Q.1 What pore size favors cell migration in scaffolds?
50–100 nm
200–500 µm
5–10 mm
1–2 cm
Explanation - Intermediate pores allow migration.
Correct answer is: 200–500 µm
Q.2 Which polymer is commonly used for biodegradable scaffolds?
PEEK
PLA
PMMA
PVC
Explanation - PLA is biodegradable and biocompatible.
Correct answer is: PLA
Q.3 What is the main benefit of electrospinning?
Large pore scaffolds
Thin fiber mats
High stiffness
Rapid degradation
Explanation - Produces nano‑scale fibers.
Correct answer is: Thin fiber mats
Q.4 Which material provides electrical conductivity to scaffolds?
Collagen
PEDOT:PSS
Silk fibroin
Alginate
Explanation - Polymer is conductive.
Correct answer is: PEDOT:PSS
Q.5 What does HA in scaffolds stand for?
Hydroxyapatite
Hyaluronic acid
Hexagonal arsenic
Hydroxyalkane
Explanation - Bone‑like mineral.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite
Q.6 Which technique aligns collagen fibers along stress direction?
Freeze‑drying
Compression molding
Mechanical stretching
Electrospinning
Explanation - Aligns fibers mechanically.
Correct answer is: Mechanical stretching
Q.7 What is a key advantage of 3D bioprinting?
Uniform cell distribution
Fast fabrication
High cost
Limited materials
Explanation - Prints cells precisely.
Correct answer is: Uniform cell distribution
Q.8 Which crosslinker is often used for alginate scaffolds?
Glutaraldehyde
Genipin
CaCl2
Ethanol
Explanation - Calcium crosslinks alginate.
Correct answer is: CaCl2
Q.9 What property of PCL makes it suitable for long‑term implants?
High elasticity
Fast degradation
Low stiffness
Slow degradation
Explanation - Degrades over months.
Correct answer is: Slow degradation
Q.10 Which surface modification improves cell adhesion?
Polydopamine coating
Hydrophobic treatment
Silane grafting
UV sterilization
Explanation - Enhances protein adsorption.
Correct answer is: Polydopamine coating
Q.11 Which scaffold geometry is best for vascular tissue engineering?
Porous foam
Honeycomb lattice
Solid block
Random mesh
Explanation - Mimics vessel walls.
Correct answer is: Honeycomb lattice
Q.12 What is the typical degradation time for PLGA 85:15?
Weeks
Months
Years
Hours
Explanation - Degrades over 6–12 months.
Correct answer is: Months
Q.13 Which ion promotes osteogenic differentiation?
Na⁺
Ca²⁺
K⁺
Cl⁻
Explanation - Calcium signals bone formation.
Correct answer is: Ca²⁺
Q.14 What does the term 'bioactive glass' refer to?
Glass that degrades slowly
Glass that bonds to bone
Glass with electrical charge
Glass that is transparent
Explanation - Stimulates bone growth.
Correct answer is: Glass that bonds to bone
Q.15 Which factor is critical for scaffold mechanical strength?
Porosity
Color
Density
Weight
Explanation - Higher porosity reduces strength.
Correct answer is: Porosity
Q.16 Which cell type is often seeded for cartilage scaffolds?
Hepatocytes
Chondrocytes
Neurons
Keratinocytes
Explanation - Cartilage cells produce matrix.
Correct answer is: Chondrocytes
Q.17 What role does silk fibroin play in scaffolds?
Provides stiffness
Acts as growth factor
Creates pores
Adds fluorescence
Explanation - Enhances mechanical support.
Correct answer is: Provides stiffness
Q.18 Which additive promotes angiogenesis in scaffolds?
VEGF
BSA
PEG
Chitosan
Explanation - Stimulates new blood vessels.
Correct answer is: VEGF
Q.19 What is the main purpose of a sacrificial template in scaffold fabrication?
Add color
Increase stiffness
Create pores
Reduce cost
Explanation - Template removed leaves voids.
Correct answer is: Create pores
Q.20 Which property is essential for electrically conductive tissue scaffolds?
High modulus
High surface area
Electrical conductivity
Low porosity
Explanation - Enables electrical signals.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.21 Which method measures scaffold pore interconnectivity?
SEM imaging
Micro‑CT scanning
Mechanical testing
Spectroscopy
Explanation - Reveals 3D pore network.
Correct answer is: Micro‑CT scanning
Q.22 What is the function of gelatin in composite scaffolds?
Provides elasticity
Enhances conductivity
Adds opacity
Stabilizes structure
Explanation - Gelatin adds flexibility.
Correct answer is: Provides elasticity
Q.23 Which technique controls scaffold architecture at microscale?
Freeze casting
Molding
Spray coating
Sputtering
Explanation - Creates aligned pores.
Correct answer is: Freeze casting
Q.24 Why is PEGylation used in biomaterials?
Increase stiffness
Reduce immune response
Add fluorescence
Improve conductivity
Explanation - PEG creates stealth layer.
Correct answer is: Reduce immune response
Q.25 Which parameter affects cell proliferation on scaffolds?
Color
Surface roughness
Odor
Temperature of storage
Explanation - Roughness influences adhesion.
Correct answer is: Surface roughness
Q.26 Which imaging technique visualizes cell distribution in scaffolds?
MRI
X‑ray CT
Confocal microscopy
Ultrasound
Explanation - Provides optical sectioning.
Correct answer is: Confocal microscopy
Q.27 What does 'bioprinting resolution' refer to?
Print speed
Feature size
Material cost
Post‑processing time
Explanation - Size of printed features.
Correct answer is: Feature size
Q.28 Which material is often combined with graphene for conductive scaffolds?
PLA
PEG
PEO
PDMS
Explanation - PLA + graphene improves conductivity.
Correct answer is: PLA
Q.29 Which process creates micro‑channels for nutrient flow?
Laser ablation
Spin coating
Electrolysis
Filtration
Explanation - Precisely removes material.
Correct answer is: Laser ablation
Q.30 What is the typical pore size for bone tissue scaffolds?
0.5–1 µm
50–100 µm
500–1000 µm
5–10 mm
Explanation - Supports osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: 500–1000 µm
Q.31 Which cell‑matrix interaction is crucial for tissue engineering?
Cell‑cell adhesion
Cell‑scaffold adhesion
Cell‑air adhesion
Cell‑light adhesion
Explanation - Anchors cells to scaffold.
Correct answer is: Cell‑scaffold adhesion
Q.32 Which parameter defines scaffold porosity?
Mass density
Void volume fraction
Color intensity
Surface temperature
Explanation - Percentage of void space.
Correct answer is: Void volume fraction
Q.33 Why is mechanical matching important in scaffolds?
For aesthetic reasons
To avoid stress shielding
To reduce weight
To enhance color
Explanation - Matches native tissue stiffness.
Correct answer is: To avoid stress shielding
Q.34 Which stimulus enhances nerve regeneration in scaffolds?
Heat
Cold
Electrical stimulation
Magnetic fields
Explanation - Promotes neuronal growth.
Correct answer is: Electrical stimulation
Q.35 Which polymer is known for high biocompatibility?
PEEK
PMMA
PLGA
Polystyrene
Explanation - Widely used in implants.
Correct answer is: PLGA
Q.36 Which surface chemistry improves osteoblast adhesion?
Hydrophobic coating
Silane groups
Carbon nanotubes
Polyethylene glycol
Explanation - Adds reactive sites.
Correct answer is: Silane groups
Q.37 Which technique can tune scaffold stiffness during printing?
Varying print speed
Adjusting nozzle diameter
Changing filament temperature
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple parameters affect stiffness.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.38 Which additive can accelerate scaffold degradation?
Silica
Chitosan
Glycerol
Calcium carbonate
Explanation - Hydrolyzes faster.
Correct answer is: Chitosan
Q.39 Which property is critical for neural scaffold conductivity?
High dielectric constant
High tensile strength
Electrical resistivity
Low porosity
Explanation - Low resistivity enhances signals.
Correct answer is: Electrical resistivity
Q.40 What does 'bioreactor conditioning' entail?
Sterilization
Electrical stimulation
Mechanical loading
All of the above
Explanation - Pre‑matures tissue constructs.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.41 Which parameter controls cell seeding density?
Scaffold thickness
Cell suspension volume
Ambient temperature
Print resolution
Explanation - Determines cell number.
Correct answer is: Cell suspension volume
Q.42 Which imaging modality detects scaffold mineralization?
MRI
X‑ray radiography
Ultrasound
Fluorescence imaging
Explanation - Shows mineral deposits.
Correct answer is: X‑ray radiography
Q.43 Which technique is used for scaffold surface nanostructuring?
Electron beam lithography
Chemical vapor deposition
Laser ablation
All of the above
Explanation - Creates nanofeatures.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.44 Which polymer blend yields higher toughness?
PLA/PEG
PLA/PEO
PLA/PDMS
PLA/PMMA
Explanation - PEG improves toughness.
Correct answer is: PLA/PEG
Q.45 Which factor most influences scaffold swelling?
Crosslink density
Pore size
Print speed
Ambient humidity
Explanation - Crosslinks reduce swelling.
Correct answer is: Crosslink density
Q.46 Which parameter is crucial for 3D‑printed hydrogel scaffolds?
Gelation time
Laser power
Print head diameter
Ambient noise
Explanation - Controls shape fidelity.
Correct answer is: Gelation time
Q.47 Which cell type is used for cardiac scaffold seeding?
Cardiomyocytes
Osteoblasts
Adipocytes
Neurons
Explanation - Heart muscle cells.
Correct answer is: Cardiomyocytes
Q.48 What is the purpose of a bioink?
Serve as nutrient source
Provide structural support
Act as cell carrier
All of the above
Explanation - Combines support and cells.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.49 Which material is hydrophilic and supports cell migration?
PDMS
PLA
PEG
PEEK
Explanation - Hydrophilic polymer.
Correct answer is: PEG
Q.50 Which process creates porous structures by phase separation?
Freeze casting
Solvent casting
Electrospinning
Laser printing
Explanation - Phase separation forms pores.
Correct answer is: Solvent casting
Q.51 Which factor dictates scaffold biodegradation rate?
Temperature
pH
Polymer composition
Color
Explanation - Chemical bonds determine rate.
Correct answer is: Polymer composition
Q.52 Which technique aligns fibers for muscle tissue?
Random electrospinning
Aligned electrospinning
Freeze-drying
Compression molding
Explanation - Mimics muscle fibers.
Correct answer is: Aligned electrospinning
Q.53 Which surface treatment increases protein adsorption?
Hydrophobic coating
UV exposure
Oxygen plasma
Ethanol rinse
Explanation - Creates hydroxyl groups.
Correct answer is: Oxygen plasma
Q.54 What does 'tissue maturation' refer to in bioreactors?
Cell death
Matrix synthesis
Scaffold removal
Sterilization
Explanation - Production of extracellular matrix.
Correct answer is: Matrix synthesis
Q.55 Which factor influences cell differentiation on scaffolds?
Chemical cues
Mechanical cues
Electrical cues
All of the above
Explanation - Multifactorial influence.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.56 Which polymer is most flexible for skin scaffolds?
PLA
PCL
Silk fibroin
Collagen
Explanation - Natural flexibility.
Correct answer is: Collagen
Q.57 Which method improves scaffold porosity uniformly?
Phase inversion
Electrospinning
Freeze drying
All of the above
Explanation - Creates uniform pores.
Correct answer is: Phase inversion
Q.58 Which property is essential for cardiac scaffold function?
Electrical conductivity
High stiffness
Low porosity
Opaque appearance
Explanation - Enables impulse propagation.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.59 Which technique offers highest scaffold resolution?
Fused deposition modeling
Stereolithography
Selective laser sintering
All of the above
Explanation - Micro‑laser precision.
Correct answer is: Stereolithography
Q.60 Which polymer provides high thermal stability in printing?
PLA
PEEK
PDMS
PEG
Explanation - High melting point.
Correct answer is: PEEK
Q.61 Which additive enhances hydrogel swelling capacity?
Chitosan
Silica
Carbon fibers
Polystyrene
Explanation - Hydrophilic polymer.
Correct answer is: Chitosan
Q.62 What does 'print speed' affect in bioprinting?
Resolution
Cell viability
Material deposition
All of the above
Explanation - Controls multiple parameters.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.63 Which surface modification reduces bacterial adhesion?
PEGylation
Chitosan coating
Hydrophobic treatment
All of the above
Explanation - Creates non‑fouling surface.
Correct answer is: PEGylation
Q.64 Which factor determines scaffold mechanical anisotropy?
Fiber orientation
Pore size
Print speed
Temperature
Explanation - Aligns mechanical properties.
Correct answer is: Fiber orientation
Q.65 What is the role of growth factors in scaffolds?
Structural support
Cell recruitment
Electrical conduction
Thermal insulation
Explanation - Stimulate cell proliferation.
Correct answer is: Cell recruitment
Q.66 Which technique uses a laser to sinter powders?
FDM
SLS
SLA
EBM
Explanation - Selective laser sintering.
Correct answer is: SLS
Q.67 Which material is naturally conductive for nerve scaffolds?
Chitosan
Collagen
Polyaniline
PLA
Explanation - Conducts electricity.
Correct answer is: Polyaniline
Q.68 What is the effect of high porosity on scaffold stiffness?
Increases stiffness
Decreases stiffness
No effect
Fluctuates randomly
Explanation - Less load‑bearing material.
Correct answer is: Decreases stiffness
Q.69 Which strategy promotes vascularization in 3D‑printed scaffolds?
Large pores
Embedded micro‑channels
High stiffness
Both A and B
Explanation - Enhances blood vessel growth.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.70 Which property is critical for cartilage scaffold lubrication?
Hydrogel network
High porosity
Surface roughness
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - Provides lubrication.
Correct answer is: Hydrogel network
Q.71 Which factor influences scaffold mass transport?
Pore size
Surface area
Crosslink density
All of the above
Explanation - All impact transport.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.72 Which polymer is known for excellent cell compatibility?
PDMS
PEEK
PLGA
Polystyrene
Explanation - Widely used in implants.
Correct answer is: PLGA
Q.73 What is a key advantage of silk fibroin in scaffolds?
High stiffness
Biodegradability
Electrical conductivity
Fluorescence
Explanation - Degrades in body.
Correct answer is: Biodegradability
Q.74 Which technique measures scaffold mechanical properties?
Tensile test
Compression test
Dynamic mechanical analysis
All of the above
Explanation - Provides comprehensive data.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.75 Which parameter is vital for cell viability in bioprinting?
Nozzle diameter
Printing speed
Temperature
All of the above
Explanation - Affects shear stress.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.76 Which surface topography promotes osteoblast adhesion?
Smooth surface
Nanoroughness
Flat plate
Large grooves
Explanation - Enhances focal adhesion.
Correct answer is: Nanoroughness
Q.77 What is the main goal of scaffold degradation rate tuning?
Match tissue growth
Reduce cost
Increase color
Improve taste
Explanation - Synchronizes scaffold loss with tissue.
Correct answer is: Match tissue growth
Q.78 Which additive enhances scaffold hydrophilicity?
PEG
Graphene
PEEK
Alumina
Explanation - Hydrophilic polymer.
Correct answer is: PEG
Q.79 Which fabrication method creates gradient porosity?
Layer‑by‑layer printing
Phase separation
Solvent casting
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple methods achieve gradients.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.80 Which parameter controls scaffold fiber diameter in electrospinning?
Voltage
Collector distance
Solution viscosity
All of the above
Explanation - All affect diameter.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.81 What does 'scaffold recellularization' involve?
Removing cells
Adding new cells
Sterilizing scaffold
Printing new scaffold
Explanation - Re‑seeding with target cells.
Correct answer is: Adding new cells
Q.82 Which property is vital for tendon scaffold design?
High tensile strength
High porosity
Electrical conductivity
Low stiffness
Explanation - Supports load bearing.
Correct answer is: High tensile strength
Q.83 Which technique assesses scaffold porosity distribution?
SEM
Confocal microscopy
Micro‑CT
FTIR
Explanation - Provides 3D pore mapping.
Correct answer is: Micro‑CT
Q.84 What role does calcium ion concentration play in bone scaffolds?
Stimulates mineralization
Increases porosity
Reduces stiffness
None of the above
Explanation - Calcium promotes bone formation.
Correct answer is: Stimulates mineralization
Q.85 Which method provides highest cell viability in bioprinting?
Low temperature printing
High speed printing
High temperature printing
All of the above
Explanation - Reduces thermal stress.
Correct answer is: Low temperature printing
Q.86 What is the purpose of using a sacrificial ink in 3D printing?
Increase stiffness
Create internal channels
Add color
Reduce cost
Explanation - Sacrificial material removed.
Correct answer is: Create internal channels
Q.87 Which biomaterial is most commonly used for neural tissue scaffolds?
Chitosan
Silk fibroin
PLA
PDMS
Explanation - Promotes neural growth.
Correct answer is: Chitosan
Q.88 Which parameter affects scaffold degradation by hydrolysis?
pH
Temperature
Polymer chemistry
All of the above
Explanation - All influence hydrolysis.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.89 Which technique ensures scaffold biocompatibility?
Sterilization
Surface coating
Chemical purification
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple steps needed.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.90 Which scaffold feature promotes stem cell differentiation?
Nanofiber alignment
Large pores
Hydrophobic surface
Low surface area
Explanation - Mimics natural ECM.
Correct answer is: Nanofiber alignment
Q.91 Which material is best suited for bone regeneration scaffolds?
PLGA
Hydroxyapatite
PDMS
Polystyrene
Explanation - Bone‑like mineral.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite
Q.92 Which property is essential for biodegradable scaffold longevity?
Fast degradation
Slow degradation
Permanent presence
Immediate removal
Explanation - Matches tissue healing time.
Correct answer is: Slow degradation
Q.93 Which technique integrates growth factor release in scaffolds?
Encapsulation
Surface adsorption
Crosslinking
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple release strategies.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.94 What determines scaffold wettability?
Surface chemistry
Pore size
Color
Printing speed
Explanation - Chemical groups dictate wetting.
Correct answer is: Surface chemistry
Q.95 Which scaffold design reduces inflammatory response?
Smooth surface
High porosity
Nanostructured surface
All of the above
Explanation - All mitigate inflammation.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.96 Which material is commonly used for nerve guidance conduits?
PLA
Collagen
Silicone
Polystyrene
Explanation - Natural nerve support.
Correct answer is: Collagen
Q.97 Which technique allows real‑time monitoring of cell growth?
Live‑cell imaging
SEM
X‑ray
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - Observes living cells.
Correct answer is: Live‑cell imaging
Q.98 Which property is critical for scaffolds used in vascular grafts?
High elasticity
High stiffness
Low porosity
Opaque surface
Explanation - Matches vessel compliance.
Correct answer is: High elasticity
Q.99 Which technique is used to measure scaffold porosity?
BET analysis
SEM imaging
Micro‑CT
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple measurement methods.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.100 Which property of graphene improves scaffold conductivity?
High aspect ratio
High surface area
Both A and B
None of the above
Explanation - Enhances electron flow.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.101 What is the effect of pore interconnectivity on nutrient transport?
Improves transport
Blocks transport
Has no effect
Reduces degradation
Explanation - Facilitates nutrient flow.
Correct answer is: Improves transport
Q.102 Which technique best controls scaffold microstructure?
3D printing
Freeze drying
Electrospinning
All of the above
Explanation - Each offers control.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.103 Which surface modification reduces platelet adhesion?
PEGylation
Chitosan coating
Hydrophobic surface
All of the above
Explanation - Creates non‑fouling surface.
Correct answer is: PEGylation
Q.104 Which factor is essential for scaffold biostability?
Crosslink density
Mechanical strength
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All influence stability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.105 Which polymer blend offers improved mechanical and biological performance?
PLA/PCL
PLA/PEEK
PLA/PDMS
PLA/Polystyrene
Explanation - Combines properties.
Correct answer is: PLA/PCL
Q.106 Which method promotes uniform cell distribution in scaffolds?
Static seeding
Dynamic perfusion
Electrospinning
Compression molding
Explanation - Improves distribution.
Correct answer is: Dynamic perfusion
Q.107 Which property is crucial for bone tissue scaffold mineralization?
Surface roughness
Electrical conductivity
Hydrophilicity
All of the above
Explanation - All influence mineralization.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.108 Which technique reduces scaffold shrinkage during dehydration?
Cryogenic freezing
Solvent exchange
Critical point drying
All of the above
Explanation - Maintains structure.
Correct answer is: Critical point drying
Q.109 What does 'scaffold anisotropy' describe?
Uniform mechanical properties
Direction‑dependent properties
Color variation
Size variation
Explanation - Vary with orientation.
Correct answer is: Direction‑dependent properties
Q.110 Which parameter influences scaffold swelling in aqueous media?
Crosslink density
Pore size
Hydrophobicity
All of the above
Explanation - All affect swelling.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.111 Which scaffold feature promotes chondrogenesis?
High porosity
Aligned fibers
Hydrogel matrix
High stiffness
Explanation - Soft environment supports cartilage.
Correct answer is: Hydrogel matrix
Q.112 Which surface treatment enhances fibroblast adhesion?
PEGylation
Silane coating
Hydrophobic coating
None of the above
Explanation - Provides reactive sites.
Correct answer is: Silane coating
Q.113 Which factor is critical for scaffold printability?
Viscosity of bioink
Temperature of printer
Ambient humidity
All of the above
Explanation - Affects extrusion quality.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.114 Which additive improves scaffold mechanical strength?
Graphene
Chitosan
PEG
Alumina
Explanation - Enhances stiffness.
Correct answer is: Graphene
Q.115 Which technique allows in situ monitoring of scaffold degradation?
Mass loss measurement
In vivo imaging
SEM after immersion
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple monitoring methods.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.116 Which material provides both structural support and electrical signaling?
PLA
PEDOT:PSS
PCL
PEG
Explanation - Conductive polymer.
Correct answer is: PEDOT:PSS
Q.117 Which scaffold property is important for soft tissue engineering?
High modulus
Low modulus
High porosity
All of the above
Explanation - Matches soft tissue stiffness.
Correct answer is: Low modulus
Q.118 Which parameter determines scaffold degradation time in vivo?
Polymer chemistry
Crosslink density
Surface area
All of the above
Explanation - All influence degradation.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.119 Which method creates continuous micro‑channels for vascularization?
Laser ablation
Solvent casting
Electrospinning
Compression molding
Explanation - Precise channel formation.
Correct answer is: Laser ablation
Q.120 Which property ensures scaffold biocompatibility?
Low toxicity
High stiffness
Fast degradation
Opaque surface
Explanation - Avoids adverse reactions.
Correct answer is: Low toxicity
Q.121 Which technique is used to measure scaffold porosity via gas adsorption?
BET
SEM
X‑ray
FTIR
Explanation - Binds gas molecules.
Correct answer is: BET
Q.122 Which property of a scaffold is essential for nerve repair?
Electrical conductivity
High stiffness
Large pores
Low porosity
Explanation - Supports signal transmission.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.123 Which additive enhances scaffold biorecognition?
Fibronectin
Collagen
Chitosan
All of the above
Explanation - Improves cell binding.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.124 Which technique creates a gradient of mechanical stiffness?
Variable extrusion rate
Gradient crosslinking
Layer‑by‑layer printing
All of the above
Explanation - Combines multiple methods.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.125 Which scaffold property affects cell differentiation pathways?
Topography
Stiffness
Electrical cues
All of the above
Explanation - All guide differentiation.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.126 Which material is known for its antibacterial properties?
Chitosan
PLA
PEG
PDMS
Explanation - Inhibits bacterial growth.
Correct answer is: Chitosan
Q.127 Which fabrication method allows creation of highly porous scaffolds?
Solvent casting
Electrospinning
Freeze casting
All of the above
Explanation - Each yields porosity.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.128 Which factor determines scaffold surface energy?
Chemical groups
Surface roughness
Pore size
All of the above
Explanation - Influences wettability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.129 Which property is crucial for scaffold integration with host tissue?
Biocompatibility
Mechanical match
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All impact integration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.130 Which technique is used to assess scaffold electrical conductivity?
Four‑point probe
SEM
X‑ray
FTIR
Explanation - Measures conductivity.
Correct answer is: Four‑point probe
Q.131 What does 'scaffold recellularization' involve?
Removing all cells
Adding new cells
Staining cells
Sterilizing scaffold
Explanation - Re‑seeding with cells.
Correct answer is: Adding new cells
Q.132 Which material is favored for neural conduits?
PEG
PLA
Collagen
PDMS
Explanation - Natural neural support.
Correct answer is: Collagen
Q.133 Which property is essential for tendon scaffold design?
High tensile strength
High porosity
Low modulus
All of the above
Explanation - Matches tendon load.
Correct answer is: High tensile strength
Q.134 Which technique improves scaffold vascularization?
Incorporating VEGF
High porosity
Micro‑channel design
All of the above
Explanation - Promotes blood vessel growth.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.135 Which parameter controls scaffold swelling ratio?
Crosslink density
Pore size
Polymer chemistry
All of the above
Explanation - All influence swelling.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.136 Which additive improves scaffold bioactivity?
Nano‑HA
Chitosan
PEG
Silica
Explanation - Stimulates bone formation.
Correct answer is: Nano‑HA
Q.137 Which surface modification increases cell adhesion?
PEGylation
Silane coating
Hydrophobic surface
None of the above
Explanation - Adds reactive sites.
Correct answer is: Silane coating
Q.138 Which factor determines scaffold degradation in alkaline media?
pH
Temperature
Polymer chemistry
All of the above
Explanation - All influence rate.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.139 Which property is critical for cardiac tissue scaffold?
Electrical conductivity
High stiffness
Large pores
All of the above
Explanation - Supports electrical signals.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.140 Which technique allows creation of gradient porosity?
Layer‑by‑layer printing
Electrospinning
Solvent casting
All of the above
Explanation - Multiple methods produce gradients.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.141 Which material provides high mechanical strength and biocompatibility?
PLA
PEEK
PDMS
PEG
Explanation - High stiffness, biocompatible.
Correct answer is: PEEK
Q.142 Which property is essential for scaffold nutrient diffusion?
Porosity
Surface area
Crosslink density
All of the above
Explanation - All impact diffusion.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.143 Which technique enhances scaffold mechanical properties?
Crosslinking
Annealing
Incorporating nanoparticles
All of the above
Explanation - All improve strength.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.144 Which material is often used as a bioink for 3D printing?
GelMA
PLA
PDMS
Alumina
Explanation - Gelatin methacrylate.
Correct answer is: GelMA
Q.145 Which parameter affects scaffold cell infiltration?
Pore size
Surface chemistry
Mechanical stiffness
All of the above
Explanation - All influence infiltration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.146 Which surface roughness feature promotes osteoblast adhesion?
Nanoroughness
Smooth surface
Large grooves
Flat plate
Explanation - Enhances adhesion.
Correct answer is: Nanoroughness
Q.147 Which factor determines scaffold biodegradation rate in vivo?
Polymer chemistry
Crosslink density
Surface area
All of the above
Explanation - All influence rate.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.148 Which property is crucial for scaffold integration in bone?
Bioactivity
Mechanical strength
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All impact integration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.149 Which additive improves scaffold electrical conductivity?
PEDOT:PSS
Chitosan
PEG
Silica
Explanation - Conductive polymer.
Correct answer is: PEDOT:PSS
Q.150 Which surface modification reduces immune response?
PEGylation
Silane coating
Hydrophobic surface
All of the above
Explanation - Creates non‑fouling surface.
Correct answer is: PEGylation
Q.151 Which technique improves scaffold cell seeding efficiency?
Dynamic perfusion
Static immersion
Electrospinning
Compression molding
Explanation - Enhances cell distribution.
Correct answer is: Dynamic perfusion
Q.152 Which property ensures scaffold biostability?
Crosslink density
Mechanical strength
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All influence stability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.153 Which material is often used for soft tissue scaffolds?
PLA
PCL
Collagen
PEEK
Explanation - Soft, biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Collagen
Q.154 Which property is critical for vascular graft scaffolds?
High elasticity
High stiffness
Low porosity
Opaque surface
Explanation - Matches vessel compliance.
Correct answer is: High elasticity
Q.155 Which technique assesses scaffold porosity in 3D?
Micro‑CT
SEM
X‑ray
FTIR
Explanation - Provides 3D mapping.
Correct answer is: Micro‑CT
Q.156 Which additive improves scaffold mechanical strength?
Graphene
Chitosan
PEG
Silica
Explanation - Enhances stiffness.
Correct answer is: Graphene
Q.157 Which property is essential for nerve conduits?
Electrical conductivity
High stiffness
Large pores
All of the above
Explanation - Supports nerve signals.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.158 Which technique is used to create micro‑channels?
Laser ablation
Solvent casting
Electrospinning
Compression molding
Explanation - Precise channel creation.
Correct answer is: Laser ablation
Q.159 Which property ensures scaffold biocompatibility?
Low toxicity
High stiffness
Fast degradation
Opaque surface
Explanation - Avoids adverse reactions.
Correct answer is: Low toxicity
Q.160 Which method measures scaffold electrical properties?
Four‑point probe
SEM
X‑ray
FTIR
Explanation - Measures conductivity.
Correct answer is: Four‑point probe
Q.161 Which factor influences scaffold swelling in water?
Crosslink density
Pore size
Hydrophobicity
All of the above
Explanation - All affect swelling.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.162 Which additive improves scaffold bioactivity?
Nano‑HA
Chitosan
PEG
Silica
Explanation - Stimulates bone growth.
Correct answer is: Nano‑HA
Q.163 Which surface modification increases cell adhesion?
PEGylation
Silane coating
Hydrophobic surface
None of the above
Explanation - Adds reactive sites.
Correct answer is: Silane coating
Q.164 Which factor determines scaffold degradation in alkaline media?
pH
Temperature
Polymer chemistry
All of the above
Explanation - All influence rate.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.165 Which property is critical for cardiac scaffolds?
Electrical conductivity
High stiffness
Large pores
All of the above
Explanation - Supports signal propagation.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.166 Which technique creates gradient porosity?
Layer‑by‑layer printing
Electrospinning
Solvent casting
All of the above
Explanation - Various methods yield gradients.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.167 Which material provides high mechanical strength and biocompatibility?
PLA
PEEK
PDMS
PEG
Explanation - High stiffness, biocompatible.
Correct answer is: PEEK
Q.168 Which property is essential for nutrient diffusion?
Porosity
Surface area
Crosslink density
All of the above
Explanation - All impact diffusion.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.169 Which technique enhances mechanical properties?
Crosslinking
Annealing
Nanoparticle inclusion
All of the above
Explanation - All improve strength.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.170 Which material is common as a bioink?
GelMA
PLA
PDMS
Alumina
Explanation - Gelatin methacrylate.
Correct answer is: GelMA
Q.171 Which factor affects cell infiltration?
Pore size
Surface chemistry
Mechanical stiffness
All of the above
Explanation - All influence infiltration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.172 Which surface roughness promotes osteoblast adhesion?
Nanoroughness
Smooth surface
Large grooves
Flat plate
Explanation - Enhances adhesion.
Correct answer is: Nanoroughness
Q.173 Which determines biodegradation rate in vivo?
Polymer chemistry
Crosslink density
Surface area
All of the above
Explanation - All affect rate.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.174 Which is crucial for scaffold bone integration?
Bioactivity
Mechanical strength
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All impact integration.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.175 Which additive improves electrical conductivity?
PEDOT:PSS
Chitosan
PEG
Silica
Explanation - Conductive polymer.
Correct answer is: PEDOT:PSS
Q.176 Which modification reduces immune response?
PEGylation
Silane coating
Hydrophobic surface
All of the above
Explanation - Non‑fouling surface.
Correct answer is: PEGylation
Q.177 Which enhances scaffold cell seeding?
Dynamic perfusion
Static immersion
Electrospinning
Compression molding
Explanation - Improves distribution.
Correct answer is: Dynamic perfusion
Q.178 Which ensures scaffold biostability?
Crosslink density
Mechanical strength
Degradation rate
All of the above
Explanation - All influence stability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.179 Which material used for soft tissue scaffolds?
PLA
PCL
Collagen
PEEK
Explanation - Soft, biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Collagen
Q.180 Which property critical for vascular graft scaffolds?
High elasticity
High stiffness
Low porosity
Opaque surface
Explanation - Matches vessel compliance.
Correct answer is: High elasticity