Q.1 What is the primary purpose of using genetically modified (GM) crops in sustainable farming?
To increase the aesthetic appeal of crops
To reduce the need for chemical pesticides
To make crops grow faster only in greenhouses
To eliminate all soil microbes
Explanation - GM crops can be engineered for pest resistance, which lowers pesticide use and helps protect the environment.
Correct answer is: To reduce the need for chemical pesticides
Q.2 Which sensor technology is most commonly used to monitor soil moisture in precision agriculture?
Infrared thermography
Capacitive soil moisture sensor
Ultrasonic distance sensor
Hall effect sensor
Explanation - Capacitive sensors measure the dielectric constant of soil, which changes with water content, making them ideal for moisture monitoring.
Correct answer is: Capacitive soil moisture sensor
Q.3 Bioremediation in farming primarily involves:
Using chemicals to sterilize the soil
Introducing beneficial microbes to degrade pollutants
Applying high doses of fertilizer
Plowing the field deeper than usual
Explanation - Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants, improving soil health without harsh chemicals.
Correct answer is: Introducing beneficial microbes to degrade pollutants
Q.4 Which of the following is a major advantage of using biofertilizers over synthetic fertilizers?
Instant plant growth within hours
Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
Higher cost for farmers
Requirement of special irrigation systems
Explanation - Biofertilizers release nutrients slowly and improve soil organic matter, lowering the carbon footprint compared to synthetic fertilizers.
Correct answer is: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
Q.5 In an IoT-enabled greenhouse, which protocol is commonly used for low‑power, long‑range communication between sensors and a central hub?
Wi‑Fi
Bluetooth Classic
Zigbee
LoRaWAN
Explanation - LoRaWAN offers low power consumption and long-range connectivity, making it suitable for widespread agricultural sensor networks.
Correct answer is: LoRaWAN
Q.6 CRISPR‑Cas9 technology can be used in agriculture to:
Create new soil types
Edit specific genes to improve drought tolerance
Increase the size of farm machinery
Replace all traditional farming practices
Explanation - CRISPR allows precise gene editing, enabling the development of crop varieties that can better withstand water scarcity.
Correct answer is: Edit specific genes to improve drought tolerance
Q.7 What is the main function of a biochar amendment in soil?
To increase soil acidity dramatically
To improve water retention and nutrient holding capacity
To act as a pesticide
To make the soil magnetic
Explanation - Biochar's porous structure helps retain moisture and nutrients, enhancing soil fertility and reducing runoff.
Correct answer is: To improve water retention and nutrient holding capacity
Q.8 Which type of renewable energy can directly power an on‑farm biogas digester?
Solar photovoltaic panels
Wind turbines
Hydroelectric dams
Geothermal heat pumps
Explanation - Solar panels can generate electricity to run pumps, mixers, and control systems for a biogas digester.
Correct answer is: Solar photovoltaic panels
Q.9 A key benefit of using drone‑based multispectral imaging in crop monitoring is:
Measuring soil temperature directly
Detecting plant stress before visual symptoms appear
Increasing the speed of fertilizer production
Providing real‑time weather forecasts
Explanation - Multispectral images highlight variations in plant reflectance, revealing stress such as nutrient deficiency or disease early.
Correct answer is: Detecting plant stress before visual symptoms appear
Q.10 Which microorganism is commonly used as a nitrogen‑fixing biofertilizer for legume crops?
Bacillus subtilis
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Escherichia coli
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Explanation - Rhizobium forms symbiotic nodules on legume roots, converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
Correct answer is: Rhizobium leguminosarum
Q.11 What is the purpose of a ‘closed‑loop’ aquaponics system?
To recycle water and nutrients between fish and plants
To keep fish and plants completely isolated
To increase the need for chemical fertilizers
To generate electricity for the farm
Explanation - Aquaponics combines fish waste as nutrient sources for plants, while plants filter water for the fish, creating a sustainable cycle.
Correct answer is: To recycle water and nutrients between fish and plants
Q.12 Which gene editing technique can be used to knock out a gene responsible for susceptibility to a fungal disease?
RNA interference (RNAi)
CRISPR‑Cas9
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Gel electrophoresis
Explanation - CRISPR can precisely delete or disable genes, allowing removal of susceptibility factors in crops.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas9
Q.13 In a smart irrigation system, what does ‘ETc’ stand for?
Electro‑thermal conductivity
Evapotranspiration crop coefficient
Energy transfer coefficient
Ecological tolerance curve
Explanation - ETc combines reference evapotranspiration with a crop coefficient to estimate water needs for a specific crop.
Correct answer is: Evapotranspiration crop coefficient
Q.14 Which of the following best describes ‘vertical farming’?
Growing crops on steep hillsides
Cultivating plants in stacked layers inside controlled environments
Planting seeds deep underground
Using only vertical sunlight
Explanation - Vertical farms maximize space by stacking growth trays, often using LED lighting and hydroponics.
Correct answer is: Cultivating plants in stacked layers inside controlled environments
Q.15 A major challenge when deploying wireless sensor networks in large fields is:
Excessive data storage on each sensor
Limited battery life and signal range
Overheating of the sensors due to sunlight
Sensors requiring manual data entry
Explanation - Sensors must operate for long periods on limited power and maintain connectivity over wide distances.
Correct answer is: Limited battery life and signal range
Q.16 Which of the following is a direct benefit of using cover crops in sustainable agriculture?
Increasing soil erosion
Suppressing weeds and improving soil organic matter
Reducing biodiversity
Increasing the need for irrigation
Explanation - Cover crops protect soil from erosion, outcompete weeds, and add organic matter as they decompose.
Correct answer is: Suppressing weeds and improving soil organic matter
Q.17 In the context of farm automation, what does the term ‘actuator’ refer to?
A device that senses soil pH
A component that moves or controls a mechanism like a valve or motor
A software program that stores weather data
A type of fertilizer
Explanation - Actuators convert electrical signals into physical movement, enabling automated control of irrigation, greenhouse windows, etc.
Correct answer is: A component that moves or controls a mechanism like a valve or motor
Q.18 Which microbial process is primarily responsible for converting organic waste into methane in a biogas plant?
Nitrification
Methanogenesis
Photosynthesis
Fermentation
Explanation - Methanogenic archaea break down organic compounds anaerobically, producing methane as a by‑product.
Correct answer is: Methanogenesis
Q.19 What is the role of a ‘reference evapotranspiration (ETo)’ value in irrigation scheduling?
It indicates the exact amount of fertilizer needed
It provides a baseline water loss estimate for a standard crop under ideal conditions
It measures soil nutrient levels directly
It determines the color of the crops
Explanation - ETo is calculated from weather data and serves as a benchmark to adjust water application for specific crops.
Correct answer is: It provides a baseline water loss estimate for a standard crop under ideal conditions
Q.20 Which of the following best describes a ‘phytoremediation’ strategy?
Using plants to clean up contaminated soil or water
Applying synthetic chemicals to sterilize fields
Planting crops in a straight line
Using drones to spray pesticides
Explanation - Phytoremediation leverages certain plants' ability to uptake, accumulate, or transform pollutants.
Correct answer is: Using plants to clean up contaminated soil or water
Q.21 Which component in a solar‑powered irrigation controller stores excess electricity for use at night?
Inverter
Supercapacitor
Battery bank
Transformer
Explanation - Batteries store solar energy generated during daylight, allowing the controller to operate after sunset.
Correct answer is: Battery bank
Q.22 The term ‘bio‑fortification’ refers to:
Adding chemical fertilizers to increase yield
Genetically enhancing crops to increase micronutrient content
Planting more trees around fields
Using robots to harvest crops
Explanation - Bio‑fortified crops are bred or engineered to contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals, improving nutrition.
Correct answer is: Genetically enhancing crops to increase micronutrient content
Q.23 In a hydroponic system, the nutrient solution is typically monitored for which parameter to ensure plant health?
Soil texture
pH level
Wind speed
Leaf color only
Explanation - pH affects nutrient availability; maintaining an optimal range is essential for hydroponic crops.
Correct answer is: pH level
Q.24 Which technology enables real‑time detection of plant disease using machine learning on leaf images?
LiDAR scanning
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
Fourier transform spectroscopy
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Explanation - CNNs excel at image classification tasks such as identifying disease symptoms on leaves.
Correct answer is: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
Q.25 What is the main environmental advantage of using drip irrigation over flood irrigation?
Higher water usage
Reduced water loss through evaporation and runoff
Increased soil compaction
More labor required
Explanation - Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone, minimizing waste and preserving water resources.
Correct answer is: Reduced water loss through evaporation and runoff
Q.26 Which of the following is a common indicator that a soil microbiome is healthy?
High colony‑forming unit (CFU) count of beneficial microbes
Low organic matter content
Presence of visible mold on the surface
Extremely acidic pH below 3
Explanation - A diverse and abundant community of beneficial microbes supports nutrient cycling and plant health.
Correct answer is: High colony‑forming unit (CFU) count of beneficial microbes
Q.27 In the context of sustainable farming, a ‘circular economy’ aims to:
Increase waste generation for more profit
Reuse and recycle agricultural residues to minimize waste
Expand farmland into forests
Depend solely on imported inputs
Explanation - Circular agriculture converts waste streams (e.g., crop residues) into valuable products like compost or bioenergy.
Correct answer is: Reuse and recycle agricultural residues to minimize waste
Q.28 Which plant hormone is primarily involved in the response to drought stress?
Auxin
Cytokinin
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Gibberellin
Explanation - ABA signals stomatal closure and other physiological changes to conserve water during drought.
Correct answer is: Abscisic acid (ABA)
Q.29 A farmer wants to monitor the electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution in a hydroponic system. Which device should be used?
Thermometer
pH meter
EC meter
Anemometer
Explanation - EC meters measure the concentration of dissolved salts, indicating nutrient strength.
Correct answer is: EC meter
Q.30 Which of the following is a major source of renewable energy that can be integrated into farm operations?
Coal-fired power plants
Solar photovoltaic panels
Diesel generators
Natural gas pipelines
Explanation - Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, providing clean power for irrigation, lighting, and sensors.
Correct answer is: Solar photovoltaic panels
Q.31 What is the main purpose of using ‘precision agriculture’ techniques?
To uniformly treat all fields regardless of variability
To apply inputs (seed, fertilizer, water) only where needed
To increase labor requirements
To eliminate the use of any technology
Explanation - Precision agriculture uses data to tailor management practices, improving efficiency and reducing waste.
Correct answer is: To apply inputs (seed, fertilizer, water) only where needed
Q.32 Which gene is commonly targeted to develop herbicide‑resistant crops?
EPSPS (5‑enolpyruvylshikimate‑3‑phosphate synthase)
RuBisCO
Chlorophyll a/b binding protein
Phytochrome B
Explanation - Mutations or overexpression of EPSPS confer resistance to glyphosate, a widely used herbicide.
Correct answer is: EPSPS (5‑enolpyruvylshikimate‑3‑phosphate synthase)
Q.33 In an automated greenhouse, which technology is used to regulate temperature by opening and closing vents?
Linear actuator
Photodiode
Geiger counter
Magnetometer
Explanation - Linear actuators convert electrical signals into precise mechanical motion to move vents.
Correct answer is: Linear actuator
Q.34 Which type of bioenergy is produced by converting lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels through fermentation?
Biodiesel
Biogas
Bioethanol
Hydrogen
Explanation - Lignocellulosic feedstocks can be hydrolyzed to sugars, then fermented to produce ethanol.
Correct answer is: Bioethanol
Q.35 What does the acronym ‘LED’ stand for in horticultural lighting?
Light Emitting Diode
Low Energy Device
Laser Emission Detector
Luminous Energy Distribution
Explanation - LEDs provide energy‑efficient, spectrum‑tunable light for indoor plant growth.
Correct answer is: Light Emitting Diode
Q.36 Which of the following is a key challenge when scaling up laboratory‑based tissue culture to field production?
Too much sunlight in the lab
Maintaining sterile conditions and preventing contamination
Excessive soil nutrients
Lack of plant hormones
Explanation - Tissue culture requires aseptic environments; scaling up increases risk of microbial contamination.
Correct answer is: Maintaining sterile conditions and preventing contamination
Q.37 In the context of farm data management, what is a ‘digital twin’?
A physical replica of a farm building
A virtual model that mirrors real‑world farm conditions for simulation and analysis
A new type of seed
A robotic harvester
Explanation - Digital twins integrate sensor data to create a dynamic, computational replica of the farm.
Correct answer is: A virtual model that mirrors real‑world farm conditions for simulation and analysis
Q.38 Which microbial process is essential for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a plant‑available form?
Denitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
Sulfur oxidation
Explanation - Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N₂ into ammonia, which plants can assimilate.
Correct answer is: Nitrogen fixation
Q.39 What is the most common method for measuring leaf chlorophyll content in the field?
Soil core sampling
SPAD meter
Thermal imaging
Acoustic sensors
Explanation - SPAD meters estimate chlorophyll by measuring light transmission through leaves.
Correct answer is: SPAD meter
Q.40 In a smart farm, which protocol is often used for low‑power communication between a sensor node and a gateway within a few hundred meters?
Ethernet
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Wi‑MAX
MPEG
Explanation - BLE provides short‑range, low‑energy data transfer, suitable for battery‑powered sensors.
Correct answer is: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Q.41 Which of the following is an example of a plant growth‑promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)?
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clostridium botulinum
Explanation - P. fluorescens can enhance nutrient uptake, produce hormones, and suppress pathogens.
Correct answer is: Pseudomonas fluorescens
Q.42 What is the main environmental benefit of using drip irrigation with fertigation compared to separate fertilization and irrigation?
Higher fertilizer usage
Reduced nutrient leaching and water consumption
Increased soil erosion
Longer irrigation cycles
Explanation - Fertigation delivers nutrients directly with water, minimizing runoff and improving efficiency.
Correct answer is: Reduced nutrient leaching and water consumption
Q.43 Which of the following best describes ‘gene stacking’ in crop breeding?
Adding multiple beneficial genes into a single plant line
Removing all genes from a plant
Planting crops in stacked layers
Using stacked batteries for farm equipment
Explanation - Gene stacking combines several traits (e.g., drought tolerance, pest resistance) in one cultivar.
Correct answer is: Adding multiple beneficial genes into a single plant line
Q.44 A farmer installs a weather station that logs temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Which data analysis technique can best predict the optimal planting date?
Linear regression
K‑means clustering
Monte Carlo simulation
Principal component analysis
Explanation - Linear regression can model relationships between weather variables and optimal sowing windows.
Correct answer is: Linear regression
Q.45 Which of the following is a major advantage of using microbial consortia instead of single‑strain inoculants?
Higher likelihood of pathogen infection
Broader functional capabilities and resilience
Simpler regulatory approval
Reduced nutrient cycling
Explanation - Consortia combine complementary microbes, improving plant growth under variable conditions.
Correct answer is: Broader functional capabilities and resilience
Q.46 In a sensor‑driven farm, what does the term ‘edge computing’ refer to?
Processing data on a central cloud server only
Analyzing data locally on the sensor or nearby gateway to reduce latency
Sending all data to a satellite for processing
Using edge‑of‑field manual calculations
Explanation - Edge computing processes data close to the source, enabling faster decisions and lower bandwidth usage.
Correct answer is: Analyzing data locally on the sensor or nearby gateway to reduce latency
Q.47 Which of the following is a potential risk associated with releasing genetically edited crops into the environment?
Immediate increase in soil pH
Unintended gene flow to wild relatives
Loss of all soil microbes
Complete elimination of pests
Explanation - Gene flow can spread edited traits to non‑target species, raising ecological and regulatory concerns.
Correct answer is: Unintended gene flow to wild relatives
Q.48 What is the main function of a ‘solenoid valve’ in an automated irrigation system?
To measure soil moisture
To regulate the flow of water by opening or closing electrically
To generate electricity from water
To filter pathogens from irrigation water
Explanation - Solenoid valves receive an electric signal to control water passage, enabling precise irrigation timing.
Correct answer is: To regulate the flow of water by opening or closing electrically
Q.49 Which of the following is a key indicator of soil health that can be measured with a simple field test?
Electrical resistivity
Soil respiration rate
Leaf chlorophyll content
Wind speed
Explanation - Soil respiration reflects microbial activity and organic matter decomposition, indicating soil vitality.
Correct answer is: Soil respiration rate
Q.50 In a controlled environment agriculture (CEA) system, why is CO₂ enrichment often used?
To reduce plant growth
To increase photosynthetic efficiency and yield
To cool the growing area
To repel insects
Explanation - Elevated CO₂ levels boost photosynthesis, leading to faster growth and higher biomass under optimal lighting.
Correct answer is: To increase photosynthetic efficiency and yield
Q.51 Which technology converts the kinetic energy of farm machinery into usable electricity?
Piezoelectric harvesters
Solar panels
Wind turbines
Hydroelectric generators
Explanation - Piezoelectric materials generate electricity when mechanically stressed, such as by vibrations from equipment.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric harvesters
Q.52 Which of the following is a benefit of using a ‘crop rotation’ strategy?
Increase in soil-borne disease pressure
Break pest cycles and improve soil nutrients
Higher reliance on chemical inputs
Uniform soil texture across fields
Explanation - Rotating crops disrupts pest life cycles and can restore nutrient balance, especially when legumes follow cereals.
Correct answer is: Break pest cycles and improve soil nutrients
Q.53 A farmer wants to reduce the carbon footprint of dairy production. Which biotechnological approach could help?
Feeding cows a diet supplemented with rumen‑directed probiotics
Increasing the amount of synthetic fertilizer used on pastures
Eliminating all manure management practices
Switching to conventional breeding only
Explanation - Probiotics can improve feed efficiency and lower methane emissions from the rumen.
Correct answer is: Feeding cows a diet supplemented with rumen‑directed probiotics
Q.54 What is the purpose of a ‘phytotron’ in agricultural research?
A greenhouse that simulates specific climatic conditions for controlled experiments
A type of pesticide
A mobile irrigation system
An automated harvester
Explanation - Phytotrons allow precise manipulation of temperature, humidity, and CO₂ to study plant responses.
Correct answer is: A greenhouse that simulates specific climatic conditions for controlled experiments
Q.55 Which of the following sensors would be most appropriate for detecting leaf wetness in a disease‑prediction system?
Capacitive humidity sensor
Leaf wetness sensor (resistive or optical)
Soil temperature probe
Solar radiation pyranometer
Explanation - Leaf wetness sensors directly measure the presence of water on leaf surfaces, a key factor for many fungal diseases.
Correct answer is: Leaf wetness sensor (resistive or optical)
Q.56 Which agricultural practice helps sequester carbon in the soil?
Intensive tillage
No‑till or reduced‑till farming
Continuous monoculture of annuals
Excessive irrigation
Explanation - Reduced soil disturbance preserves organic carbon and promotes its accumulation over time.
Correct answer is: No‑till or reduced‑till farming
Q.57 When using a spectroradiometer to assess crop health, which spectral index is commonly calculated?
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
PID (Proportional‑Integral‑Derivative)
Explanation - NDVI uses red and near‑infrared reflectance to estimate vegetation vigor and biomass.
Correct answer is: NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
Q.58 Which of the following describes the use of ‘mycorrhizal inoculants’ in farming?
Applying synthetic nitrogen fertilizer
Introducing fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to improve nutrient uptake
Spraying crops with herbicides
Planting only monocultures
Explanation - Mycorrhizae extend root surface area, enhancing phosphorus and water absorption.
Correct answer is: Introducing fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to improve nutrient uptake
Q.59 A smart greenhouse uses a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). What is the primary role of a PLC?
To store harvested crops
To control and automate mechanical/electrical processes based on sensor inputs
To generate solar power
To act as a weather forecasting satellite
Explanation - PLCs are rugged industrial computers that execute logic to operate actuators, valves, and other equipment.
Correct answer is: To control and automate mechanical/electrical processes based on sensor inputs
Q.60 Which of the following is a major limitation of using drones for large‑scale pesticide application?
Unlimited flight time
Low precision
Regulatory restrictions and limited payload capacity
Inability to operate in daylight
Explanation - Drones have limited carrying capacity and must comply with aviation rules, which can constrain large‑area spraying.
Correct answer is: Regulatory restrictions and limited payload capacity
Q.61 What is the main purpose of using ‘bio‑silicon’ in agricultural soils?
To increase soil acidity
To strengthen plant cell walls and improve stress tolerance
To attract pests
To replace nitrogen fertilizers
Explanation - Silicon deposition in plant tissues enhances rigidity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Correct answer is: To strengthen plant cell walls and improve stress tolerance
Q.62 Which of the following best describes ‘electro‑hydrodynamic (EHD) spraying’ for pesticide application?
A method that uses high‑voltage electric fields to create fine droplets, reducing drift
A technique that relies on wind power to distribute chemicals
A manual hand‑spraying approach
A method that uses ultrasound to atomize liquids
Explanation - EHD spraying produces ultra‑fine droplets, improving coverage while minimizing off‑target deposition.
Correct answer is: A method that uses high‑voltage electric fields to create fine droplets, reducing drift
Q.63 In the context of sustainable livestock farming, what does ‘feed‑forward control’ refer to?
Adjusting feed rations based on predicted animal growth and health metrics
Feeding animals only after they show signs of disease
Using only grass as feed
Providing feed only during night time
Explanation - Feed‑forward control uses predictive models to optimize nutrition, improving efficiency and reducing waste.
Correct answer is: Adjusting feed rations based on predicted animal growth and health metrics
Q.64 Which type of data visualization is most suitable for displaying spatial variation of soil nutrients across a field?
Bar chart
Heat map (or interpolated GIS layer)
Pie chart
Line graph
Explanation - Heat maps show geographic gradients, allowing quick identification of nutrient hotspots or deficiencies.
Correct answer is: Heat map (or interpolated GIS layer)
Q.65 What is a primary advantage of using ‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ in pest management?
It permanently alters the pest genome
It provides a species‑specific, environmentally friendly way to silence essential pest genes
It increases the use of chemical pesticides
It works only on mammals
Explanation - RNAi can target pest-specific genes, reducing off‑target effects and chemical usage.
Correct answer is: It provides a species‑specific, environmentally friendly way to silence essential pest genes
Q.66 Which of the following is a common method for quantifying the amount of microbial DNA in a soil sample?
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) quantification
Spectrophotometry of soil color
Measuring soil temperature
Counting earthworms
Explanation - Quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplifies specific DNA sequences to estimate microbial abundance.
Correct answer is: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) quantification
Q.67 In a hydroponic system, what is the purpose of an 'EC controller'?
To adjust the temperature of the nutrient solution
To maintain the electrical conductivity within a target range for optimal nutrient concentration
To regulate ambient light intensity
To control the pH only
Explanation - EC controllers add or dilute nutrient solution to keep EC at the desired level for plant uptake.
Correct answer is: To maintain the electrical conductivity within a target range for optimal nutrient concentration
Q.68 Which of the following best explains why ‘silicon (Si) fertilization’ can reduce the impact of fungal diseases?
Si directly kills fungi
Si strengthens cell walls, making it harder for pathogens to penetrate
Si replaces nitrogen in plant metabolism
Si increases soil temperature
Explanation - Silicon deposition reinforces structural barriers, enhancing resistance to many fungal pathogens.
Correct answer is: Si strengthens cell walls, making it harder for pathogens to penetrate
Q.69 Which of the following is a major challenge when integrating AI models into farm decision‑support systems?
Abundance of high‑quality labeled data
Over‑reliance on a single sensor type
Lack of computational power on the farm
All of the above
Explanation - AI integration requires robust datasets, sensor diversity, and sufficient processing capability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.70 What does the term ‘phytochemical’ refer to?
Chemical compounds produced by plants that can have health‑promoting properties
Synthetic chemicals used in fertilizers
Minerals found in soil
Microbial enzymes
Explanation - Phytochemicals include flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, many of which have antioxidant or medicinal effects.
Correct answer is: Chemical compounds produced by plants that can have health‑promoting properties
Q.71 A farmer wishes to reduce nitrate leaching from a wheat field. Which practice would be most effective?
Applying a single large dose of nitrogen fertilizer at planting
Using split nitrogen applications based on crop demand
Irrigating heavily after fertilization
Planting a cover crop after harvest
Explanation - Split applications match fertilizer supply with plant uptake, lowering excess nitrate in the soil.
Correct answer is: Using split nitrogen applications based on crop demand
Q.72 Which of the following technologies can be used to generate electricity from animal waste on a farm?
Biogas digesters (anaerobic digestion)
Solar panels
Wind turbines
Hydroponic systems
Explanation - Anaerobic digestion converts organic waste into methane, which can be used for power generation.
Correct answer is: Biogas digesters (anaerobic digestion)
Q.73 Which of the following is a common indicator that a plant is experiencing nitrogen deficiency?
Dark green, thick leaves
Yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis)
Excessive flowering
Red leaf coloration
Explanation - Nitrogen deficiency often manifests as chlorosis beginning with the lower, older leaves.
Correct answer is: Yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis)
Q.74 What is the purpose of using a ‘rain sensor’ in an automated irrigation system?
To increase irrigation frequency during rain
To pause irrigation when sufficient rainfall has occurred
To measure soil pH
To control greenhouse temperature
Explanation - Rain sensors prevent unnecessary watering, conserving water and preventing over‑irrigation.
Correct answer is: To pause irrigation when sufficient rainfall has occurred
Q.75 In a field trial, a researcher uses a randomized complete block design (RCBD). What is the main advantage of this design?
It eliminates all variability in the field
It controls for spatial variability by grouping similar plots together
It requires fewer replicates
It increases the need for chemical inputs
Explanation - RCBD accounts for heterogeneity across a field, improving the reliability of treatment comparisons.
Correct answer is: It controls for spatial variability by grouping similar plots together
Q.76 Which of the following is a key feature of ‘smart fertilizer’ technologies?
Fertilizers that release nutrients in response to soil moisture or temperature
Fertilizers that change color when applied
Fertilizers that are only usable on one crop species
Fertilizers that require manual mixing every day
Explanation - Smart fertilizers have coatings that modulate nutrient release based on environmental conditions, improving efficiency.
Correct answer is: Fertilizers that release nutrients in response to soil moisture or temperature
Q.77 Which of the following is a benefit of using a ‘vertical farm’ powered by renewable energy?
Increased water consumption
Reduced land footprint and lower carbon emissions
Higher dependence on pesticides
Longer harvest cycles
Explanation - Vertical farms use less land and can be powered by solar or wind, minimizing environmental impact.
Correct answer is: Reduced land footprint and lower carbon emissions
Q.78 What is the primary role of a ‘gatekeeper’ in a blockchain‑based supply‑chain system for agricultural products?
To validate and record transactions ensuring traceability
To harvest the crops
To irrigate the fields
To manufacture fertilizers
Explanation - Gatekeepers (or nodes) verify data entries, creating an immutable record of product origin and handling.
Correct answer is: To validate and record transactions ensuring traceability
Q.79 Which of the following is a major environmental concern associated with overuse of nitrogen fertilizers?
Reduced soil organic matter
Increased nitrate leaching leading to water eutrophication
Decreased plant growth
Higher soil pH
Explanation - Excess nitrates can run off into waterways, causing algal blooms and degrading aquatic ecosystems.
Correct answer is: Increased nitrate leaching leading to water eutrophication
Q.80 In the context of precision livestock farming, which sensor is commonly used to monitor animal health?
Accelerometer collars to track movement and activity
Soil moisture probes
Leaf temperature sensors
Wind speed anemometers
Explanation - Accelerometers can detect changes in activity patterns indicative of illness or distress.
Correct answer is: Accelerometer collars to track movement and activity
Q.81 Which of the following best defines ‘bio‑remediation’ in the context of contaminated agricultural soils?
Using chemicals to sterilize the soil
Employing plants or microbes to degrade pollutants
Plowing the field deeper than usual
Applying extra fertilizer to mask contamination
Explanation - Bioremediation leverages biological agents to break down hazardous substances, restoring soil health.
Correct answer is: Employing plants or microbes to degrade pollutants
Q.82 What is a typical advantage of using a ‘closed‑loop’ irrigation system with reclaimed water?
Increased water consumption
Reduced need for freshwater and minimized nutrient runoff
Higher energy consumption
More soil erosion
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems recycle water, conserving resources and limiting discharge of nutrients.
Correct answer is: Reduced need for freshwater and minimized nutrient runoff
Q.83 Which of the following is an example of a ‘synthetic biology’ approach for sustainable farming?
Engineering microbes to produce nitrogen‑fixing enzymes for non‑legume crops
Using traditional composting methods
Planting only conventional varieties
Applying chemical herbicides
Explanation - Synthetic biology can create engineered organisms that provide functions like nitrogen fixation beyond natural capabilities.
Correct answer is: Engineering microbes to produce nitrogen‑fixing enzymes for non‑legume crops
Q.84 In a field equipped with LoRaWAN sensors, what is a typical data transmission range per gateway?
10‑20 meters
100‑500 meters
2‑15 kilometers (depending on terrain)
100‑200 kilometers
Explanation - LoRaWAN offers long‑range communication, often covering several kilometers in open areas.
Correct answer is: 2‑15 kilometers (depending on terrain)
Q.85 Which of the following is a major benefit of using ‘biochar’ as a soil amendment in terms of carbon sequestration?
Biochar rapidly decomposes and releases CO₂
Biochar is stable and can store carbon in soils for centuries
Biochar reduces soil organic matter
Biochar increases soil acidity drastically
Explanation - Biochar's aromatic structure resists decomposition, effectively locking carbon away in the soil.
Correct answer is: Biochar is stable and can store carbon in soils for centuries
Q.86 Which of the following is the most common method for delivering gene editing reagents (e.g., CRISPR‑Cas9) into plant cells?
Electroporation of whole plants
Agrobacterium‑mediated transformation
Direct injection into the soil
Spraying chemicals on leaves
Explanation - Agrobacterium naturally transfers DNA to plant cells, making it a standard tool for gene editing.
Correct answer is: Agrobacterium‑mediated transformation
Q.87 What is the primary purpose of a ‘phytosanitary certificate’ in international trade of agricultural products?
To certify that the product meets nutritional standards
To confirm that the product is free from specific pests and diseases
To verify the price of the product
To indicate the product's organic status
Explanation - Phytosanitary certificates help prevent the spread of plant pests across borders.
Correct answer is: To confirm that the product is free from specific pests and diseases
Q.88 Which of the following is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in conventional rice paddies?
Methane (CH₄) released from anaerobic soil conditions
Nitrous oxide from high nitrogen fertilization
Carbon dioxide from photosynthesis
Ozone from UV radiation
Explanation - Flooded rice fields create anaerobic conditions that promote methane-producing microbes.
Correct answer is: Methane (CH₄) released from anaerobic soil conditions
Q.89 Which of the following best describes the role of ‘auxin’ in plant development?
Stimulates root elongation and apical dominance
Inhibits seed germination
Promotes leaf senescence
Regulates stomatal closure
Explanation - Auxin regulates cell elongation, root formation, and maintains apical dominance in shoots.
Correct answer is: Stimulates root elongation and apical dominance
Q.90 What is the main advantage of using ‘soil‑borne’ biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp.?
They permanently sterilize the soil
They compete with pathogens, reducing disease incidence
They increase the need for synthetic fungicides
They degrade all organic matter
Explanation - Trichoderma spp. can antagonize soil pathogens through competition, parasitism, or induced resistance.
Correct answer is: They compete with pathogens, reducing disease incidence
Q.91 Which of the following technologies enables real‑time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions from a field?
Portable gas chromatography units
Infrared thermometers
Soil moisture probes
Leaf area index meters
Explanation - Portable GC devices can measure concentrations of gases like CO₂ and CH₄ on‑site.
Correct answer is: Portable gas chromatography units
Q.92 In the context of sustainable agriculture, what does the term ‘agroforestry’ refer to?
Growing crops in complete isolation from trees
Integrating trees and shrubs into crop and livestock systems
Planting only herbaceous plants
Using only hydroponic systems
Explanation - Agroforestry combines woody perennials with agriculture to improve biodiversity, soil health, and carbon storage.
Correct answer is: Integrating trees and shrubs into crop and livestock systems
Q.93 Which of the following is a key factor to consider when designing an off‑grid solar‑powered irrigation system?
Battery storage capacity to match nighttime water demand
Number of wind turbines
Length of irrigation canals
Color of the solar panels
Explanation - Adequate battery storage ensures irrigation can continue when solar generation is unavailable.
Correct answer is: Battery storage capacity to match nighttime water demand
Q.94 What is the purpose of a ‘chlorophyll fluorescence meter’ in crop monitoring?
To measure soil texture
To assess photosynthetic efficiency and stress levels
To detect soil pathogens
To calculate irrigation flow rates
Explanation - Fluorescence provides insight into the functional state of photosystem II, indicating plant stress.
Correct answer is: To assess photosynthetic efficiency and stress levels
Q.95 Which of the following is a primary driver for developing ‘seedless’ fruit varieties through biotechnology?
Increasing seed production for animal feed
Improving consumer convenience and reducing waste
Making fruits harder to store
Reducing fruit sweetness
Explanation - Seedless fruits are easier to eat and have less processing waste, enhancing market appeal.
Correct answer is: Improving consumer convenience and reducing waste
Q.96 Which of the following is a major benefit of using ‘machine vision’ for weed detection in fields?
It eliminates the need for any sensors
It allows targeted herbicide application, reducing chemical use
It requires manual labor for each plant
It increases water consumption
Explanation - Machine vision can identify weeds precisely, enabling spot‑spraying and minimizing herbicide use.
Correct answer is: It allows targeted herbicide application, reducing chemical use
Q.97 Which of the following best describes a ‘microbial inoculant’ product?
A chemical pesticide
A preparation containing beneficial microorganisms for soil or seed treatment
A synthetic fertilizer
A mechanical tillage tool
Explanation - Microbial inoculants introduce beneficial bacteria or fungi that enhance nutrient availability or disease resistance.
Correct answer is: A preparation containing beneficial microorganisms for soil or seed treatment
Q.98 What is a common method to assess the genetic diversity of a crop population?
Measuring leaf size only
Using molecular markers such as SSR or SNP analysis
Counting the number of plants per hectare
Observing flower color
Explanation - Molecular markers provide precise information on genetic variation within and between populations.
Correct answer is: Using molecular markers such as SSR or SNP analysis
Q.99 Which of the following is an example of a ‘low‑tech’ sustainable farming practice?
Using satellite imaging for crop monitoring
Applying compost and practicing crop rotation
Installing automated drones
Implementing robotic harvesters
Explanation - Compost addition and rotation are simple, cost‑effective methods that improve soil health and pest management.
Correct answer is: Applying compost and practicing crop rotation
Q.100 In a hydroponic nutrient solution, why is it important to regularly monitor and adjust the pH level?
pH affects nutrient solubility and plant uptake
pH determines the color of the solution
pH controls the temperature of the solution
pH has no effect on plant growth
Explanation - Optimal pH (typically 5.5–6.5) ensures nutrients remain soluble and available to plant roots.
Correct answer is: pH affects nutrient solubility and plant uptake
Q.101 Which of the following best explains why ‘crop diversification’ enhances resilience to climate change?
It creates uniform fields that are easier to manage
Different crops respond uniquely to stresses, reducing total loss risk
It eliminates the need for any technology
It always reduces overall yield
Explanation - Diversified systems spread risk; if one crop fails due to a stress, others may still succeed.
Correct answer is: Different crops respond uniquely to stresses, reducing total loss risk
Q.102 Which of the following is a typical component of an automated greenhouse climate control system?
Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and motorized vent actuators
Manual watering cans
Hand‑drawn weather charts
Gasoline‑powered generators
Explanation - These components work together to maintain optimal growing conditions automatically.
Correct answer is: Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and motorized vent actuators
Q.103 What does the acronym ‘BCA’ stand for in the context of sustainable agriculture?
Biochemical Analyzer
Biological Control Agent
Bacterial Contamination Alert
Biodiversity Conservation Act
Explanation - BCAs are living organisms (e.g., beneficial insects, microbes) used to suppress pests and diseases.
Correct answer is: Biological Control Agent
Q.104 Which of the following is a key factor influencing the efficiency of a solar photovoltaic system on a farm?
Panel tilt angle and orientation relative to the sun
Number of tractors in the field
Soil pH
Crop variety
Explanation - Proper tilt and azimuth maximize solar irradiance capture, improving energy output.
Correct answer is: Panel tilt angle and orientation relative to the sun
Q.105 In a precision farming context, what does the term ‘prescription map’ refer to?
A map that outlines variable‑rate input applications across a field
A map showing the location of farm machinery
A weather forecast map
A map of animal grazing patterns
Explanation - Prescription maps guide site‑specific management, such as variable‑rate fertilizer or seed placement.
Correct answer is: A map that outlines variable‑rate input applications across a field
Q.106 Which of the following is a primary function of ‘plant growth‑promoting rhizobacteria’ (PGPR) in sustainable agriculture?
Producing ethylene to stunt growth
Enhancing nutrient uptake and producing phytohormones
Increasing soil salinity
Reducing photosynthesis
Explanation - PGPR can solubilize phosphates, fix nitrogen, and synthesize hormones that boost plant growth.
Correct answer is: Enhancing nutrient uptake and producing phytohormones
Q.107 Which technology is most suitable for real‑time monitoring of plant water stress at a canopy level?
Thermal infrared imaging
Soil pH meter
Leaf clipping for chlorophyll extraction
Acoustic sensor
Explanation - Thermal cameras detect temperature differences caused by transpiration rates, indicating water stress.
Correct answer is: Thermal infrared imaging
Q.108 What is a common environmental advantage of using ‘intercropping’?
Higher pesticide usage
Reduced soil erosion and improved resource use efficiency
Decreased biodiversity
Increased need for irrigation
Explanation - Intercropping diversifies canopy cover, protecting soil and utilizing nutrients and light more efficiently.
Correct answer is: Reduced soil erosion and improved resource use efficiency
Q.109 Which of the following best describes the function of a ‘photo‑synthetic photon flux density (PPFD) sensor’ in a greenhouse?
Measures the amount of photosynthetically active radiation reaching the plants
Detects soil moisture content
Controls the greenhouse heating system
Monitors CO₂ concentration
Explanation - PPFD sensors quantify light in the 400‑700 nm range, essential for regulating supplemental lighting.
Correct answer is: Measures the amount of photosynthetically active radiation reaching the plants
Q.110 Which of the following is a key reason for integrating ‘livestock’ into crop‑based farming systems for sustainability?
To increase the amount of synthetic fertilizer needed
To recycle nutrients through manure and improve soil fertility
To reduce biodiversity
To require more land clearing
Explanation - Manure returns organic matter and nutrients to the soil, closing nutrient loops.
Correct answer is: To recycle nutrients through manure and improve soil fertility
Q.111 What does the term ‘nutrient use efficiency (NUE)’ refer to in crop production?
The ratio of nutrients applied to nutrients taken up by the crop
The total amount of fertilizer purchased
The speed at which a farmer can plant seeds
The number of pests present in a field
Explanation - Higher NUE means less waste and lower environmental impact.
Correct answer is: The ratio of nutrients applied to nutrients taken up by the crop
Q.112 Which of the following is a primary function of a ‘smart fertigation’ system?
To automatically adjust nutrient delivery based on real‑time sensor data
To increase manual labor requirements
To reduce the need for water in the system
To monitor animal health
Explanation - Smart fertigation integrates sensor feedback to supply nutrients precisely when and where needed.
Correct answer is: To automatically adjust nutrient delivery based on real‑time sensor data