Q.1 Which of the following best describes informed consent in genomic research?
A written agreement that data will be shared publicly
A verbal agreement that data will be used for any purpose
A process where participants understand the purpose, risks, and benefits before agreeing
No agreement is needed if the study is anonymous
Explanation - Informed consent requires participants to be fully informed about the study’s goals, potential risks, benefits, and how their data will be used, and to voluntarily agree before participating.
Correct answer is: A process where participants understand the purpose, risks, and benefits before agreeing
Q.2 What does the term 'genetic privacy' refer to?
Keeping your genes hidden from yourself
Keeping genetic information confidential and secure
Genetic data that is publicly available
None of the above
Explanation - Genetic privacy means protecting an individual’s DNA information so that it isn’t accessed or used without authorization.
Correct answer is: Keeping genetic information confidential and secure
Q.3 Which law in the United States protects individuals from genetic discrimination in employment?
The Affordable Care Act
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Explanation - GINA prohibits employers from using genetic information to make hiring or employment decisions and protects against discrimination.
Correct answer is: The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Q.4 What is a 'biobank'?
A storage of blood samples only
A collection of biological samples for research and data analysis
A bank that stores DNA as currency
A type of DNA sequencing machine
Explanation - Biobanks gather biological specimens (like blood, tissue) and associated data for use in research projects, often with strict privacy protocols.
Correct answer is: A collection of biological samples for research and data analysis
Q.5 Which of these is a potential ethical concern of CRISPR gene editing in humans?
It can only fix diseases, no other impact
Long-term safety and unintended genetic changes
It is completely free of cost
It can replace all other medical treatments
Explanation - CRISPR may introduce off‑target edits or unknown long‑term effects, raising safety and ethical questions.
Correct answer is: Long-term safety and unintended genetic changes
Q.6 Why is ‘data de‑identification’ important in genomic studies?
It makes the data smaller in size
It removes personal identifiers to protect privacy
It speeds up data analysis
It is not necessary in modern research
Explanation - De‑identification removes or masks information that could directly identify an individual, reducing privacy risks.
Correct answer is: It removes personal identifiers to protect privacy
Q.7 Which principle states that researchers should balance benefits and risks when using genetic data?
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Beneficence requires researchers to maximize benefits while minimizing potential harms in studies.
Correct answer is: Beneficence
Q.8 What does 'incidental findings' mean in the context of genomic testing?
Results that are directly related to the tested condition
Unrelated genetic information discovered unintentionally
Errors in the testing process
Information that is not reported to participants
Explanation - Incidental findings are unexpected genetic results that may have medical relevance but were not the study’s focus.
Correct answer is: Unrelated genetic information discovered unintentionally
Q.9 Which international agreement promotes the sharing of genomic data for public health while protecting privacy?
The Geneva Convention
The WHO Global Code of Practice on Human Genome Editing
The Nagoya Protocol
The Paris Agreement
Explanation - The Nagoya Protocol ensures fair sharing of genetic resources and benefits while respecting sovereign rights and privacy.
Correct answer is: The Nagoya Protocol
Q.10 Who is primarily responsible for ensuring that a genomic study complies with ethical standards?
The principal investigator (PI)
The laboratory technician
The participants themselves
The funding agency
Explanation - The PI leads the study and ensures all ethical approvals, consent processes, and data protection measures are in place.
Correct answer is: The principal investigator (PI)
Q.11 Which of the following best describes 'genetic counseling'?
A type of DNA sequencing technology
A support service to help individuals understand genetic risks
A process of editing genes
A software tool for analyzing genomes
Explanation - Genetic counselors provide information and emotional support around genetic test results and decisions.
Correct answer is: A support service to help individuals understand genetic risks
Q.12 Why is the ‘right to not know’ important in genomic testing?
People can refuse to test altogether
People may choose not to receive certain genetic information
It allows researchers to keep data private
It ensures no data is shared with third parties
Explanation - The right to not know protects individuals who prefer not to learn about potential health risks revealed by genetic testing.
Correct answer is: People may choose not to receive certain genetic information
Q.13 Which of these is a key consideration when publishing genomic data?
Ensuring the data is kept on a personal laptop
Ensuring the data is anonymized and secure
Only publishing data that shows positive results
Disclosing all personal details for transparency
Explanation - Public data sharing requires that personal identifiers are removed or protected to safeguard privacy.
Correct answer is: Ensuring the data is anonymized and secure
Q.14 Which principle states that each participant in a study should be treated as a distinct individual with their own rights?
Justice
Autonomy
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Explanation - Autonomy emphasizes respect for individual decision‑making and personal rights.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.15 What is a major ethical issue with using genomic data for personalized advertising?
It is always legal and ethical
It can lead to manipulation based on genetic traits
It helps in targeting products more efficiently
It improves health outcomes
Explanation - Using genetics to target ads raises concerns about exploitation, privacy, and discrimination.
Correct answer is: It can lead to manipulation based on genetic traits
Q.16 Which term refers to the legal protection of a unique genetic sequence that is novel and not found in nature?
Patent
Copyright
Trademark
Trade secret
Explanation - Patents protect inventions, including engineered DNA sequences, provided they meet novelty and non‑obviousness criteria.
Correct answer is: Patent
Q.17 Why must researchers obtain a 'genetic data use agreement' before accessing a biobank?
To pay for the data
To specify how the data may be used and ensure compliance
To gain free samples
To avoid any paperwork
Explanation - The agreement defines permissible uses, safeguards, and responsibilities of the user.
Correct answer is: To specify how the data may be used and ensure compliance
Q.18 Which of these is NOT an element of a robust consent form for genomic studies?
Purpose of the study
Potential risks and benefits
Future use of the data
Personal diary entries of participants
Explanation - Consent forms should describe study details, risks, benefits, and data use, not personal diaries.
Correct answer is: Personal diary entries of participants
Q.19 Which of the following best describes 'direct-to-consumer' genetic testing?
Tests ordered by doctors only
Tests purchased online and sent directly to consumers
Laboratory tests that require a prescription
Research studies only
Explanation - Direct‑to‑consumer tests allow individuals to order DNA tests without a medical intermediary.
Correct answer is: Tests purchased online and sent directly to consumers
Q.20 What is meant by 'genetic data sovereignty'?
A country’s right to control its genetic resources
A data type that is not owned by anyone
A law that prevents data sharing
A technology that encrypts genetic data
Explanation - Genetic sovereignty asserts that nations have authority over access to their native genetic resources.
Correct answer is: A country’s right to control its genetic resources
Q.21 Which of the following best describes the 'right to privacy' in genetic data?
Everyone can view all genetic information online
Only licensed researchers can see any data
Individuals have control over who accesses their genetic information
Genetic data is always publicly available
Explanation - The right to privacy allows individuals to decide how and when their genetic data is shared.
Correct answer is: Individuals have control over who accesses their genetic information
Q.22 Which of the following is a consequence of ‘genetic exceptionalism’?
All genetic data is treated the same as other health data
Genetic information is considered inherently more sensitive and requires extra protections
Genetic data is never shared
Genetic data can be used for any purpose without restrictions
Explanation - Genetic exceptionalism argues that DNA data is uniquely personal and thus demands higher safeguards.
Correct answer is: Genetic information is considered inherently more sensitive and requires extra protections
Q.23 Which technology is commonly used to analyze whole‑genome sequencing data?
PCR
Sanger sequencing
Next‑generation sequencing (NGS) pipelines
Microscopy
Explanation - NGS pipelines process massive amounts of sequence data to identify variants across the genome.
Correct answer is: Next‑generation sequencing (NGS) pipelines
Q.24 What does the term ‘data minimization’ mean in the context of genomic research?
Collecting as much data as possible
Collecting only the data strictly necessary for the research
Storing data in minimal storage space
Removing data after 24 hours
Explanation - Data minimization limits collection to what is essential, reducing privacy risks.
Correct answer is: Collecting only the data strictly necessary for the research
Q.25 Which of the following is NOT a recognized ethical principle in biomedical research?
Beneficence
Justice
Patience
Autonomy
Explanation - The recognized principles are beneficence, justice, non‑maleficence, and autonomy.
Correct answer is: Patience
Q.26 Which organization provides guidelines for responsible use of CRISPR in humans?
WHO
FDA
NIH
All of the above
Explanation - The WHO, FDA, and NIH all issue guidelines or regulations concerning CRISPR applications.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.27 Which type of data is usually shared with the scientific community from a biobank?
Personal names and addresses
De‑identified sample metadata and genetic variants
Social media profiles
Medical billing records
Explanation - Shared data is stripped of personally identifying information but retains useful scientific information.
Correct answer is: De‑identified sample metadata and genetic variants
Q.28 Why is ‘ethical review’ necessary before starting a genomic study?
To ensure compliance with regulations and protect participants
To speed up data analysis
To reduce costs
To avoid publishing results
Explanation - Ethical review checks that the study meets legal standards and safeguards participants’ rights.
Correct answer is: To ensure compliance with regulations and protect participants
Q.29 Which of these is an example of genetic discrimination?
A company offering a discount to all employees
An insurer refusing coverage based on a genetic predisposition
A school offering scholarships to all students
A hospital admitting all patients
Explanation - Discrimination occurs when genetic information is used to deny benefits or services.
Correct answer is: An insurer refusing coverage based on a genetic predisposition
Q.30 What does ‘privacy by design’ mean in genomic data systems?
Designing software after data is collected
Building privacy safeguards into the system from the start
Only storing data in the cloud
Using open-source software
Explanation - Privacy by design incorporates data protection principles during system development.
Correct answer is: Building privacy safeguards into the system from the start
Q.31 Which of the following is a main concern regarding ‘gene drives’ in the environment?
They may spread genetically engineered traits across species
They have no effect on ecosystems
They are completely safe
They only affect humans
Explanation - Gene drives can propagate modifications through wild populations, raising ecological and ethical questions.
Correct answer is: They may spread genetically engineered traits across species
Q.32 Which is a common method to protect genomic data during storage?
Keeping it in a public folder
Using encryption algorithms
Printing it on paper
Storing it in a visible cabinet
Explanation - Encryption keeps the data unreadable to unauthorized users, enhancing security.
Correct answer is: Using encryption algorithms
Q.33 What is the main purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
To approve marketing strategies
To review and approve research involving human subjects
To manage laboratory equipment
To process grant applications
Explanation - IRBs evaluate research protocols to protect participants’ rights and welfare.
Correct answer is: To review and approve research involving human subjects
Q.34 Which of the following statements best describes ‘genetic counseling’?
A therapy that edits DNA
A support service to interpret genetic test results
A computer program for sequencing data
A method of storing DNA samples
Explanation - Genetic counseling helps individuals understand and cope with the implications of genetic findings.
Correct answer is: A support service to interpret genetic test results
Q.35 Which of these is a potential benefit of sharing genomic data openly?
Accelerating scientific discovery
Increasing privacy risks
Limiting research opportunities
None of the above
Explanation - Open data enables broader collaboration and faster progress while requiring safeguards.
Correct answer is: Accelerating scientific discovery
Q.36 What does the ‘right to withdraw’ mean in a genomic study?
The participant can stop paying fees
The participant can stop participating and request data deletion
The participant can stop funding the research
The participant can stop reading the results
Explanation - Participants can leave a study at any time, and their data can be removed from the dataset.
Correct answer is: The participant can stop participating and request data deletion
Q.37 Which term refers to genetic data that could identify an individual when combined with other publicly available information?
Pseudonymous data
Re‑identifiable data
De‑identified data
Anonymized data
Explanation - Even if anonymized, data can be matched with external sources to re‑identify individuals.
Correct answer is: Re‑identifiable data
Q.38 Which of the following is a key goal of the GDPR regarding genetic data?
To allow unrestricted data sharing
To ensure strict consent and data protection for genetic information
To ban all genetic research
To promote genetic engineering
Explanation - GDPR imposes stringent requirements for processing sensitive personal data, including genetic data.
Correct answer is: To ensure strict consent and data protection for genetic information
Q.39 Which type of study might generate the largest ethical concerns due to its design?
Observational cohort study
Case‑control study
Randomized controlled trial
Cross‑sectional study
Explanation - RCTs involve intervention, requiring careful risk assessment and participant protection.
Correct answer is: Randomized controlled trial
Q.40 Why are 'anonymized' data sets still potentially risky?
Because the data is not encrypted
Because identifiers may be hidden but can be re‑identified
Because they are publicly available
Because they contain personal names
Explanation - Anonymization removes direct identifiers, but indirect data can still lead to re‑identification.
Correct answer is: Because identifiers may be hidden but can be re‑identified
Q.41 What does the term ‘data subject’ refer to?
The person who owns the data storage device
The individual whose data is collected
The software that processes the data
The laboratory technician
Explanation - A data subject is the person to whom the personal data belongs.
Correct answer is: The individual whose data is collected
Q.42 Which of the following best describes ‘benefit sharing’ in research?
Researchers keep all benefits for themselves
Participants receive a share of benefits derived from their data
Benefits are shared only with funding agencies
Benefits are not shared at all
Explanation - Benefit sharing ensures that those who contributed data receive some advantage from resulting discoveries.
Correct answer is: Participants receive a share of benefits derived from their data
Q.43 What is a ‘data access committee’?
A group that monitors internet usage in labs
A group that reviews and approves requests for genetic data
A committee that controls lab equipment
A team that cleans lab computers
Explanation - Data access committees ensure that data requests align with ethical and legal guidelines.
Correct answer is: A group that reviews and approves requests for genetic data
Q.44 Which of these is a concern regarding the commercialization of genomic data?
All participants become wealthy
Companies may sell data to third parties without consent
It is always fully regulated
It has no impact on privacy
Explanation - Commercial entities might monetize data, raising ethical concerns about informed consent and privacy.
Correct answer is: Companies may sell data to third parties without consent
Q.45 Which legal concept protects against the misuse of an individual's DNA for non‑health-related purposes?
HIPAA
FDA regulation
The Genetic Privacy Act
None of the above
Explanation - HIPAA covers the protection of personal health information, including genetic data, in the US.
Correct answer is: HIPAA
Q.46 Which of the following best describes the term ‘phased array’ in genomic sequencing?
A method to separate DNA strands based on length
A technique to determine the parent of origin for genetic variants
A type of PCR reaction
A storage format for genome sequences
Explanation - Phasing identifies which allele came from each parent, useful in disease research.
Correct answer is: A technique to determine the parent of origin for genetic variants
Q.47 What is the primary ethical issue with using genomic data for law‑enforcement investigations?
It is cost‑effective
It may infringe on privacy and civil liberties
It is scientifically inaccurate
It helps solve crimes faster
Explanation - Using DNA in policing raises concerns about privacy, consent, and potential misuse.
Correct answer is: It may infringe on privacy and civil liberties
Q.48 Which of these is a key consideration when returning genetic results to participants?
Providing results regardless of clinical validity
Ensuring results are clinically valid and actionable
Sending results only via email
Keeping results secret from participants
Explanation - Only valid, actionable findings should be returned to avoid causing unnecessary anxiety.
Correct answer is: Ensuring results are clinically valid and actionable
Q.49 Which principle demands that researchers do no harm to participants?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Explanation - Non‑maleficence obligates researchers to avoid causing harm.
Correct answer is: Non‑maleficence
Q.50 Why might a researcher choose to use a 'genetic anonymization' technique?
To make data easier to analyze
To hide personal identifiers and protect privacy
To increase the cost of research
To shorten the sequencing process
Explanation - Anonymization removes or masks identifiers to safeguard participant confidentiality.
Correct answer is: To hide personal identifiers and protect privacy
Q.51 What is the main purpose of 'data stewardship'?
Managing the budget for research projects
Ensuring proper handling, storage, and sharing of data
Tracking laboratory equipment
Organizing grant applications
Explanation - Data stewardship governs data lifecycle, ensuring security and compliance.
Correct answer is: Ensuring proper handling, storage, and sharing of data
Q.52 Which of these is an example of 'data ownership' in genomics?
Researchers can claim the data after publication
Participants retain ownership of their genetic data
The government owns all genetic data
Data ownership is irrelevant
Explanation - Ethical frameworks often assert that participants hold ownership rights over their own genetic information.
Correct answer is: Participants retain ownership of their genetic data
Q.53 Why are 'informed consent' documents often long and complex?
Because they include legal language to cover many scenarios
To confuse participants
Because they are mandatory for all studies
Because they are written in multiple languages
Explanation - Consent forms must detail potential uses, risks, and data sharing to meet legal and ethical standards.
Correct answer is: Because they include legal language to cover many scenarios
Q.54 Which of the following best defines 'secondary use' of genetic data?
Using data for the original research purpose
Using data for a new, unrelated research question
Selling data to the public
Discarding data after study completion
Explanation - Secondary use refers to analyzing existing data for purposes beyond the initial study.
Correct answer is: Using data for a new, unrelated research question
Q.55 What is a 'genetic variant'?
A mutation that appears in all individuals
A change in DNA sequence that can be common or rare
A type of data storage format
An encryption key for genetic data
Explanation - Variants are differences in DNA that may affect health or traits.
Correct answer is: A change in DNA sequence that can be common or rare
Q.56 Which organization monitors the ethical aspects of human genome editing?
WHO
FDA
NIH
All of the above
Explanation - WHO, FDA, and NIH all provide oversight and guidelines for genome editing research.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.57 What is the purpose of a 'data governance framework'?
To control the lab budget
To establish policies, standards, and responsibilities for data use
To manage office supplies
To organize conferences
Explanation - Governance frameworks define how data is managed, protected, and shared.
Correct answer is: To establish policies, standards, and responsibilities for data use
Q.58 Which of these is a benefit of ‘collaborative research’ in genomics?
Limited access to data
Increased reproducibility and resource sharing
Reduced quality control
None of the above
Explanation - Collaborative research promotes shared data and tools, improving reproducibility and scientific progress.
Correct answer is: Increased reproducibility and resource sharing
Q.59 Which of the following is a major challenge for sharing genomic data internationally?
Uniform regulations everywhere
Different privacy laws and cultural values
No need for encryption
Unlimited resources
Explanation - Varying regulations and norms complicate cross‑border data sharing.
Correct answer is: Different privacy laws and cultural values
Q.60 Which of these best describes 'genetic ancestry testing'?
Testing for diseases only
Determining ethnic background and population origins
Sequencing the entire genome for research
A type of forensic analysis
Explanation - Ancestry tests analyze markers to infer geographic and ethnic heritage.
Correct answer is: Determining ethnic background and population origins
Q.61 What is 'genetic data minimization'?
Collecting only essential genetic data for the study
Collecting as many variants as possible
Minimizing the number of samples
Reducing the size of the genome sequenced
Explanation - Data minimization limits data collection to what is strictly necessary, protecting privacy.
Correct answer is: Collecting only essential genetic data for the study
Q.62 Which of the following is a primary risk of releasing raw genomic data to the public?
The data will never be used
Potential for re‑identification and privacy breaches
Data will automatically become encrypted
The data will degrade over time
Explanation - Raw data may contain enough information for someone to identify individuals, especially when combined with other data.
Correct answer is: Potential for re‑identification and privacy breaches
Q.63 Which term describes a legal protection that restricts the use of an individual’s genetic information for certain purposes?
Data sovereignty
Genetic nondiscrimination law
Data minimization
Encryption
Explanation - Such laws prevent discrimination based on genetic information in employment or insurance.
Correct answer is: Genetic nondiscrimination law
Q.64 Which of these is a key component of a genetic data sharing agreement?
The color of the lab's walls
Clear data usage limitations and privacy safeguards
The price of the DNA sequencer
The name of the principal investigator only
Explanation - Agreements must detail permissible uses, confidentiality, and compliance measures.
Correct answer is: Clear data usage limitations and privacy safeguards
Q.65 What is the main ethical justification for requiring participants to sign a consent form before genomic testing?
To ensure participants understand the possible outcomes and can voluntarily agree
To reduce paperwork for researchers
To speed up the sequencing process
To keep data in the public domain
Explanation - Consent protects individuals from unanticipated risks and ensures their voluntary participation.
Correct answer is: To ensure participants understand the possible outcomes and can voluntarily agree
Q.66 Which of the following best describes a 'variant of uncertain significance' (VUS)?
A variant that has a known disease association
A variant whose impact on health is not yet known
A variant that cannot be sequenced
A variant found only in non‑human organisms
Explanation - VUS are genetic changes with unclear clinical relevance.
Correct answer is: A variant whose impact on health is not yet known
Q.67 Which of these is a potential advantage of ‘cloud computing’ for genomic data?
Unlimited free storage
Rapid scalability for large data processing
No need for secure access controls
Data is always publicly visible
Explanation - Cloud platforms can handle large-scale genomic datasets, but require robust security measures.
Correct answer is: Rapid scalability for large data processing
Q.68 What is the main concern with using genetic information in insurance underwriting?
It makes premiums cheaper for all
It can lead to unfairly higher premiums or denial of coverage
It is always accurate
It has no effect on policy decisions
Explanation - Using genetics in underwriting can discriminate against individuals with predispositions to disease.
Correct answer is: It can lead to unfairly higher premiums or denial of coverage
Q.69 Which of the following best captures the concept of 'data curation' in genomics?
Adding color to data visualizations
Systematic organization, annotation, and quality control of genomic data
Deleting unused data
Publishing data on social media
Explanation - Curation ensures datasets are reliable, standardized, and useful for future analyses.
Correct answer is: Systematic organization, annotation, and quality control of genomic data
Q.70 Which of the following best describes a ‘research ethics committee (REC)’?
A group that organizes research conferences
A panel that reviews research protocols to protect human subjects
A committee that manages laboratory equipment
A board that decides on grant funding
Explanation - RECs or IRBs evaluate studies for ethical compliance.
Correct answer is: A panel that reviews research protocols to protect human subjects
Q.71 What is the primary ethical concern with ‘philanthropic genomic testing’?
It always provides accurate results
It may not include full informed consent or proper data protection
It is more expensive than commercial tests
It is regulated by the government
Explanation - Philanthropic offerings may lack rigorous consent and privacy safeguards.
Correct answer is: It may not include full informed consent or proper data protection
Q.72 Which principle states that research findings should be shared with participants?
Transparency
Justice
Beneficence
All of the above
Explanation - Transparency involves communicating results back to participants when appropriate.
Correct answer is: Transparency
Q.73 What does 'genome editing' involve?
Reading DNA sequences
Changing DNA sequences at specific locations
Sequencing the entire genome
Storing genetic data in the cloud
Explanation - Genome editing, e.g., CRISPR, makes targeted modifications to DNA.
Correct answer is: Changing DNA sequences at specific locations
Q.74 Which of the following is a potential societal benefit of large-scale genomic data collection?
Improved understanding of disease mechanisms
Increased surveillance of all individuals
Complete privacy for all participants
Elimination of all health disparities
Explanation - Large datasets can uncover genetic risk factors and inform therapies.
Correct answer is: Improved understanding of disease mechanisms
Q.75 Which of these is a hallmark of the 'Human Genome Project'?
Sequencing of the entire human genome
Discovery of CRISPR
Development of a universal gene therapy
Establishment of GDPR
Explanation - The Human Genome Project mapped the human DNA sequence and opened new research avenues.
Correct answer is: Sequencing of the entire human genome
Q.76 What does the 'right to be forgotten' refer to?
The ability to erase personal data from public records
The ability to ignore scientific data
The ability to refuse to be photographed
The ability to keep a diary private
Explanation - This legal right allows individuals to request deletion of personal information.
Correct answer is: The ability to erase personal data from public records
Q.77 Which of the following is a reason for requiring ‘dual use research’ oversight?
To ensure the study is published quickly
To prevent misuse of scientific findings for harmful purposes
To keep data secret
To reduce funding
Explanation - Dual use research can have beneficial and potentially harmful applications, requiring careful oversight.
Correct answer is: To prevent misuse of scientific findings for harmful purposes
Q.78 What is the main purpose of a 'data audit' in a genomic research project?
To verify compliance with data handling policies
To delete all data
To create a new database
To publish results early
Explanation - Audits assess whether protocols and standards are followed.
Correct answer is: To verify compliance with data handling policies
Q.79 Which of these is a common ethical issue in ‘gene therapy’ trials?
Ensuring adequate follow‑up for long‑term effects
Reducing the cost of treatment
Eliminating all side effects
All of the above
Explanation - Gene therapies may have lasting effects that require long‑term monitoring.
Correct answer is: Ensuring adequate follow‑up for long‑term effects
Q.80 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'data sovereignty' in the context of genetics?
The right of an individual to control the use of their genetic data
The government’s control over all genetic data worldwide
The ability to keep data in a local server only
The legal ownership of DNA samples
Explanation - Data sovereignty refers to individuals’ control over their personal data.
Correct answer is: The right of an individual to control the use of their genetic data
Q.81 What does 'genomic surveillance' refer to?
Tracking the spread of diseases using genetic data
Monitoring personal genetic traits in the public
Keeping a diary of genetic changes
A type of forensic test
Explanation - Genomic surveillance helps identify and monitor pathogen evolution.
Correct answer is: Tracking the spread of diseases using genetic data
Q.82 Why are 'ethical guidelines' for human genome editing necessary?
To ensure research is conducted responsibly and safely
To prevent any use of the technology
To eliminate the need for funding
To replace all medical treatments
Explanation - Guidelines help prevent misuse and protect human rights.
Correct answer is: To ensure research is conducted responsibly and safely
Q.83 Which of the following is a core ethical principle that supports participant autonomy?
Beneficence
Non‑maleficence
Informed consent
Justice
Explanation - Informed consent upholds autonomy by allowing participants to make voluntary decisions.
Correct answer is: Informed consent
Q.84 What is a 'genetic data breach'?
The accidental deletion of genetic data
Unauthorized access or disclosure of genetic information
The intentional destruction of all data
The sharing of data with collaborators
Explanation - A breach compromises data security and can harm individuals.
Correct answer is: Unauthorized access or disclosure of genetic information
Q.85 Which of these is a reason to restrict the release of whole‑genome sequencing data to the public?
It reduces research opportunities
It increases the risk of privacy violations and re‑identification
It improves data quality
It simplifies data analysis
Explanation - Public release of raw data can lead to privacy breaches if not properly anonymized.
Correct answer is: It increases the risk of privacy violations and re‑identification
Q.86 Which of the following is a key element of a 'data sharing agreement'?
Data usage scope and limitations
The color scheme of the data portal
The name of the principal investigator only
The type of sequencing machine used
Explanation - The agreement specifies how the data can be used and protected.
Correct answer is: Data usage scope and limitations
Q.87 What is the primary purpose of 'data anonymization' in genetic studies?
To remove identifiers and protect participant confidentiality
To increase the size of the dataset
To make data publicly available
To speed up sequencing
Explanation - Anonymization reduces privacy risks by removing personal identifiers.
Correct answer is: To remove identifiers and protect participant confidentiality
Q.88 Which of the following best describes a 'genetic variant of known significance'?
A variant with uncertain clinical relevance
A variant proven to be associated with a disease or trait
A variant that cannot be detected
A variant that is never found in humans
Explanation - Known significance indicates established clinical relevance.
Correct answer is: A variant proven to be associated with a disease or trait
Q.89 What is a 'dual use research of concern' (DURC)?
Research that can only be used for good purposes
Research that can potentially be used for harmful or malicious purposes
Research with no potential applications
Research that is purely theoretical
Explanation - DURC requires special oversight due to potential misuse.
Correct answer is: Research that can potentially be used for harmful or malicious purposes
Q.90 Which of the following best describes 'genetic privacy violations' in the workplace?
Employees voluntarily share genetic data
Employers obtain genetic data without consent and use it for hiring decisions
Genetic data is only used for health insurance
All employees are given a copy of their own genetic data
Explanation - Using genetic information in hiring without consent violates privacy and discrimination laws.
Correct answer is: Employers obtain genetic data without consent and use it for hiring decisions
Q.91 Why might a researcher choose to use a 'synthetic control' instead of a 'real control' in a genomics study?
To avoid using human samples and reduce ethical concerns
To increase the cost of the study
To collect more participants
To speed up data collection
Explanation - Synthetic controls can reduce the need for additional human subjects.
Correct answer is: To avoid using human samples and reduce ethical concerns
Q.92 Which of these is a primary goal of the 'Human Subjects Research' regulations?
To maximize profit from research
To protect the rights, welfare, and dignity of human participants
To eliminate all data sharing
To restrict scientific advancement
Explanation - Regulations such as the Common Rule set standards for ethical human research.
Correct answer is: To protect the rights, welfare, and dignity of human participants
Q.93 What is the primary ethical concern with 'direct‑to‑consumer' genetic testing services?
They provide highly accurate medical diagnoses
They often lack thorough counseling and can cause anxiety over uncertain results
They are always free of charge
They are regulated by the FDA
Explanation - Without proper guidance, consumers may misinterpret results, leading to stress.
Correct answer is: They often lack thorough counseling and can cause anxiety over uncertain results
Q.94 Which of the following best explains 'genomic data stewardship'?
Storing data in a local server only
Responsible management, preservation, and ethical use of genetic data throughout its lifecycle
Destroying all data after the study
Selling data to the highest bidder
Explanation - Stewardship ensures data integrity, security, and compliance with regulations.
Correct answer is: Responsible management, preservation, and ethical use of genetic data throughout its lifecycle
Q.95 Which of the following is a potential benefit of ‘genomic medicine’?
Personalized treatment plans based on an individual’s genetic profile
Elimination of all genetic diseases
Increasing the cost of healthcare
No effect on patient outcomes
Explanation - Genomic medicine tailors therapies to an individual's genetic makeup.
Correct answer is: Personalized treatment plans based on an individual’s genetic profile
Q.96 What does the term 'genetic data curation' involve?
Adding color to DNA images
Organizing and annotating genomic data to ensure accuracy and usability
Deleting all unused data
Transferring data to a cloud server
Explanation - Curation provides quality control and metadata for future research use.
Correct answer is: Organizing and annotating genomic data to ensure accuracy and usability
Q.97 Which of the following is a key element in protecting the privacy of genomic data?
Encryption of stored data
Unlimited public access
No consent required
Immediate deletion after collection
Explanation - Encryption safeguards data against unauthorized access.
Correct answer is: Encryption of stored data
Q.98 What is a major ethical concern with 'gene editing' in embryos?
It is always beneficial
Potential for unforeseen health effects and unequal access to technology
It eliminates all diseases
It has no regulatory oversight
Explanation - Embryo editing raises safety and fairness issues.
Correct answer is: Potential for unforeseen health effects and unequal access to technology
Q.99 Which of the following best explains the concept of 'data ownership' in genomics?
Researchers own all data collected in a study
Participants retain ownership and control over their genetic data
Data is owned by the government
Data is owned by the funding agency
Explanation - Ethical norms emphasize participant ownership of personal genetic information.
Correct answer is: Participants retain ownership and control over their genetic data
Q.100 What is the primary ethical justification for requiring an 'IRB review' before a genetic study?
To ensure that the study follows legal, ethical, and safety standards and protects participant rights
To speed up publication
To reduce data storage costs
To avoid consent forms
Explanation - IRBs protect human subjects and uphold research ethics.
Correct answer is: To ensure that the study follows legal, ethical, and safety standards and protects participant rights
Q.101 Which of the following best describes 'data minimization' in genomic research?
Collecting all possible data points for analysis
Collecting only the data essential for the research question
Discarding all data after analysis
Storing data in multiple places
Explanation - Data minimization limits collection to what is strictly necessary, protecting privacy.
Correct answer is: Collecting only the data essential for the research question
Q.102 Which of the following is an example of 'incidental findings' in a genetic test?
A confirmed diagnosis of a known disease
An unrelated genetic variant that may predispose to another condition
The sequencing error rate
A test that fails to produce data
Explanation - Incidental findings are unexpected results that can have medical implications.
Correct answer is: An unrelated genetic variant that may predispose to another condition
Q.103 Which of the following is a reason for the existence of 'genetic nondiscrimination laws'?
To allow insurance companies to use genetic data freely
To prevent discrimination based on genetic information in employment and insurance
To restrict data sharing among researchers
To eliminate privacy protections
Explanation - These laws protect individuals from unfair treatment due to genetic traits.
Correct answer is: To prevent discrimination based on genetic information in employment and insurance
Q.104 What does the term 'phasing' refer to in genomic data analysis?
Sequencing the genome in phases
Determining which allele came from each parent
Changing DNA sequence
Storing data in phases
Explanation - Phasing assigns variants to specific parental chromosomes.
Correct answer is: Determining which allele came from each parent
Q.105 Which of these best describes a 'genomic data breach' scenario?
A researcher accidentally deletes the dataset
An unauthorized person gains access to sensitive genetic information
Data is archived in a secure location
All participants provide consent
Explanation - A breach compromises confidentiality and may cause harm.
Correct answer is: An unauthorized person gains access to sensitive genetic information
Q.106 Which of the following best illustrates the principle of 'justice' in genetics research?
Allocating benefits fairly among all participant groups
Using data only for commercial purposes
Focusing on a single demographic group
Maximizing profit
Explanation - Justice ensures equitable treatment and distribution of research benefits.
Correct answer is: Allocating benefits fairly among all participant groups
Q.107 What is a 'gene drive'?
A method to edit genes in human embryos
A genetic mechanism that biases inheritance to spread a specific trait in a population
A way to store genetic data
A type of sequencing error
Explanation - Gene drives can alter entire populations, raising ecological and ethical concerns.
Correct answer is: A genetic mechanism that biases inheritance to spread a specific trait in a population
Q.108 Which of the following is a major ethical consideration when using genomic data to develop personalized medicine?
Ensuring equitable access to the resulting therapies
Eliminating all costs associated with treatment
Guaranteeing success for all patients
No need for patient consent
Explanation - Personalized medicine can create disparities if only a few can afford treatments.
Correct answer is: Ensuring equitable access to the resulting therapies
Q.109 Which of the following best describes 'data de‑identification'?
Adding new personal identifiers to data
Removing or masking identifying information from datasets
Encrypting data only for public release
None of the above
Explanation - De‑identification reduces the risk of linking data back to individuals.
Correct answer is: Removing or masking identifying information from datasets
Q.110 What does the term 'open science' mean in the context of genomics?
Only sharing data with approved institutions
Making data, methods, and results openly accessible to the scientific community
Keeping data secret from competitors
Publishing papers in closed journals
Explanation - Open science promotes transparency and collaboration while respecting privacy.
Correct answer is: Making data, methods, and results openly accessible to the scientific community
Q.111 Which of the following best explains 'genetic discrimination in education'?
Allowing schools to use genetic tests for admissions
Providing equal opportunities regardless of genetics
Using genetic information to deny scholarships or placements
Encouraging all students to take genetics courses
Explanation - Discrimination based on genetics violates fairness principles.
Correct answer is: Using genetic information to deny scholarships or placements
Q.112 Which of the following is a reason for requiring 'data usage agreements' with research collaborators?
To ensure data is used only for approved purposes and protected appropriately
To guarantee unlimited use of the data
To allow data to be sold to the highest bidder
To remove the need for informed consent
Explanation - Usage agreements set legal and ethical boundaries for data sharing.
Correct answer is: To ensure data is used only for approved purposes and protected appropriately
Q.113 Which of these is a typical feature of 'genetic data repositories'?
Public accessibility with no restrictions
Secure, controlled access with proper consent and privacy safeguards
Data is not stored but only transmitted
Only used for clinical diagnostics
Explanation - Repositories maintain data security while facilitating research.
Correct answer is: Secure, controlled access with proper consent and privacy safeguards
Q.114 Which of the following best illustrates 'genomic surveillance' during a pandemic?
Using genetic sequencing to track virus mutations and spread patterns
Publishing news about the pandemic
Collecting patient surveys
Storing genetic data in a public database
Explanation - Surveillance helps public health officials monitor pathogen evolution.
Correct answer is: Using genetic sequencing to track virus mutations and spread patterns
Q.115 Which of these is a concern regarding the use of genomic data in public policy decisions?
Ensuring that policies are based on sound science
Using genetic data to make discriminatory policy decisions
Only using data from a single demographic
Publicly sharing all personal data
Explanation - Policy decisions based on genetics can perpetuate inequalities.
Correct answer is: Using genetic data to make discriminatory policy decisions
Q.116 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'data sovereignty' for individuals?
The right of an individual to control how their personal genetic data is accessed and used
The government’s absolute control over all genetic data
The right to keep data in a single server only
The legal ownership of DNA samples by researchers
Explanation - Data sovereignty emphasizes personal control over data.
Correct answer is: The right of an individual to control how their personal genetic data is accessed and used
Q.117 Which of the following is a common method to prevent 'genetic data leakage' in cloud storage?
Storing data on unencrypted hard drives
Implementing robust access controls and encryption
Allowing public access to the dataset
Deleting all data after upload
Explanation - Security measures protect data from unauthorized access.
Correct answer is: Implementing robust access controls and encryption
Q.118 Which of the following best explains the term 'informed consent' in research?
Participants agree to participate without reading any documents
Participants understand the study purpose, risks, and benefits before agreeing
Participants sign a form with no details
Researchers do not need to obtain consent
Explanation - Informed consent ensures voluntary and knowledgeable participation.
Correct answer is: Participants understand the study purpose, risks, and benefits before agreeing
Q.119 Which of the following is an ethical concern when using genomic data for predictive analytics?
Accurate predictions for all individuals
Potential for misinterpretation, discrimination, and privacy breaches
All data is publicly available
No regulatory oversight
Explanation - Predictive models may mislead users and expose sensitive information.
Correct answer is: Potential for misinterpretation, discrimination, and privacy breaches
Q.120 Which of the following is a key element of the 'Common Rule' for human subjects research?
Requiring only verbal consent
Mandating the protection of human subjects and ethical review processes
No oversight required
Only focusing on financial interests
Explanation - The Common Rule sets national standards for research ethics.
Correct answer is: Mandating the protection of human subjects and ethical review processes
Q.121 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'genomic data stewardship'?
Storing data in a public database without controls
Responsible management, preservation, and ethical use of genetic data throughout its lifecycle
Only analyzing data for a short time
Disposing of data after the study
Explanation - Stewardship ensures data is secure, accurate, and used ethically.
Correct answer is: Responsible management, preservation, and ethical use of genetic data throughout its lifecycle