Q.1 1. What is the primary goal of comparative genomics?
To sequence a single genome accurately
To compare DNA sequences from different species
To identify protein structures
To develop electrical circuits
Explanation - Comparative genomics involves comparing genomes to understand evolutionary relationships, functional elements, and genome organization.
Correct answer is: To compare DNA sequences from different species
Q.2 2. Which technique is commonly used to align multiple genomes?
PCR amplification
BLAST
Mauve alignment
Electrophoresis
Explanation - Mauve is a software tool specifically designed for aligning multiple genomes to identify conserved and rearranged regions.
Correct answer is: Mauve alignment
Q.3 3. What does synteny refer to in comparative genomics?
The arrangement of genes on the same chromosome
The process of gene duplication
The rate of mutation in a genome
The presence of introns
Explanation - Synteny describes conserved blocks of genes that remain linked on the same chromosome across species.
Correct answer is: The arrangement of genes on the same chromosome
Q.4 4. Which evolutionary event is NOT typically detected through comparative genomics?
Horizontal gene transfer
Gene duplication
Point mutations
Battery failure in an amplifier
Explanation - Comparative genomics deals with genetic events, not electrical hardware failures.
Correct answer is: Battery failure in an amplifier
Q.5 5. Which of the following best describes orthologs?
Genes that have similar functions in the same species
Genes that originated from a common ancestor and retain similar functions
Genes that are duplicated within the same genome
Genes that are found only in plants
Explanation - Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene and usually retain the same function.
Correct answer is: Genes that originated from a common ancestor and retain similar functions
Q.6 6. In a phylogenetic tree built from genomic data, what does a longer branch length typically indicate?
A recent common ancestor
A high mutation rate
A short evolutionary time span
The presence of introns
Explanation - Longer branches represent more accumulated mutations, indicating a higher mutation rate or longer divergence time.
Correct answer is: A high mutation rate
Q.7 7. Which data type is most critical for a comparative genomics analysis?
Raw sequencing reads
Protein 3D structures
Electrical voltage measurements
Microscopy images
Explanation - Raw sequencing data serve as the foundation for assembly, annotation, and subsequent comparative analyses.
Correct answer is: Raw sequencing reads
Q.8 8. Which of the following best explains gene loss in evolution?
Genes become redundant and are deleted
Genes are duplicated infinitely
Genes acquire new functions
Genes are transferred between species
Explanation - Gene loss occurs when a gene no longer provides a selective advantage and is eventually removed from the genome.
Correct answer is: Genes become redundant and are deleted
Q.9 9. What is a 'pan-genome'?
The set of all proteins expressed in an organism
The combination of core and accessory genes across a species
The genome of a single individual
The genome of a plant species only
Explanation - A pan-genome includes all genes found in all strains of a species, distinguishing core from accessory genes.
Correct answer is: The combination of core and accessory genes across a species
Q.10 10. Which computational method is commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships?
Maximum likelihood
Signal amplification
K-mer analysis
PCR cycling
Explanation - Maximum likelihood evaluates the probability of observing the data under different tree models, widely used for phylogenetic inference.
Correct answer is: Maximum likelihood
Q.11 11. How is a conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) defined?
A sequence that codes for a protein
A non-coding DNA region that is highly conserved across species
A sequence found only in plants
A DNA segment with high mutation rates
Explanation - CNSs are non-protein-coding regions that show sequence conservation, often indicating regulatory functions.
Correct answer is: A non-coding DNA region that is highly conserved across species
Q.12 12. Which of the following best describes a genomic island?
A region of the genome that is highly repetitive
A segment of DNA acquired through horizontal gene transfer
An area of the genome that is highly mutated
A region encoding structural proteins
Explanation - Genomic islands are large DNA segments that appear to have been integrated via horizontal transfer, often carrying adaptive genes.
Correct answer is: A segment of DNA acquired through horizontal gene transfer
Q.13 13. Which database is frequently used for storing comparative genomics data?
GenBank
RefSeq
Ensembl Compara
NIST National Database
Explanation - Ensembl Compara provides curated comparative genomics data, including orthologs and synteny blocks.
Correct answer is: Ensembl Compara
Q.14 14. In the context of comparative genomics, what is a 'core genome'?
Genes found in only one strain of a species
Genes shared by all strains of a species
Genes unique to a single species
Genes that have been lost over evolution
Explanation - Core genome genes are present in every member of a species and often essential for basic cellular functions.
Correct answer is: Genes shared by all strains of a species
Q.15 15. Which of the following is a common method for detecting gene duplication events?
Comparative chromatin immunoprecipitation
Pairwise alignment of paralogous sequences
Microarray expression profiling
Spectroscopic imaging
Explanation - Aligning paralogs (duplicated genes within the same genome) helps identify duplication events and divergence times.
Correct answer is: Pairwise alignment of paralogous sequences
Q.16 16. Which computational approach can identify conserved motifs across multiple species?
k-mer counting
Hidden Markov Models (HMM)
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Fourier Transform
Explanation - HMMs are used to model sequence families and detect conserved motifs in multiple alignments.
Correct answer is: Hidden Markov Models (HMM)
Q.17 17. The 'C-value paradox' refers to what observation?
DNA copy number variations in cancer
A discrepancy between genome size and gene count
The presence of introns in eukaryotic genomes
The lack of correlation between GC content and environmental temperature
Explanation - The C-value paradox notes that genome size does not correlate with the number of genes or organismal complexity.
Correct answer is: A discrepancy between genome size and gene count
Q.18 18. What does the term 'orthologous group' signify?
A set of paralogous genes across species
A family of genes with the same function in a single species
A set of genes that diverged after speciation
A group of genes found only in bacteria
Explanation - Orthologous groups consist of genes that separated following a speciation event, sharing a common function.
Correct answer is: A set of genes that diverged after speciation
Q.19 19. Which of the following best describes a 'gene family'?
All genes that encode the same protein
Genes that evolved from a single ancestral gene and are functionally related
Genes that are located on the same chromosome
Genes found only in archaea
Explanation - Gene families are groups of genes that share sequence similarity and usually a common evolutionary origin.
Correct answer is: Genes that evolved from a single ancestral gene and are functionally related
Q.20 20. Which type of data is most informative for detecting positive selection in a genome?
Synonymous substitution rates
Nonsynonymous substitution rates
GC content
Methylation patterns
Explanation - High nonsynonymous (amino‑acid changing) rates relative to synonymous rates suggest positive selection.
Correct answer is: Nonsynonymous substitution rates
Q.21 21. What is the primary function of the UCSC Genome Browser?
Visualizing and retrieving genomic annotations
Sequencing DNA
Simulating electronic circuits
Editing gene sequences manually
Explanation - The UCSC Genome Browser provides an interactive interface to browse genomic data across species.
Correct answer is: Visualizing and retrieving genomic annotations
Q.22 22. Which of these is NOT a typical output of a comparative genomics pipeline?
Phylogenetic trees
Gene expression heat maps
Synteny plots
Ortholog tables
Explanation - Expression data are usually separate from comparative genomics; the pipeline focuses on sequence comparisons.
Correct answer is: Gene expression heat maps
Q.23 23. What does the term 'pseudogene' mean?
A gene that produces a functional protein
A non-functional gene copy that has lost its coding ability
A gene found only in prokaryotes
A gene that codes for a pseudocoating protein
Explanation - Pseudogenes arise from gene duplication or retrotransposition and accumulate mutations that render them inactive.
Correct answer is: A non-functional gene copy that has lost its coding ability
Q.24 24. In comparative genomics, why are microRNAs (miRNAs) of particular interest?
They code for large proteins
They are conserved regulatory RNAs across species
They are only found in plants
They encode viral proteins
Explanation - miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are often highly conserved across taxa.
Correct answer is: They are conserved regulatory RNAs across species
Q.25 25. What is the purpose of a 'blast score' in genome comparison?
To indicate the speed of a computer processor
To quantify the similarity between two sequences
To measure the voltage of an amplifier
To count the number of chromosomes
Explanation - BLAST provides a statistical score that reflects how closely two sequences match.
Correct answer is: To quantify the similarity between two sequences
Q.26 26. Which of the following best describes a 'repeat masker' tool?
It identifies repetitive elements in a genome
It simulates electron flow in circuits
It sequences RNA molecules
It measures genome length
Explanation - RepeatMasker scans genomic sequences to find and mask transposable elements and other repeats.
Correct answer is: It identifies repetitive elements in a genome
Q.27 27. What is the significance of 'gene synteny' in evolutionary biology?
It reveals the physical distance between genes on a chromosome
It indicates evolutionary rearrangements and conservation of gene order
It measures the electrical conductivity of DNA strands
It tracks gene expression levels
Explanation - Synteny conservation suggests shared ancestry and functional linkage between genes.
Correct answer is: It indicates evolutionary rearrangements and conservation of gene order
Q.28 28. Which metric is commonly used to compare genome sizes across species?
Base-pair count
Number of mitochondria
Protein folding rate
Voltage threshold
Explanation - Genome size is typically measured in base pairs (bp) or megabases (Mb).
Correct answer is: Base-pair count
Q.29 29. What is a 'phylogenetic footprinting' method?
Identifying evolutionary conserved regulatory regions
Tracing voltage changes in neural circuits
Analyzing fossil records
Measuring soil pH levels
Explanation - Phylogenetic footprinting looks for conserved non-coding sequences that likely function as regulatory elements.
Correct answer is: Identifying evolutionary conserved regulatory regions
Q.30 30. Which of these is a challenge in comparative genomics of polyploid species?
Sequencing errors due to low GC content
Distinguishing homeologous gene copies
Lack of available reference genomes
Difficulty in measuring electrical current
Explanation - Polyploids have multiple similar genomes, making it hard to separate gene copies (homeologs).
Correct answer is: Distinguishing homeologous gene copies
Q.31 31. Which of the following best describes a 'conserved gene cluster'?
A group of genes that are deleted in all species
A set of genes that remain together across species
Genes that encode only membrane proteins
A cluster of pseudogenes
Explanation - Conserved gene clusters often reflect functional interactions and are maintained through evolution.
Correct answer is: A set of genes that remain together across species
Q.32 32. What is the main purpose of 'functional annotation' in comparative genomics?
To predict protein structures from genomes
To assign biological roles to genes and sequences
To create electrical schematics from DNA
To count chromosome numbers
Explanation - Functional annotation links genes to known biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components.
Correct answer is: To assign biological roles to genes and sequences
Q.33 33. Which of the following tools is used for genome assembly?
Velvet
R
MATLAB
PowerSupply
Explanation - Velvet is a de Bruijn graph–based assembler commonly used for short-read data.
Correct answer is: Velvet
Q.34 34. In the context of comparative genomics, what does 'horizontal gene transfer' (HGT) refer to?
Transfer of genes during sexual reproduction
Gene transfer between unrelated species
Gene duplication within a genome
Transfer of genes between chromosomes in the same organism
Explanation - HGT involves moving genetic material across species boundaries, often via plasmids or viruses.
Correct answer is: Gene transfer between unrelated species
Q.35 35. Which of the following is an indicator of a whole-genome duplication event?
Presence of identical introns
Duplication of entire chromosome sets
High GC content
Shorter gene lengths
Explanation - Whole-genome duplication duplicates all chromosomes, leaving a duplicated genome structure.
Correct answer is: Duplication of entire chromosome sets
Q.36 36. What is a 'molecular clock' used for in comparative genomics?
Estimating mutation rates to infer divergence times
Measuring the speed of chemical reactions
Timing the operation of an electronic oscillator
Calculating the age of fossils
Explanation - A molecular clock uses consistent mutation rates to estimate when lineages diverged.
Correct answer is: Estimating mutation rates to infer divergence times
Q.37 37. Which of the following best describes 'genome synteny mapping'?
Mapping genes to their functional pathways
Aligning chromosome segments to compare gene order
Creating 3D models of genomes
Sequencing DNA strands
Explanation - Synteny mapping aligns homologous chromosome regions across species to study gene order conservation.
Correct answer is: Aligning chromosome segments to compare gene order
Q.38 38. What does the term 'genomic footprinting' aim to detect?
Protein folding patterns
Evolutionarily conserved DNA motifs
Electrical noise in a circuit
Changes in chromosomal number
Explanation - Genomic footprinting identifies DNA sequences that are conserved across species, often regulatory elements.
Correct answer is: Evolutionarily conserved DNA motifs
Q.39 39. Which of the following best defines a 'gene ortholog detection algorithm'?
A method to sequence DNA
A computational method to find orthologous genes between species
An algorithm for predicting protein folding
A tool to design electrical circuits
Explanation - Ortholog detection algorithms identify genes that diverged after a speciation event.
Correct answer is: A computational method to find orthologous genes between species
Q.40 40. What is an 'alignment score' in pairwise genome comparison?
The number of base pairs in a genome
A metric that indicates the quality of an alignment
The voltage applied to a DNA sample
The number of chromosomes
Explanation - Alignment scores quantify how well two sequences match, with higher scores indicating better alignment.
Correct answer is: A metric that indicates the quality of an alignment
Q.41 41. What does the 'dot‑plot' method visualize in comparative genomics?
The distribution of gene expression values
The presence of repeats in a genome
The similarity between two sequences as a matrix
The voltage level in an amplifier
Explanation - Dot‑plots display matches between two sequences in a grid, revealing repeats and rearrangements.
Correct answer is: The similarity between two sequences as a matrix
Q.42 42. Which of these best describes 'phylogenomic' analysis?
Phylogenetics based on morphological data
Phylogenetics based on whole-genome data
Phylogenetics based on electrical circuits
Phylogenetics based on fossil records only
Explanation - Phylogenomics uses entire genomic sequences to infer evolutionary relationships.
Correct answer is: Phylogenetics based on whole-genome data
Q.43 43. What is a 'genetic marker' used for in comparative genomics?
To identify specific positions in a genome for comparison
To measure voltage in DNA strands
To label proteins in a cell
To count the number of chromosomes
Explanation - Genetic markers are known sequence positions used to align and compare genomes across species.
Correct answer is: To identify specific positions in a genome for comparison
Q.44 44. Which of the following best defines a 'genomic colinearity'?
Genes located on the same chromosome in the same order across species
Genes that have identical codon usage
Genes that code for colinear proteins
Genes that are expressed in a linear time pattern
Explanation - Colinearity refers to the conservation of gene order between genomes.
Correct answer is: Genes located on the same chromosome in the same order across species
Q.45 45. Which of these is a typical input for a comparative genomic pipeline?
Raw sequencing reads from multiple organisms
Voltage measurements of a microprocessor
Microscopy images of cells
Audio recordings of birds
Explanation - The pipeline processes raw reads to assemble, annotate, and compare genomes.
Correct answer is: Raw sequencing reads from multiple organisms
Q.46 46. What role do 'transposable elements' play in comparative genomics?
They create new proteins
They are used to calibrate clocks
They can cause genome rearrangements and diversification
They provide electrical insulation in DNA
Explanation - Transposable elements move within the genome, causing structural changes detectable across species.
Correct answer is: They can cause genome rearrangements and diversification
Q.47 47. Which of these best describes 'in silico genome editing'?
Editing genomes using CRISPR in living cells
Simulating gene edits computationally to predict outcomes
Physically cutting DNA strands
Changing the voltage of a DNA chip
Explanation - In silico editing uses computational tools to model the effects of genetic modifications.
Correct answer is: Simulating gene edits computationally to predict outcomes
Q.48 48. In comparative genomics, what is meant by 'orthologous clustering'?
Grouping genes that are functionally unrelated
Grouping genes that are orthologs across species
Clustering genes based on GC content
Clustering genes by their expression levels
Explanation - Orthologous clustering groups genes from different species that share a common ancestor and similar function.
Correct answer is: Grouping genes that are orthologs across species
Q.49 49. Which of the following tools can detect evolutionary conservation across multiple genomes?
CLUSTAL Omega
MATLAB
Signal Amplifier
Raspberry Pi
Explanation - CLUSTAL Omega is a multiple sequence alignment tool that can highlight conserved regions across species.
Correct answer is: CLUSTAL Omega
Q.50 50. Which of these best explains the concept of 'genome annotation'?
The process of measuring the voltage across a DNA strand
The addition of functional information to a genome sequence
The practice of sequencing only the coding regions
The deletion of non-coding DNA
Explanation - Genome annotation assigns genes, regulatory elements, and other features to the raw sequence.
Correct answer is: The addition of functional information to a genome sequence
Q.51 51. What does a 'chromosomal synteny plot' illustrate?
Gene expression across different tissues
The conservation of gene order between two genomes
The voltage drop across a DNA sample
The number of mitochondria in a cell
Explanation - Synteny plots map homologous segments, showing how gene order is preserved or rearranged.
Correct answer is: The conservation of gene order between two genomes
Q.52 52. Which of the following is a hallmark of a 'whole-genome duplication' event?
Presence of many transposons
Two sets of each chromosome
Short gene lengths
High GC content only
Explanation - Whole-genome duplication duplicates the entire set of chromosomes, resulting in a doubled genome.
Correct answer is: Two sets of each chromosome
Q.53 53. What is a 'conservation score' used for in comparative genomics?
To rank genes based on their expression level
To measure how conserved a sequence is across species
To evaluate electrical circuit efficiency
To count the number of chromosomes
Explanation - Conservation scores assign numeric values to sequence positions reflecting their evolutionary conservation.
Correct answer is: To measure how conserved a sequence is across species
Q.54 54. Which of these best describes 'horizontal transfer of plasmids'?
Transfer of plasmids between cells via conjugation
Transfer of plasmids across species via viral vectors
Transfer of plasmids within the same genome
Transfer of plasmids by electrical signals
Explanation - Conjugation allows plasmids to move from one bacterium to another, facilitating gene spread.
Correct answer is: Transfer of plasmids between cells via conjugation
Q.55 55. What does the term 'genome annotation pipeline' refer to?
A set of steps to add functional information to raw genome data
A process for measuring voltage across DNA strands
A way to build electrical circuits using genomes
A technique to delete genes from a genome
Explanation - An annotation pipeline automatically identifies genes, RNAs, repeats, and other features from assembled sequences.
Correct answer is: A set of steps to add functional information to raw genome data
Q.56 56. Which of the following best defines a 'conserved non-coding element' (CNE)?
A coding sequence that is highly variable
A non-coding sequence that is highly conserved across species
A sequence that codes for a conserved protein
A repetitive element found only in insects
Explanation - CNEs are non-coding DNA segments that remain unchanged across evolutionary timescales, indicating functional importance.
Correct answer is: A non-coding sequence that is highly conserved across species
Q.57 57. What is 'orthology mapping' commonly used for?
Mapping electrical circuits onto DNA
Finding functionally similar genes across species
Tracking the movement of electrons in a chip
Calculating genome size
Explanation - Orthology mapping identifies genes that have diverged from a common ancestor, facilitating functional inference.
Correct answer is: Finding functionally similar genes across species
Q.58 58. What does a 'phylogenetic tree' represent?
Electrical circuit layouts
Relationships among species based on genetic data
The layout of chromosomes in a cell
The flow of electrons in an amplifier
Explanation - A phylogenetic tree visualizes the evolutionary relationships inferred from sequence comparisons.
Correct answer is: Relationships among species based on genetic data
Q.59 59. Which of these is NOT a common method for detecting homologous genes?
BLASTP
Hidden Markov Models (HMM)
Fourier Transform
Reciprocal best hit (RBH)
Explanation - Fourier Transform is a signal-processing technique, not used for gene homology detection.
Correct answer is: Fourier Transform
Q.60 60. What is the significance of a 'highly conserved exon' in comparative genomics?
It suggests functional importance and evolutionary pressure to maintain its sequence
It is always a pseudogene
It indicates the exon is not expressed
It is found only in prokaryotes
Explanation - Conservation of exons across species implies they play a vital role in gene function.
Correct answer is: It suggests functional importance and evolutionary pressure to maintain its sequence
Q.61 61. Which of the following best describes a 'gene duplication event'?
Loss of a gene
Creation of a second copy of a gene within the genome
Transfer of a gene between species
Deletion of a chromosome
Explanation - Gene duplication yields two gene copies that can evolve new functions or be redundant.
Correct answer is: Creation of a second copy of a gene within the genome
Q.62 62. Which database is commonly used for storing microRNA data in comparative genomics?
miRBase
GenBank
Ensembl
UCSC Genome Browser
Explanation - miRBase is a specialized database for microRNA sequences and annotations.
Correct answer is: miRBase
Q.63 63. What is the purpose of a 'multiple sequence alignment' in comparative genomics?
To calculate voltage differences
To arrange sequences in order to identify conserved regions
To sequence DNA fragments
To delete pseudogenes
Explanation - Multiple sequence alignments align more than two sequences, highlighting conserved motifs and patterns.
Correct answer is: To arrange sequences in order to identify conserved regions
Q.64 64. Which of the following best describes a 'genomic rearrangement'?
The rearrangement of a cell’s organelles
Changes in the order or orientation of chromosomal segments
The reorganization of electrical components
The mutation of a single base pair
Explanation - Genomic rearrangements involve translocations, inversions, duplications, and deletions altering chromosomal structure.
Correct answer is: Changes in the order or orientation of chromosomal segments
Q.65 65. Which of the following is a key challenge in assembling genomes from short-read sequencing data?
High GC content causing bias
Large number of introns in prokaryotes
Limited voltage in amplifiers
Lack of sample preparation
Explanation - Short reads can be difficult to map in GC-rich regions, leading to assembly gaps.
Correct answer is: High GC content causing bias
Q.66 66. What is the main advantage of using long-read sequencing for comparative genomics?
Higher error rates
Better resolution of repetitive and complex regions
Lower cost
Faster alignment times
Explanation - Long reads span repetitive sequences, improving assembly contiguity and enabling accurate comparisons.
Correct answer is: Better resolution of repetitive and complex regions
Q.67 67. Which of these is an example of a 'functional ortholog'?
Two genes that differ in sequence but perform the same function in different species
Two genes that are identical in all species
Two genes that are located on the same chromosome
Two genes that are never expressed
Explanation - Functional orthologs retain the same biological role despite sequence divergence.
Correct answer is: Two genes that differ in sequence but perform the same function in different species
Q.68 68. What does 'gene annotation accuracy' depend on?
Quality of sequence data and the computational tools used
Voltage applied during sequencing
Number of chromosomes
Length of the DNA ladder
Explanation - High-quality reads and robust algorithms improve gene prediction precision.
Correct answer is: Quality of sequence data and the computational tools used
Q.69 69. Which of the following best explains 'phylogenetic incongruence'?
When phylogenetic trees from different genes show conflicting relationships
When gene expression patterns match across tissues
When genomes have identical chromosome counts
When voltage levels in a circuit are stable
Explanation - Phylogenetic incongruence indicates that different genes may have distinct evolutionary histories.
Correct answer is: When phylogenetic trees from different genes show conflicting relationships
Q.70 70. In comparative genomics, what is a 'gene cluster' used to identify?
Groups of related genes that often function together
Clusters of electrical components
Groups of identical genes in one organism
Pseudogenes only
Explanation - Gene clusters can indicate operons or functional modules conserved across species.
Correct answer is: Groups of related genes that often function together
Q.71 71. Which of these best defines 'genome assembly'?
The process of creating a physical map of a genome using restriction enzymes
The computational reconstruction of a genome from sequencing reads
The deletion of non-coding regions
The measurement of DNA voltage
Explanation - Genome assembly stitches short or long reads into longer contiguous sequences (contigs, scaffolds).
Correct answer is: The computational reconstruction of a genome from sequencing reads
Q.72 72. Which of the following is a major advantage of using the Ensembl database for comparative genomics?
It stores only human genomes
It provides curated orthologs and synteny blocks across many species
It is designed for electrical engineering projects
It offers only raw sequencing reads
Explanation - Ensembl contains comprehensive genomic annotations and comparative datasets.
Correct answer is: It provides curated orthologs and synteny blocks across many species
Q.73 73. What does 'gene density' refer to in a genome?
Number of genes per unit length of DNA
Number of introns within a gene
Voltage density across a DNA strand
Number of chromosomes in a cell
Explanation - Gene density is calculated as the count of genes per megabase (Mb) of DNA.
Correct answer is: Number of genes per unit length of DNA
Q.74 74. What is the purpose of a 'genome browser' tool?
To visualize genome annotations and perform queries interactively
To amplify DNA fragments
To design electrical circuits
To measure current flow in a cell
Explanation - Genome browsers provide a graphical interface to inspect genomic data and annotations.
Correct answer is: To visualize genome annotations and perform queries interactively
Q.75 75. Which of the following is a typical output of a 'synteny analysis'?
A list of voltage thresholds for DNA sequencing
A visual map showing conserved gene blocks between two genomes
A measurement of the number of mitochondria
A set of electrical component schematics
Explanation - Synteny maps display colinear regions and gene order conservation.
Correct answer is: A visual map showing conserved gene blocks between two genomes
Q.76 76. In phylogenetic studies, what does a 'bootstrap value' indicate?
The electrical resistance of a DNA sample
The reliability of a branch in a phylogenetic tree
The speed of a computational algorithm
The number of genes in a genome
Explanation - Bootstrap values estimate the support for tree branches based on resampled data.
Correct answer is: The reliability of a branch in a phylogenetic tree
Q.77 77. Which of the following best describes a 'comparative genomics pipeline' workflow?
Sequence assembly → Functional annotation → Phylogenetic analysis
Voltage measurement → Amplification → Power generation
Microscopy imaging → Cell counting → Data storage
Audio processing → Signal filtering → Playback
Explanation - The pipeline typically includes assembly, annotation, and evolutionary comparison steps.
Correct answer is: Sequence assembly → Functional annotation → Phylogenetic analysis
Q.78 78. What does a 'gene tree' represent?
The evolutionary history of a gene across species
The layout of a genetic circuit
The voltage distribution across a DNA strand
The number of genes in a chromosome
Explanation - Gene trees illustrate how a particular gene has evolved through duplication and speciation events.
Correct answer is: The evolutionary history of a gene across species
Q.79 79. Which of the following best defines 'functional genomics'?
The study of genome structure only
The study of gene function and interaction using high-throughput methods
The design of electrical components using DNA
The sequencing of a single gene
Explanation - Functional genomics seeks to understand the roles and interactions of genes on a global scale.
Correct answer is: The study of gene function and interaction using high-throughput methods
Q.80 80. Which of the following is a common measure for evolutionary distance between two species?
Number of shared orthologs
GC content difference
Voltage difference
Chromosome number difference
Explanation - The proportion of shared orthologs often reflects evolutionary relatedness.
Correct answer is: Number of shared orthologs
Q.81 81. Which of these is a typical data source for comparative genomics?
Raw sequencing reads from public databases
Microwave radiation spectra
Audio recordings of birds
Electrical power consumption logs
Explanation - Public repositories provide raw genomic data for assembly and comparative studies.
Correct answer is: Raw sequencing reads from public databases
Q.82 82. Which term describes the process of identifying homologous genes using a reciprocal best hit strategy?
Orthologous clustering
Intraspecies alignment
Genome assembly
Voltage calibration
Explanation - The reciprocal best hit approach clusters genes that are most similar to each other across species.
Correct answer is: Orthologous clustering
Q.83 83. In comparative genomics, what is meant by 'branch length' in a phylogenetic tree?
The physical length of a DNA segment
The amount of evolutionary change represented along a branch
The length of the electrical wire
The number of chromosomes in a species
Explanation - Branch length correlates with genetic divergence, often measured in substitutions per site.
Correct answer is: The amount of evolutionary change represented along a branch
Q.84 84. Which of the following best describes a 'genomic syntenic block'?
A group of genes that are scattered across genomes
A contiguous region of genes that remain linked and in the same order across species
A block of DNA with high GC content
A segment that codes for a single protein
Explanation - Syntenic blocks are conserved genomic regions that maintain gene order through evolution.
Correct answer is: A contiguous region of genes that remain linked and in the same order across species
Q.85 85. What is 'sequence divergence' in comparative genomics?
The rate of gene expression changes
The genetic difference accumulated between two sequences over time
The voltage drop across a DNA strand
The number of chromosomes in an organism
Explanation - Sequence divergence refers to the accumulation of mutations separating homologous sequences.
Correct answer is: The genetic difference accumulated between two sequences over time
Q.86 86. Which of these best explains 'genome annotation pipelines'?
Automated workflows that predict genes and other features from genome assemblies
Manual annotation by geneticists only
A set of rules for designing electrical circuits
The process of measuring voltage across DNA strands
Explanation - Annotation pipelines use computational tools to identify coding and non-coding regions.
Correct answer is: Automated workflows that predict genes and other features from genome assemblies
Q.87 87. What is the main purpose of 'gene ortholog prediction' tools?
To find genes that have similar functions across species
To predict voltage in an electronic component
To count the number of chromosomes
To measure the speed of DNA replication
Explanation - Ortholog prediction tools identify genes that diverged after speciation and usually maintain function.
Correct answer is: To find genes that have similar functions across species
Q.88 88. Which of the following best defines a 'conserved regulatory motif'?
A motif present in many different proteins
A short DNA sequence that regulates transcription and is conserved across species
A motif found only in prokaryotes
A motif that codes for a long protein
Explanation - Conserved regulatory motifs are often binding sites for transcription factors and are preserved evolutionarily.
Correct answer is: A short DNA sequence that regulates transcription and is conserved across species
Q.89 89. What does 'orthologous gene mapping' help researchers understand?
The electrical conductivity of a DNA strand
Functional similarities across different species
The size of mitochondria
The voltage of an amplifier
Explanation - Mapping orthologs reveals shared biology and evolutionary relationships.
Correct answer is: Functional similarities across different species
Q.90 90. In a phylogenomic study, which of the following is crucial for accurate tree reconstruction?
Using a single gene for all comparisons
Including multiple, well-aligned genes from each species
Only using intronic sequences
Measuring voltage across the DNA sample
Explanation - Phylogenomics relies on large datasets of orthologous genes to improve tree accuracy.
Correct answer is: Including multiple, well-aligned genes from each species
Q.91 91. Which of the following best describes 'horizontal gene transfer' (HGT) events?
Gene transfer that occurs during cell division
Transfer of genetic material between unrelated species
Transfer of genes between homologous chromosomes
Transfer of voltage across DNA strands
Explanation - HGT involves moving genes across species boundaries, often via plasmids or viruses.
Correct answer is: Transfer of genetic material between unrelated species
Q.92 92. What is a 'phylogenetic tree branch length' primarily indicative of?
The amount of evolutionary change between two nodes
The voltage difference between two species
The number of genes in a species
The length of a DNA strand
Explanation - Branch lengths reflect accumulated mutations, often measured per site.
Correct answer is: The amount of evolutionary change between two nodes
Q.93 93. Which of the following tools is commonly used for gene prediction in eukaryotic genomes?
GeneMark-ES
BLASTX
Raspberry Pi
Voltage meter
Explanation - GeneMark-ES is an ab initio gene prediction tool for eukaryotic genomes.
Correct answer is: GeneMark-ES
Q.94 94. In comparative genomics, what does 'gene synteny conservation' indicate?
The conservation of gene order between species
The presence of introns in a gene
The voltage stability of a DNA sample
The deletion of genes in evolution
Explanation - Conserved synteny suggests shared ancestry and functional linkage between genes.
Correct answer is: The conservation of gene order between species
Q.95 95. Which of the following is a key feature of a 'pan-genome' analysis?
Identification of shared genes across all strains of a species
Analysis of single-gene mutations only
Sequencing only the mitochondria
Measuring voltage in a circuit
Explanation - A pan-genome distinguishes core genes present in all strains from accessory genes.
Correct answer is: Identification of shared genes across all strains of a species
Q.96 96. Which of the following best describes a 'conserved non-coding element' (CNE)?
A non-coding DNA region that is highly conserved across species
A coding sequence that is highly variable
A protein-coding gene found only in animals
An element that codes for a long protein
Explanation - CNEs often serve regulatory functions and are under strong evolutionary constraint.
Correct answer is: A non-coding DNA region that is highly conserved across species
Q.97 97. Which of the following best explains 'genome size variability' across species?
Differences in the number of chromosomes
Presence of varying amounts of non-coding DNA and transposons
Differences in voltage levels
Variation in the number of mitochondria
Explanation - Genome size differences are largely driven by non-coding regions and mobile elements.
Correct answer is: Presence of varying amounts of non-coding DNA and transposons
Q.98 98. What is a primary benefit of using long-read sequencing for comparative genomics?
It increases error rates significantly
It provides better resolution of complex and repetitive genomic regions
It reduces the number of genes that can be annotated
It eliminates the need for assembly
Explanation - Long reads can span repetitive sequences, improving assembly contiguity and accuracy.
Correct answer is: It provides better resolution of complex and repetitive genomic regions
Q.99 99. Which of the following best defines a 'gene ortholog'?
A gene that is duplicated within the same genome
A gene that has evolved independently in the same species
A gene in different species that originated from a common ancestor
A pseudogene found in a single organism
Explanation - Orthologs diverge after a speciation event and often retain similar functions.
Correct answer is: A gene in different species that originated from a common ancestor
Q.100 100. Which of the following best describes the concept of 'comparative genomics'?
The use of comparative analysis to design electrical circuits
The study of functional differences between proteins in a single species
The comparison of genome structures, sequences, and annotations across multiple species to infer evolutionary relationships and functional elements
The measurement of voltage in DNA strands
Explanation - Comparative genomics seeks insights by juxtaposing genomes from different organisms.
Correct answer is: The comparison of genome structures, sequences, and annotations across multiple species to infer evolutionary relationships and functional elements