DNA vector
It allows simultaneous expression of two genes at controlled levels
It eliminates the need for selectable markers
It makes the DNA resistant to degradation
Explanation - Dual promoters can drive independent transcription of multiple genes in one construct.
Correct answer is: It allows simultaneous expression of two genes at controlled levels
Q.66 In the context of GM crops, “stacked traits” refer to:
Plants that have multiple genetic modifications combined in a single line
Crops that are grown in multiple layers
Plants that are taller than normal
Fields that contain several different species
Explanation - Stacked traits provide several benefits (e.g., pest resistance + herbicide tolerance) in one cultivar.
Correct answer is: Plants that have multiple genetic modifications combined in a single line
Q.67 Which of the following is a method used to confirm successful insertion of a transgene into a plant’s genome?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Southern blotting
Both PCR and Southern blotting
None of the above
Explanation - PCR can quickly detect the presence of a gene; Southern blotting confirms copy number and integration pattern.
Correct answer is: Both PCR and Southern blotting
Q.68 A key environmental concern with the use of herbicide‑tolerant GM crops is:
Increased soil erosion
Development of herbicide‑resistant weeds
Higher water consumption
Reduced biodiversity of pollinators
Explanation - Repeated herbicide use selects for weeds that evolve resistance, challenging weed management.
Correct answer is: Development of herbicide‑resistant weeds
Q.69 Which of the following best describes the function of “RNA polymerase II” in eukaryotic gene expression?
Synthesizes DNA from an RNA template
Transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA
Degrades mRNA after translation
Helps splice introns out of pre‑mRNA
Explanation - RNA polymerase II is responsible for mRNA synthesis in eukaryotes.
Correct answer is: Transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA
Q.70 In synthetic biology, the concept of a “biobrick” refers to:
A modular DNA part with defined function and standardized ends
A small piece of laboratory equipment
A type of biodegradable plastic
A protein that glows under UV light
Explanation - Biobricks are standardized DNA sequences that can be assembled into larger genetic constructs.
Correct answer is: A modular DNA part with defined function and standardized ends
Q.71 Which of the following crops has been engineered to have a reduced need for nitrogen fertilizer through the introduction of nitrogen‑fixing genes?
Bt corn
Soybean
Rice
None of the above (this technology is still experimental)
Explanation - Engineering nitrogen fixation into major cereals remains a research goal, not a commercial reality yet.
Correct answer is: None of the above (this technology is still experimental)
Q.72 A major advantage of using “transient expression” in plants (e.g., via agroinfiltration) is:
Long‑term stable integration of the gene
Rapid production of protein without creating a stable transgenic line
Elimination of the need for any DNA delivery method
Higher resistance to viral infection
Explanation - Transient expression allows quick protein yields for research or vaccine production.
Correct answer is: Rapid production of protein without creating a stable transgenic line
Q.73 Which of the following best explains why codon optimization is performed when expressing a human protein in bacteria?
To change the protein’s three‑dimensional structure
To replace rare bacterial codons with those preferred by the host, improving translation efficiency
To increase the DNA size
To make the gene resistant to antibiotics
Explanation - Optimized codons match the host’s tRNA abundance, enhancing protein production.
Correct answer is: To replace rare bacterial codons with those preferred by the host, improving translation efficiency
Q.74 Which of the following applications of genetic engineering directly contributes to the development of “personalized nutrition”?
Creating crops with specific nutrient profiles tailored to individual health needs
Engineering bacteria that produce electricity
Developing faster microprocessors
Designing synthetic fabrics
Explanation - Genetically tailored foods can address individual deficiencies or health conditions.
Correct answer is: Creating crops with specific nutrient profiles tailored to individual health needs
Q.75 The primary reason for using a “fusion protein” tag (e.g., His‑tag) in recombinant protein production is:
To increase the protein’s enzymatic activity
To simplify purification using affinity chromatography
To make the protein fluorescent
To protect the protein from degradation
Explanation - His‑tags bind metal ions, allowing easy purification of the target protein.
Correct answer is: To simplify purification using affinity chromatography
Q.76 Which of the following statements about “gene silencing” via RNAi is true?
It permanently deletes the target gene
It degrades mRNA of the target gene, reducing its expression temporarily
It increases the transcription rate of the gene
It only works in bacterial cells
Explanation - RNAi uses small RNAs to guide the degradation of specific mRNAs, lowering protein levels.
Correct answer is: It degrades mRNA of the target gene, reducing its expression temporarily
Q.77 In the context of genetically engineered disease vectors, the term “population replacement” refers to:
Eliminating the entire species from an ecosystem
Releasing engineered individuals that spread a beneficial trait through the population, replacing the wild type
Using pesticides to kill the vector
Changing the diet of the vector species
Explanation - Population replacement aims to replace disease‑transmitting mosquitoes with harmless, modified ones.
Correct answer is: Releasing engineered individuals that spread a beneficial trait through the population, replacing the wild type
Q.78 Which of the following is a reason why CRISPR can be more versatile than traditional zinc‑finger nucleases (ZFNs)?
CRISPR does not require protein engineering for each new target sequence
CRISPR can only edit RNA
ZFNs are not able to cut DNA
CRISPR works only in bacteria
Explanation - CRISPR uses a guide RNA to direct the nuclease, making retargeting simple and fast.
Correct answer is: CRISPR does not require protein engineering for each new target sequence
Q.79 The first FDA‑approved gene therapy in the United States (in 2017) was for which disease?
Cystic fibrosis
Leber’s congenital amaurosis (a form of inherited blindness)
Spinal muscular atrophy
Hemophilia B
Explanation - Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec) treats a rare retinal disease by delivering a functional RPE65 gene.
Correct answer is: Leber’s congenital amaurosis (a form of inherited blindness)
Q.80 In the production of recombinant antibodies, why are “Fc‑fusion” proteins sometimes used?
To increase the antibody’s half‑life in circulation
To make the antibody fluorescent
To reduce the antibody’s binding affinity
To enable the antibody to cross the blood‑brain barrier
Explanation - Fc regions interact with neonatal Fc receptors, prolonging serum half‑life.
Correct answer is: To increase the antibody’s half‑life in circulation
Q.81 Which of the following best describes “gene stacking” in the context of GM seed development?
Planting several crops together in a field
Combining multiple transgenes into a single plant line to confer several traits
Increasing the number of seeds per pod
Using stacked layers of soil
Explanation - Gene stacking provides multiple agronomic benefits in one cultivar.
Correct answer is: Combining multiple transgenes into a single plant line to confer several traits
Q.82 The “Golden Rice” project primarily addresses which global health issue?
Protein deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Iron deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Explanation - Golden Rice produces β‑carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, to combat deficiency in developing regions.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A deficiency
Q.83 Which of the following is a common strategy to reduce the risk of transgene flow from GM crops to wild relatives?
Using male sterility genes
Increasing fertilizer application
Planting crops closer together
Harvesting crops earlier
Explanation - Male sterility prevents pollen formation, limiting gene transfer to wild plants.
Correct answer is: Using male sterility genes
Q.84 A “synthetic promoter” is designed to:
Replicate the DNA of viruses
Increase the size of the genome
Control gene expression with customized strength and regulation
Prevent transcription altogether
Explanation - Synthetic promoters combine regulatory elements to fine‑tune transcription levels.
Correct answer is: Control gene expression with customized strength and regulation
Q.85 Which of the following is an example of a therapeutic protein produced using a plant‑based expression system?
Human insulin from *E. coli*
Monoclonal antibody ZMapp produced in tobacco plants
Recombinant hemoglobin from yeast
Growth hormone from algae
Explanation - ZMapp, an Ebola treatment, was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using a plant viral vector.
Correct answer is: Monoclonal antibody ZMapp produced in tobacco plants
Q.86 In the context of gene therapy, the term “ex vivo” refers to:
Modifying cells inside the patient’s body
Modifying cells outside the body and then re‑introducing them into the patient
Injecting the therapy directly into the bloodstream
Using a virus that never enters cells
Explanation - Ex vivo approaches allow precise manipulation and quality control before transplantation.
Correct answer is: Modifying cells outside the body and then re‑introducing them into the patient
Q.87 Which of the following is a major limitation of using CRISPR‑Cas12a compared to Cas9?
Cas12a cannot cut DNA
Cas12a requires a longer PAM sequence, limiting target sites
Cas12a is not functional in eukaryotes
Cas12a has higher off‑target activity
Explanation - Cas12a recognizes a T-rich PAM (TTTV), which is less common than the NGG PAM of Cas9.
Correct answer is: Cas12a requires a longer PAM sequence, limiting target sites
Q.88 Which of the following statements about “bio‑sensors” using genetically engineered microbes is true?
They can only detect temperature changes
They can be engineered to emit a fluorescent signal in the presence of specific chemicals
They require high‑voltage power sources
They are only useful in laboratory settings
Explanation - Engineered microbes can produce detectable signals (e.g., fluorescence) when they encounter target analytes.
Correct answer is: They can be engineered to emit a fluorescent signal in the presence of specific chemicals
Q.89 In the context of GM fish, what does the term “sterile‑male technique” aim to achieve?
Produce fish that are larger than normal
Release sterile males to reduce wild population reproduction
Make fish resistant to all diseases
Increase the nutritional content of fish meat
Explanation - Sterile males compete with fertile males, decreasing the number of offspring and controlling invasive species.
Correct answer is: Release sterile males to reduce wild population reproduction
Q.90 Which of the following is a key advantage of using “cell‑free protein synthesis” systems for rapid prototyping of genetic constructs?
They require living cells for protein production
They allow protein expression without cell growth, speeding up testing cycles
They are only applicable to plant proteins
They produce proteins with higher immunogenicity
Explanation - Cell‑free systems use extracts containing the transcription/translation machinery, enabling fast protein synthesis.
Correct answer is: They allow protein expression without cell growth, speeding up testing cycles
Q.91 The “Biosafety Level 2 (BSL‑2)” containment is required for work with:
Non‑pathogenic E. coli used in cloning
Highly lethal viruses like Ebola
Plants engineered for herbicide tolerance
Synthetic polymers
Explanation - BSL‑2 is appropriate for agents that pose moderate hazards, such as standard cloning strains of E. coli.
Correct answer is: Non‑pathogenic E. coli used in cloning
Q.92 Which of the following best explains why the “CRISPR‑Cas” system originally evolved in bacteria?
To help bacteria synthesize proteins faster
To provide adaptive immunity against invading viruses (phages)
To increase bacterial motility
To regulate bacterial cell division
Explanation - CRISPR arrays store snippets of viral DNA, enabling recognition and destruction of future infections.
Correct answer is: To provide adaptive immunity against invading viruses (phages)
Q.93 Which of the following is an example of a “phytoremediation” application of genetic engineering?
Engineering poplar trees to accumulate heavy metals from contaminated soil
Creating wheat with higher protein content
Developing corn that requires less water
Engineering rice to resist flood damage
Explanation - Phytoremediation uses plants (often engineered) to extract or detoxify pollutants from the environment.
Correct answer is: Engineering poplar trees to accumulate heavy metals from contaminated soil
Q.94 Which of the following best describes the role of a “ribosome‑binding site (RBS)” in a prokaryotic expression cassette?
It terminates transcription
It signals the ribosome where to start translation of mRNA
It degrades the mRNA after translation
It protects DNA from nucleases
Explanation - The RBS (Shine‑Dalgarno sequence) aligns the ribosome with the start codon for translation initiation.
Correct answer is: It signals the ribosome where to start translation of mRNA
Q.95 In the context of genetically engineered livestock, the insertion of a “human α‑lactalbumin” gene into cow’s genome is intended to:
Make the milk lactose‑free
Increase the nutritional value by adding a human milk protein
Make the cows resistant to cold climates
Increase the size of the cow
Explanation - Human α‑lactalbumin improves the amino‑acid profile of cow’s milk, benefiting infant nutrition.
Correct answer is: Increase the nutritional value by adding a human milk protein
Q.96 Which of the following best describes the concept of “genetically encoded biosensors”?
Sensors made of metal that detect electrical signals
Engineered cells that produce a measurable output (e.g., fluorescence) in response to a specific molecule
Mechanical devices that sense temperature changes
Software algorithms for analyzing DNA sequences
Explanation - Genetically encoded biosensors link detection of a target to a reporter gene expression.
Correct answer is: Engineered cells that produce a measurable output (e.g., fluorescence) in response to a specific molecule
Q.97 The first gene‑edited animal approved for human consumption by the FDA (2022) was:
A CRISPR‑modified salmon
A gene‑edited pig for organ transplantation
A transgenic cow producing human albumin
A GM corn variety
Explanation - The AquAdvantage salmon contains a growth‑hormone gene from the Chinook salmon, approved for the market in 2022.
Correct answer is: A CRISPR‑modified salmon
Q.98 Which of the following is a potential drawback of using “viral vectors” for gene delivery in clinical trials?
They cannot enter mammalian cells
Risk of insertional mutagenesis and immune reactions
They have unlimited cargo capacity
They are inexpensive to produce
Explanation - Viral integration can disrupt host genes, and pre‑existing immunity can neutralize vectors.
Correct answer is: Risk of insertional mutagenesis and immune reactions
Q.99 Which of the following best explains why “codon bias” matters when expressing a gene in a heterologous host?
It determines the protein’s three‑dimensional shape
It influences translation speed due to differing tRNA abundances
It changes the DNA’s melting temperature
It alters the gene’s promoter strength
Explanation - Host organisms have preferred codons; matching these improves translation efficiency.
Correct answer is: It influences translation speed due to differing tRNA abundances
Q.100 In the field of agricultural biotechnology, the term “RNA‑based spray” refers to:
A pesticide that physically covers crops
Application of double‑stranded RNA to silence pest genes without genetic modification of the plant
A method to increase plant height
A technique for delivering fertilizer
Explanation - RNA sprays trigger RNAi in pests, providing a non‑transgenic pest control strategy.
Correct answer is: Application of double‑stranded RNA to silence pest genes without genetic modification of the plant
Q.101 Which of the following is a key regulatory consideration for releasing genetically engineered organisms into the environment?
The color of the organism
Potential for horizontal gene transfer to wild species
The cost of the organism
The speed at which the organism grows
Explanation - Regulators assess gene flow risks, including horizontal transfer to related species.
Correct answer is: Potential for horizontal gene transfer to wild species
Q.102 The term “metabolite‑engineered yeast” typically describes:
Yeast that can survive in extreme temperatures
Yeast that has been modified to overproduce a valuable small molecule (e.g., a drug precursor)
Yeast that glows in the dark
Yeast that can digest plastic
Explanation - Metabolic engineering redirects pathways to increase yields of desired compounds.
Correct answer is: Yeast that has been modified to overproduce a valuable small molecule (e.g., a drug precursor)
Q.103 Which of the following best characterizes a “gene drive” that uses CRISPR to spread a trait?
It relies on Mendelian inheritance only
It copies the CRISPR cassette into the homologous chromosome, ensuring >50% inheritance
It only works in plants
It eliminates the need for any genetic modifications
Explanation - CRISPR‑based drives cut the wild‑type allele, prompting repair using the drive allele as a template.
Correct answer is: It copies the CRISPR cassette into the homologous chromosome, ensuring >50% inheritance
Q.104 Which of the following applications of genetic engineering directly contributes to the development of “precision agriculture”?
Creating crops with built‑in sensors that report nutrient status via fluorescence
Designing tractors with better fuel efficiency
Developing new irrigation techniques
Introducing larger farm equipment
Explanation - Sensor‑enabled plants can inform farmers about real‑time nutrient or stress levels for targeted interventions.
Correct answer is: Creating crops with built‑in sensors that report nutrient status via fluorescence
Q.105 Which of the following is an example of a “synthetic lethal” approach in cancer therapy that leverages genetic engineering?
Targeting a gene that is essential only in tumor cells lacking a specific tumor suppressor
Increasing the dosage of chemotherapy drugs
Using radiation to destroy all cells
Vaccinating patients against viral infections
Explanation - Synthetic lethality exploits dependencies unique to cancer cells for selective killing.
Correct answer is: Targeting a gene that is essential only in tumor cells lacking a specific tumor suppressor
Q.106 The main purpose of adding a “poly‑A tail” to eukaryotic mRNA is to:
Enhance transcription initiation
Stabilize the mRNA and aid in translation
Terminate transcription
Guide the mRNA to the nucleus
Explanation - The poly‑A tail protects mRNA from degradation and assists ribosome binding.
Correct answer is: Stabilize the mRNA and aid in translation
Q.107 Which of the following is a commonly used selectable marker in plant transformation?
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Kanamycin resistance gene (nptII)
Beta‑galactosidase (lacZ)
Firefly luciferase
Explanation - nptII confers resistance to kanamycin, allowing selection of transformed plant cells.
Correct answer is: Kanamycin resistance gene (nptII)
Q.108 Which of the following best describes the advantage of using “site‑specific recombinases” (e.g., Cre, Flp) in genetic engineering?
They increase the overall size of the genome
They allow precise insertion, deletion, or inversion of DNA at defined sites
They randomly integrate DNA into the genome
They prevent any gene expression
Explanation - Site‑specific recombinases recognize specific DNA sequences, enabling controlled genome editing.
Correct answer is: They allow precise insertion, deletion, or inversion of DNA at defined sites
Q.109 In the context of genetically engineered microbes for biomanufacturing, the term “titer” refers to:
The speed at which the organism divides
The concentration of the desired product in the culture broth
The temperature at which the culture is grown
The size of the microbial cells
Explanation - Higher titers indicate more efficient production of the target compound.
Correct answer is: The concentration of the desired product in the culture broth
Q.110 Which of the following is a key reason to use a “dual‑vector” system in AAV‑mediated gene therapy?
To increase the size of the therapeutic gene that can be packaged
To reduce the cost of production
To enable the virus to infect bacterial cells
To avoid the need for a promoter
Explanation - AAV vectors have a limited cargo capacity (~4.7 kb); dual vectors split larger genes and reconstitute them in the cell.
Correct answer is: To increase the size of the therapeutic gene that can be packaged
Q.111 Which of the following best defines “biocontainment” in the context of genetically engineered microorganisms?
Providing the microbes with extra nutrients
Engineering genetic safeguards (e.g., auxotrophy) that prevent survival outside controlled environments
Ensuring the microbes can survive in any environment
Coating the microbes in metal
Explanation - Biocontainment strategies limit the ability of engineered organisms to persist in the wild.
Correct answer is: Engineering genetic safeguards (e.g., auxotrophy) that prevent survival outside controlled environments
Q.112 In the production of recombinant vaccines, why is a “virus‑like particle (VLP)” approach advantageous?
VLPs contain the viral genome, leading to higher replication rates
VLPs mimic the virus structure without containing genetic material, providing strong immune responses without risk of infection
VLPs are cheaper to produce than any other method
VLPs can be directly injected into the brain
Explanation - VLPs display viral antigens in a native conformation, eliciting robust immunity safely.
Correct answer is: VLPs mimic the virus structure without containing genetic material, providing strong immune responses without risk of infection
Q.113 Which of the following technologies enables the simultaneous editing of multiple genes in a single step?
Single‑guide CRISPR‑Cas9
Multiplexed CRISPR using multiple guide RNAs
Traditional breeding
RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Explanation - Multiple guide RNAs can direct Cas9 to different genomic loci, allowing concurrent edits.
Correct answer is: Multiplexed CRISPR using multiple guide RNAs
Q.114 Which of the following is a potential application of genetically engineered cyanobacteria?
Producing bio‑hydrogen as a renewable fuel
Generating high‑strength steel
Creating biodegradable plastics directly in soil
Increasing the lifespan of batteries
Explanation - Engineered cyanobacteria can channel photosynthetic electrons toward hydrogenase enzymes, producing H₂.
Correct answer is: Producing bio‑hydrogen as a renewable fuel
Q.115 The “GMO” label on food products in many countries is primarily intended to:
Indicate higher nutritional value
Inform consumers that the product contains genetically modified ingredients
Guarantee that the food is pesticide‑free
Show that the product is organic
Explanation - Labeling provides transparency about the presence of engineered genetic material.
Correct answer is: Inform consumers that the product contains genetically modified ingredients
Q.116 Which of the following best describes an “all‑in‑one” vector used for gene therapy?
A vector that contains both the therapeutic gene and all necessary regulatory elements for expression in one construct
A vector that can infect both plants and animals simultaneously
A vector that requires multiple injections to work
A vector that does not contain any promoter
Explanation - All‑in‑one vectors simplify delivery by bundling the transgene, promoter, poly‑A signal, and other elements.
Correct answer is: A vector that contains both the therapeutic gene and all necessary regulatory elements for expression in one construct
Q.117 Which of the following is a common use of genetically engineered algae in industry?
Production of omega‑3 fatty acids for nutritional supplements
Creating biodegradable batteries
Generating high‑resolution displays
Improving concrete strength
Explanation - Algae can be engineered to overproduce EPA and DHA, key omega‑3 fatty acids.
Correct answer is: Production of omega‑3 fatty acids for nutritional supplements