Q.1 What is the primary goal of tissue engineering?
To create new electronic circuits
To develop mechanical parts
To regenerate damaged tissues
To produce fossil fuels
Explanation - Tissue engineering seeks to restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues through a combination of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors.
Correct answer is: To regenerate damaged tissues
Q.2 Which of the following is a commonly used scaffold material in tissue engineering?
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Silicon dioxide
Copper sulfate
Graphene oxide
Explanation - PLA is a biodegradable polymer widely used to fabricate scaffolds that support cell attachment and growth.
Correct answer is: Polylactic acid (PLA)
Q.3 What type of stem cell is most often used for creating artificial organs?
Embryonic stem cell (ESC)
Adipose-derived stem cell
Bacterial stem cell
Plant stem cell
Explanation - ESCs are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type, making them valuable for organ engineering.
Correct answer is: Embryonic stem cell (ESC)
Q.4 Which technique is commonly used to apply mechanical load to cells in a bioreactor?
Centrifugation
Magnetic resonance
Electrical stimulation
Ultrasonic cleaning
Explanation - Electrical stimulation can mimic physiological signals to promote cell alignment and differentiation, especially in musculoskeletal tissues.
Correct answer is: Electrical stimulation
Q.5 What does the term 'biocompatibility' refer to?
A material's ability to conduct electricity
A material's resistance to corrosion
The suitability of a material for contact with living tissue
The color of a material in the visible spectrum
Explanation - Biocompatibility ensures that implanted materials do not elicit harmful responses from the host body.
Correct answer is: The suitability of a material for contact with living tissue
Q.6 Which growth factor is essential for bone tissue engineering?
Insulin
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
Erythropoietin
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Explanation - TGF-β promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming cells.
Correct answer is: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
Q.7 The process of designing a scaffold with a specific pore size to guide cell migration is called?
Electroporation
Porosity engineering
Cell seeding
Gene editing
Explanation - Adjusting pore size and interconnectivity in scaffolds directs how cells infiltrate and organize within the material.
Correct answer is: Porosity engineering
Q.8 Which electrical phenomenon is used to stimulate cardiac cells in vitro?
Magnetic induction
Field-effect transistors
Pulsed electrical fields
Thermal conduction
Explanation - Pulsed electrical fields mimic the natural pacing signals of heart tissue, encouraging functional maturation.
Correct answer is: Pulsed electrical fields
Q.9 In tissue engineering, what is meant by 'dynamic culture'?
Static incubation at room temperature
Continuous movement or fluid flow in a bioreactor
Culturing cells in a vacuum
Using a rotating platform in a centrifuge
Explanation - Dynamic culture provides mechanical stimuli and improves nutrient transport compared to static conditions.
Correct answer is: Continuous movement or fluid flow in a bioreactor
Q.10 Which cell type is considered the gold standard for cartilage repair?
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Neurons
Red blood cells
Explanation - Chondrocytes are the native cartilage cells responsible for producing the extracellular matrix in cartilage tissues.
Correct answer is: Chondrocytes
Q.11 Which imaging technique is frequently used to monitor scaffold degradation in vivo?
X-ray diffraction
Computed tomography (CT)
Mass spectrometry
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging
Explanation - CT imaging provides 3D visualization of scaffold structure and its changes over time inside living organisms.
Correct answer is: Computed tomography (CT)
Q.12 The term 'hydrogel' refers to:
A metal alloy with high electrical conductivity
A polymer that can absorb large amounts of water
A type of semiconductor
A lipid-based cell membrane
Explanation - Hydrogels swell in water and provide a hydrated environment conducive to cell survival and migration.
Correct answer is: A polymer that can absorb large amounts of water
Q.13 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a tissue engineering scaffold?
Biodegradable polymer
Growth factor
Electrical circuit board
Mechanical strength
Explanation - Scaffold design focuses on mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, not on incorporating circuit boards.
Correct answer is: Electrical circuit board
Q.14 What is the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissue engineering?
Providing structural support and biochemical signals
Generating electricity for cells
Storing genetic information
Acting as a coolant for bioreactors
Explanation - ECM components like collagen and fibronectin guide cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Correct answer is: Providing structural support and biochemical signals
Q.15 Which parameter is most critical for ensuring cells receive adequate oxygen in a 3D culture?
Ambient temperature
Scaffold porosity
Light intensity
Humidity level
Explanation - High porosity allows oxygen diffusion throughout the scaffold, preventing hypoxic conditions.
Correct answer is: Scaffold porosity
Q.16 A 'bioink' used in 3D bioprinting typically contains:
Plastic filaments
Living cells and a printable hydrogel
Pure metal nanoparticles
Synthetic dyes
Explanation - Bioinks combine cells with a matrix that can be extruded to form structured tissues.
Correct answer is: Living cells and a printable hydrogel
Q.17 The term 'bioreactor' in tissue engineering primarily refers to:
A device that produces biofuels
A controlled environment for cell culture and tissue growth
A type of electrical resistor
A chemical reactor for polymer synthesis
Explanation - Bioreactors provide the necessary mechanical, chemical, and environmental conditions for tissue development.
Correct answer is: A controlled environment for cell culture and tissue growth
Q.18 What does 'MSC' stand for in the context of tissue engineering?
Micro-Simulated Circuit
Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Mass Spectrometry Control
Molecular Signal Crossover
Explanation - MSCs are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into bone, cartilage, and fat tissues.
Correct answer is: Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Q.19 Which of these is a common challenge when scaling up tissue engineering constructs?
Excessive electrical conductivity
Inadequate mechanical strength
Unlimited oxygen supply
Unlimited cell proliferation
Explanation - Larger constructs often struggle to maintain structural integrity while ensuring nutrient diffusion.
Correct answer is: Inadequate mechanical strength
Q.20 The process of making cells produce a specific protein by inserting a gene into them is called:
Electroporation
Transfection
Seeding
Scaffolding
Explanation - Transfection introduces foreign DNA into cells, enabling them to express new proteins.
Correct answer is: Transfection
Q.21 Which electrical property of tissues is often monitored during biofabrication?
Capacitance
Thermal resistance
Magnetic susceptibility
Optical density
Explanation - Capacitance can indicate cell membrane integrity and viability in engineered tissues.
Correct answer is: Capacitance
Q.22 The term 'cell seeding density' refers to:
The number of cells per unit area of scaffold
The electrical charge of a cell
The thickness of a scaffold
The speed at which cells move
Explanation - Optimal seeding density ensures adequate cell–cell interaction without overcrowding.
Correct answer is: The number of cells per unit area of scaffold
Q.23 Which of these is a function of vascularization in engineered tissues?
Preventing electrical conduction
Providing oxygen and nutrients
Increasing mechanical stiffness
Reducing scaffold porosity
Explanation - Blood vessels deliver essential nutrients and remove waste, critical for large tissue constructs.
Correct answer is: Providing oxygen and nutrients
Q.24 What is the primary advantage of using a biodegradable scaffold?
It never degrades
It releases toxic substances
It gradually disappears after tissue integration
It is extremely expensive
Explanation - Biodegradable scaffolds support tissue formation and then dissolve, eliminating the need for removal surgery.
Correct answer is: It gradually disappears after tissue integration
Q.25 Which technique is often used to pattern cells on a surface for tissue engineering?
Photolithography
Laser ablation
Thermal evaporation
Magnetic levitation
Explanation - Photolithography uses light to create precise micro-patterns that guide cell arrangement.
Correct answer is: Photolithography
Q.26 In bioreactor design, why is shear stress applied to cells?
To kill the cells
To mimic the mechanical environment of tissues
To increase temperature
To reduce nutrient diffusion
Explanation - Controlled shear stress can stimulate cellular alignment and differentiation, especially in vascular tissues.
Correct answer is: To mimic the mechanical environment of tissues
Q.27 Which type of scaffold fabrication uses a freeze-drying process?
Electrospinning
Solvent casting
Lyophilization
3D printing
Explanation - Lyophilization removes water by sublimation, creating highly porous structures.
Correct answer is: Lyophilization
Q.28 A 'bioactive glass' used in bone tissue engineering primarily provides:
Electrical insulation
Chemical signaling for bone growth
Thermal conductivity
Optical transparency
Explanation - Bioactive glass releases ions that stimulate osteogenic differentiation and bone bonding.
Correct answer is: Chemical signaling for bone growth
Q.29 What does 'pH stability' of a scaffold material ensure?
Electrical neutrality
Resistance to acidic or basic environments
High optical clarity
Rapid biodegradation
Explanation - Maintaining a stable pH prevents damage to cells and supports tissue integration.
Correct answer is: Resistance to acidic or basic environments
Q.30 Which of the following best describes 'mechanobiology'?
The study of electrical signals in muscles
The interaction between mechanical forces and biological systems
The analysis of chemical reactions in cells
The measurement of magnetic fields in tissue
Explanation - Mechanobiology investigates how mechanical cues influence cell behavior and tissue formation.
Correct answer is: The interaction between mechanical forces and biological systems
Q.31 In the context of cell culture, what is 'serum-free medium'?
A medium without any nutrients
A medium that contains no animal serum
A medium that is extremely acidic
A medium that is highly viscous
Explanation - Serum-free media reduce variability and the risk of contamination from animal-derived components.
Correct answer is: A medium that contains no animal serum
Q.32 Which property is NOT directly affected by the electrical stimulation of cells?
Gene expression
Cell alignment
Temperature of the cell medium
Protein synthesis
Explanation - Electrical stimulation influences biological signaling, not the thermal state of the medium unless excessive current is used.
Correct answer is: Temperature of the cell medium
Q.33 Why are 3D bioprinting techniques valuable for tissue engineering?
They allow precise placement of cells and materials
They produce purely synthetic tissues
They eliminate the need for bioreactors
They are cheaper than all other methods
Explanation - 3D bioprinting can create complex architectures with controlled spatial distribution of cells and scaffolds.
Correct answer is: They allow precise placement of cells and materials
Q.34 What role does 'gene therapy' play in tissue engineering?
It cleans electrical circuits
It modifies cells to express desirable proteins for tissue regeneration
It reduces scaffold porosity
It increases mechanical stiffness of polymers
Explanation - Gene therapy can enhance cell function or direct differentiation pathways critical for engineered tissues.
Correct answer is: It modifies cells to express desirable proteins for tissue regeneration
Q.35 Which of these is a typical indicator of successful cell viability in a scaffold?
Blue color change
High metabolic activity
Decreased oxygen levels
Rapid scaffold shrinkage
Explanation - Metabolic assays such as MTT or Alamar Blue reflect the living cells’ ability to produce ATP.
Correct answer is: High metabolic activity
Q.36 What does 'nanoscale topography' refer to in scaffold design?
Large-scale surface features
Micrometer-scale pores
Surface features measured in nanometers
Electrical conductivity at the nanoscale
Explanation - Nanoscale roughness can influence protein adsorption and cell adhesion at the molecular level.
Correct answer is: Surface features measured in nanometers
Q.37 Which component of a tissue engineered construct is responsible for delivering mechanical strength?
Cells alone
Scaffold alone
Growth factors
Both cells and scaffold
Explanation - The scaffold provides the bulk mechanical properties, while cells contribute to biological function.
Correct answer is: Scaffold alone
Q.38 Why is a 'spheroid' culture method used in stem cell studies?
To increase oxygenation
To mimic a 3D cellular environment
To reduce cell–cell interaction
To produce uniform cell size
Explanation - Spheroids provide a more physiologically relevant environment compared to flat 2D cultures.
Correct answer is: To mimic a 3D cellular environment
Q.39 In tissue engineering, the term 'in situ' refers to:
Engineering conducted outside the body
Engineering performed within the body
Using a computer simulation
Applying electrical fields externally
Explanation - In situ tissue engineering aims to stimulate tissue repair directly at the injury site.
Correct answer is: Engineering performed within the body
Q.40 Which property of a scaffold is crucial for supporting angiogenesis?
Hydrophobicity
Electrical insulation
Porosity and interconnectivity
High density
Explanation - Large, interconnected pores allow the growth of blood vessels into the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Porosity and interconnectivity
Q.41 What is 'electrospinning' used to produce?
Large metal sheets
Nanofibrous mats
High voltage power lines
Liquid crystals
Explanation - Electrospinning creates fibers in the nanometer range, resembling natural ECM.
Correct answer is: Nanofibrous mats
Q.42 Which of the following is a commonly studied cell type for bone tissue engineering?
Neuroglial cells
Osteoblasts
Hepatocytes
Keratinocytes
Explanation - Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells crucial for new bone tissue formation.
Correct answer is: Osteoblasts
Q.43 Why are 'hydrogel' scaffolds advantageous for neuronal tissue engineering?
They are electrically conductive
They provide a soft, hydrated environment similar to brain tissue
They are rigid and stiff
They are opaque to light
Explanation - The compliant nature of hydrogels matches the mechanical properties of nervous tissue.
Correct answer is: They provide a soft, hydrated environment similar to brain tissue
Q.44 Which technique is used to monitor the real-time growth of cells within a scaffold?
Electrical impedance spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction
Mass spectrometry
Ultraviolet spectroscopy
Explanation - Impedance changes correlate with cell number and morphology inside the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Electrical impedance spectroscopy
Q.45 The term 'autologous' refers to:
Cells from another species
Cells derived from the patient's own body
Synthetic cells
Cells grown in a lab
Explanation - Autologous cells reduce immune rejection risk in tissue engineering applications.
Correct answer is: Cells derived from the patient's own body
Q.46 Which of the following is NOT typically a feature of a bioactive scaffold?
Release of growth factors
Controlled degradation
Electrical conduction
Mechanical support
Explanation - While some scaffolds can conduct electricity, this is not a universal feature for bioactivity.
Correct answer is: Electrical conduction
Q.47 What is the main advantage of using microfluidic bioreactors?
They can operate without power
They allow precise control over fluid flow and nutrient delivery
They are larger than conventional bioreactors
They produce high temperatures
Explanation - Microfluidics can mimic physiological flow conditions at a small scale.
Correct answer is: They allow precise control over fluid flow and nutrient delivery
Q.48 In tissue engineering, 'differentiation' refers to:
The process of breaking down a scaffold
The process of cells becoming specialized types
The process of cells dividing
The process of removing cells from a scaffold
Explanation - Differentiation transforms stem cells into specific cell types like bone, cartilage, or muscle.
Correct answer is: The process of cells becoming specialized types
Q.49 Which parameter is most critical for electrical stimulation of engineered cardiac tissue?
Frequency of stimulation
Color of the scaffold
Temperature of the culture medium
Ambient light intensity
Explanation - The pacing frequency must match the physiological heart rate to promote proper maturation.
Correct answer is: Frequency of stimulation
Q.50 What is the purpose of adding 'growth factor-loaded nanoparticles' to a scaffold?
To increase scaffold weight
To provide a controlled release of bioactive molecules
To make the scaffold conductive
To reduce scaffold porosity
Explanation - Nanoparticles can release growth factors in a sustained manner, enhancing tissue regeneration.
Correct answer is: To provide a controlled release of bioactive molecules
Q.51 Which of the following is a key indicator of osteogenic differentiation?
ALP activity
Hemoglobin content
Beta-amyloid production
Keratin expression
Explanation - Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a marker of early bone formation.
Correct answer is: ALP activity
Q.52 Which technique can be used to assess mechanical properties of a scaffold?
Atomic force microscopy
X-ray crystallography
Gel electrophoresis
Polymerase chain reaction
Explanation - AFM can measure nano-scale stiffness and surface characteristics of scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Atomic force microscopy
Q.53 What is the primary function of 'extracellular vesicles' in tissue engineering?
To carry electrical signals
To serve as scaffolds
To deliver signaling molecules between cells
To provide structural support
Explanation - Extracellular vesicles transfer proteins, RNAs, and lipids, influencing cell behavior.
Correct answer is: To deliver signaling molecules between cells
Q.54 Which of the following best describes 'dynamic culture' in bioreactors?
Static incubation at room temperature
Continuous stirring or flow of medium
Culturing in a vacuum chamber
Using a rotating platform in a centrifuge
Explanation - Dynamic culture enhances nutrient distribution and waste removal.
Correct answer is: Continuous stirring or flow of medium
Q.55 Which material is commonly used for electroactive tissue engineering of the nervous system?
Polypyrrole
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Silicone
Explanation - Polypyrrole is conductive and can support neuronal growth and signaling.
Correct answer is: Polypyrrole
Q.56 What is the main reason for using a 'bioreactor' instead of a standard culture flask?
Higher cost
Lack of control over environmental conditions
Enhanced control over mechanical and chemical stimuli
It is easier to clean
Explanation - Bioreactors allow precise regulation of factors like flow, pressure, and electrical stimulation.
Correct answer is: Enhanced control over mechanical and chemical stimuli
Q.57 Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'hydrogel' scaffold?
High electrical conductivity
Low water content
High mechanical strength
High water absorption capacity
Explanation - Hydrogels can swell by absorbing large amounts of water, creating a hydrated environment for cells.
Correct answer is: High water absorption capacity
Q.58 The 'seed' in 'seed and grow' tissue engineering refers to:
The initial culture medium
The scaffold's chemical composition
The living cells placed on the scaffold
The electrical signal applied
Explanation - Cell seeding is the first step to initiate tissue formation on a scaffold.
Correct answer is: The living cells placed on the scaffold
Q.59 What does the term 'inflammation' refer to in the context of implanted scaffolds?
An increase in blood pressure
The body's immune response to the material
The growth of bacteria
The degradation of the scaffold
Explanation - Inflammation can affect cell survival and integration of the implant.
Correct answer is: The body's immune response to the material
Q.60 Which cell type is responsible for forming the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
Osteoblasts
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Myocytes
Explanation - Chondrocytes synthesize collagen type II and proteoglycans that give cartilage its unique properties.
Correct answer is: Chondrocytes
Q.61 What is the main advantage of using a 'bioprinter' over manual cell seeding?
Lower cost
Higher precision in cell placement
No need for a bioreactor
Ability to print any material
Explanation - Bioprinting can deposit cells in defined patterns, improving tissue architecture.
Correct answer is: Higher precision in cell placement
Q.62 Which of the following best describes 'self-assembling peptides' in tissue engineering?
Peptides that can form micelles and structures without external cues
Peptides that require electricity to assemble
Peptides that break down scaffolds
Peptides that are used as antibiotics
Explanation - Self-assembling peptides spontaneously form nanofibers or hydrogels conducive to cell growth.
Correct answer is: Peptides that can form micelles and structures without external cues
Q.63 Which parameter is critical for ensuring proper oxygen diffusion in a 3D scaffold?
Porosity
Color
Electrical resistance
Surface roughness
Explanation - Higher porosity facilitates oxygen and nutrient transport to inner cells.
Correct answer is: Porosity
Q.64 What is the purpose of 'crosslinking' in hydrogel formation?
To increase electrical conductivity
To strengthen the network and control degradation
To reduce cell viability
To change the color of the hydrogel
Explanation - Crosslinks create a three‑dimensional polymer network, affecting mechanical properties and longevity.
Correct answer is: To strengthen the network and control degradation
Q.65 Which of the following is a key challenge in engineering vascularized tissues?
Creating an impermeable scaffold
Providing adequate oxygen to thick constructs
Reducing scaffold porosity
Preventing cell proliferation
Explanation - Without a vascular network, inner cells in large tissues become hypoxic and die.
Correct answer is: Providing adequate oxygen to thick constructs
Q.66 What does 'gene editing' enable in tissue engineering?
Altering DNA sequences in cells to improve function or reduce disease
Changing scaffold color
Modifying electrical circuits
Altering the pH of the medium
Explanation - CRISPR and related tools allow precise modifications of cell genomes for regenerative purposes.
Correct answer is: Altering DNA sequences in cells to improve function or reduce disease
Q.67 Which of the following is a typical component of a 'bioink' used in 3D printing?
Living cells
Pure metal
Graphite powder
Oil-based paint
Explanation - Bioink must contain viable cells to create functional tissue structures.
Correct answer is: Living cells
Q.68 What is a major advantage of using 'autologous' cells in a therapeutic scaffold?
Higher likelihood of immune rejection
Lower risk of immune rejection
Requires a large donor pool
They are always more expensive
Explanation - Using a patient's own cells reduces the chances of graft-versus-host responses.
Correct answer is: Lower risk of immune rejection
Q.69 Which type of mechanical stimulus is often applied to promote bone cell differentiation?
Torsional vibration
Constant static load
High temperature
Acoustic waves
Explanation - Dynamic mechanical loading mimics physiological bone stimulation, enhancing osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: Torsional vibration
Q.70 What is the main role of 'growth factors' in scaffold-based tissue engineering?
To provide mechanical strength
To guide cell behavior such as proliferation and differentiation
To degrade the scaffold
To change the scaffold's color
Explanation - Growth factors act as signaling molecules that regulate cell functions within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: To guide cell behavior such as proliferation and differentiation
Q.71 In tissue engineering, 'spheroids' refer to:
Spherical cells that are too large to use
Three-dimensional aggregates of cells
A type of scaffold material
A special type of bioreactor
Explanation - Spheroids mimic in vivo-like environments and improve cell–cell interactions.
Correct answer is: Three-dimensional aggregates of cells
Q.72 Which of the following is a common method for delivering electrical stimuli to cells in a scaffold?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Electrodes embedded in the scaffold
High-intensity sound
UV light exposure
Explanation - Electrodes can transmit controlled electrical signals directly to cells within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Electrodes embedded in the scaffold
Q.73 The 'Young’s modulus' of a scaffold indicates:
Its electrical conductivity
Its stiffness or resistance to deformation
Its ability to degrade
Its optical clarity
Explanation - Young’s modulus quantifies how much a material will deform under a given load.
Correct answer is: Its stiffness or resistance to deformation
Q.74 Which cell type is used to engineer engineered heart muscle?
Cardiomyocytes
Dermal fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Neurons
Explanation - Cardiomyocytes are the contractile cells that compose heart muscle tissue.
Correct answer is: Cardiomyocytes
Q.75 In tissue engineering, 'dynamic seeding' refers to:
Seeding cells in a static dish
Seeding cells under constant fluid flow
Removing cells from the scaffold
Using magnetic fields to seed cells
Explanation - Dynamic seeding improves distribution and penetration of cells within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Seeding cells under constant fluid flow
Q.76 Which of the following is NOT a typical property of a scaffold?
Biodegradability
Electrical conductivity
Mechanical strength
Optical transparency
Explanation - While some scaffolds may be transparent, it is not a universal or critical property.
Correct answer is: Optical transparency
Q.77 Which technique can be used to visualize cell–scaffold interactions at the microscale?
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
X-ray diffraction
Mass spectrometry
Ultrasound imaging
Explanation - SEM provides high‑resolution images of scaffold surfaces and cell attachment.
Correct answer is: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Q.78 Which of the following best describes a 'bioreactor with perfusion'?
A bioreactor that uses stirring
A bioreactor that provides continuous fluid flow through a scaffold
A bioreactor that uses magnetic fields
A bioreactor that operates at cryogenic temperatures
Explanation - Perfusion bioreactors deliver nutrients directly through the scaffold, improving cell viability.
Correct answer is: A bioreactor that provides continuous fluid flow through a scaffold
Q.79 In tissue engineering, what is the purpose of using a 'mimetic' scaffold?
To replicate the native extracellular matrix architecture
To increase scaffold cost
To make the scaffold opaque
To reduce cell proliferation
Explanation - Mimetic scaffolds are designed to emulate the biochemical and mechanical cues of natural tissues.
Correct answer is: To replicate the native extracellular matrix architecture
Q.80 Which of the following is a typical indicator of successful angiogenesis in engineered tissue?
Formation of blood vessel-like structures
Increase in scaffold density
Reduction in scaffold porosity
Decreased oxygen levels
Explanation - New vessel formation demonstrates effective vascular integration.
Correct answer is: Formation of blood vessel-like structures
Q.81 What is a key consideration when selecting a scaffold material for neural tissue engineering?
High electrical conductivity and soft mechanical properties
High stiffness and low porosity
High optical opacity
High thermal conductivity
Explanation - Neural tissues require conductive, compliant materials to support neuronal function.
Correct answer is: High electrical conductivity and soft mechanical properties
Q.82 Which of the following best describes a 'hydrogel'?
A solid polymer with low water content
A water‑rich polymer network that can swell
A type of metal alloy
A highly conductive material
Explanation - Hydrogels absorb water and create a soft, hydrated environment ideal for cells.
Correct answer is: A water‑rich polymer network that can swell
Q.83 Which method is used to assess the degradation rate of a scaffold?
Electrical impedance spectroscopy
Weight loss measurement over time
Mass spectrometry
Gel electrophoresis
Explanation - Weighing the scaffold before and after incubation shows how fast it degrades.
Correct answer is: Weight loss measurement over time
Q.84 What does 'in vitro' mean?
Within a living organism
Outside of a living organism, in a controlled environment
Within a living cell
Under high pressure
Explanation - In vitro studies are performed in culture dishes or bioreactors, not in live animals or humans.
Correct answer is: Outside of a living organism, in a controlled environment
Q.85 Which of the following is a key function of 'growth factors' in cell culture?
Providing mechanical support
Regulating cell proliferation and differentiation
Degrading the scaffold
Increasing scaffold stiffness
Explanation - Growth factors signal cells to grow, divide, or mature into specialized types.
Correct answer is: Regulating cell proliferation and differentiation
Q.86 What is the primary advantage of using a 'bioprinter' that incorporates microfluidics?
It eliminates the need for cell culture
It allows simultaneous deposition of cells and growth factors
It reduces scaffold porosity
It increases electrical conductivity
Explanation - Microfluidic channels can deliver nutrients and signals while printing tissues.
Correct answer is: It allows simultaneous deposition of cells and growth factors
Q.87 Which of the following best describes a 'mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)'?
A cell that can only become bone cells
A cell that can become various connective tissue types
A plant cell
A bacterial cell
Explanation - MSCs are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat, and other mesenchymal tissues.
Correct answer is: A cell that can become various connective tissue types
Q.88 Which type of stimulation is commonly used to promote muscle cell alignment?
Magnetic fields
Electrical stimulation
Cold exposure
UV light
Explanation - Electrical cues can guide myoblasts to align and form contractile fibers.
Correct answer is: Electrical stimulation
Q.89 What is a major benefit of using a 'biodegradable' scaffold?
It requires surgical removal after tissue formation
It remains permanently in the body
It degrades over time, reducing the need for removal
It is always more expensive
Explanation - Biodegradable scaffolds support tissue regeneration and then disappear, eliminating additional surgery.
Correct answer is: It degrades over time, reducing the need for removal
Q.90 Which of the following best describes 'electrospun' fibers?
Fibers created by high-voltage electric fields
Fibers made of metal
Fibers that are electrically insulated
Fibers that are always rigid
Explanation - Electrospinning uses electrical forces to draw polymer solutions into fine fibers.
Correct answer is: Fibers created by high-voltage electric fields
Q.91 Why is 'porosity' important in a tissue engineering scaffold?
It determines the scaffold's color
It allows nutrient and waste transport
It reduces cell adhesion
It increases electrical resistance
Explanation - Porosity facilitates diffusion of oxygen and removal of metabolic waste from cells inside the scaffold.
Correct answer is: It allows nutrient and waste transport
Q.92 Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of a 'bioink'?
Contains living cells
Is printable into 3D structures
Is electrically insulating
Can support cell viability
Explanation - Bioinks may be conductive or insulating depending on the application; electrical insulation is not a defining feature.
Correct answer is: Is electrically insulating
Q.93 In tissue engineering, 'in vivo' refers to:
Inside a living organism
In a test tube
In a computer simulation
In a vacuum chamber
Explanation - In vivo studies involve implantation or testing within living animals or humans.
Correct answer is: Inside a living organism
Q.94 Which of the following is a typical marker for stem cell pluripotency?
Osteocalcin
Oct4
Collagen type II
Actin
Explanation - Oct4 is a transcription factor expressed in pluripotent stem cells.
Correct answer is: Oct4
Q.95 What role does 'shear stress' play in a bioreactor?
It kills cells
It promotes cell alignment and differentiation
It reduces oxygen diffusion
It increases scaffold thickness
Explanation - Controlled shear stress can mimic fluid flow conditions, influencing cell behavior.
Correct answer is: It promotes cell alignment and differentiation
Q.96 Which material is commonly used as a conductive additive in scaffold design?
Graphite
Silicone
Polyurethane
Polystyrene
Explanation - Graphite can improve electrical conductivity for electrogenic tissue engineering.
Correct answer is: Graphite
Q.97 Which of the following is a benefit of using a 'dynamic' culture system over a static one?
Lower cost
Enhanced nutrient transport
Reduced cell proliferation
Increased scaffold density
Explanation - Dynamic systems improve oxygen and nutrient distribution throughout the construct.
Correct answer is: Enhanced nutrient transport
Q.98 What does the acronym 'MSC' stand for?
Microbial Stem Cell
Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Molecular Signal Crossover
Mechanical Stress Constant
Explanation - MSC refers to a multipotent cell type capable of differentiating into bone, cartilage, and fat.
Correct answer is: Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Q.99 Which property of a scaffold influences the mechanical stiffness of the engineered tissue?
Optical transparency
Molecular weight of the polymer
Surface roughness
Color
Explanation - Higher molecular weight polymers tend to yield stiffer scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Molecular weight of the polymer
Q.100 What is the purpose of adding 'growth factors' to a scaffold?
To provide mechanical strength
To promote cell proliferation and differentiation
To degrade the scaffold faster
To change the scaffold's color
Explanation - Growth factors act as signals that guide cell behavior within the scaffold.
Correct answer is: To promote cell proliferation and differentiation
Q.101 Which of the following is a typical method for analyzing cell viability?
MTT assay
UV spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction
Gel electrophoresis
Explanation - The MTT assay measures metabolic activity, which reflects cell viability.
Correct answer is: MTT assay
Q.102 What does 'self-assembling peptides' form in aqueous solutions?
Microbial colonies
Micelles or nanofibers
Metallic crystals
Glass structures
Explanation - These peptides spontaneously organize into nanostructures that can serve as scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Micelles or nanofibers
Q.103 Which of the following is a key advantage of using a 3D bioprinter for tissue engineering?
High cost
Precise spatial placement of cells
Requires no bioreactors
No need for sterilization
Explanation - Bioprinters can deposit cells in specific patterns, improving tissue architecture.
Correct answer is: Precise spatial placement of cells
Q.104 Which technique is commonly used to measure scaffold degradation in a simulated body fluid?
Weight loss over time
Electrical impedance spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Explanation - Weighing the scaffold at intervals provides a straightforward degradation assessment.
Correct answer is: Weight loss over time
Q.105 Which of the following describes a 'hydrogel'?
A solid polymer with low water content
A water‑rich polymer network that can swell
A type of metal alloy
A highly conductive material
Explanation - Hydrogels absorb water and provide a soft, hydrated environment for cells.
Correct answer is: A water‑rich polymer network that can swell
Q.106 Which of the following best describes a 'mimetic' scaffold?
A scaffold designed to mimic native tissue structure and chemistry
A scaffold that is always rigid and stiff
A scaffold that is purely synthetic with no biological cues
A scaffold that is electrically insulating
Explanation - Mimetic scaffolds emulate the biochemical and mechanical properties of natural extracellular matrix.
Correct answer is: A scaffold designed to mimic native tissue structure and chemistry
Q.107 Which type of mechanical loading is often applied to promote bone regeneration?
Tensile strain
Compressive force
Torsional vibration
All of the above
Explanation - Dynamic mechanical stimuli in multiple forms can enhance osteogenic differentiation.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.108 What does 'in vitro' refer to?
Inside a living organism
Outside a living organism, in a controlled environment
In a computer simulation
Under high pressure
Explanation - In vitro studies are performed in cell culture dishes or bioreactors, not in vivo.
Correct answer is: Outside a living organism, in a controlled environment
Q.109 Which of the following is a common indicator of successful osteogenic differentiation?
ALP activity
Beta‑amyloid production
Keratin expression
Hemoglobin content
Explanation - Alkaline phosphatase is a marker of early bone formation.
Correct answer is: ALP activity
Q.110 Which of the following best describes 'electrospun' fibers?
Fibers created by high‑voltage electric fields
Fibers made of metal
Fibers that are electrically insulated
Fibers that are always rigid
Explanation - Electrospinning draws polymer solutions into ultrafine fibers using electric forces.
Correct answer is: Fibers created by high‑voltage electric fields
Q.111 Which cell type is typically used to engineer engineered heart muscle?
Cardiomyocytes
Dermal fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Neurons
Explanation - Cardiomyocytes are contractile cells essential for heart tissue function.
Correct answer is: Cardiomyocytes
Q.112 What does the acronym 'MSC' stand for?
Microbial Stem Cell
Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Molecular Signal Crossover
Mechanical Stress Constant
Explanation - MSC refers to a multipotent stem cell capable of forming bone, cartilage, and fat tissue.
Correct answer is: Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Q.113 Which technique can be used to monitor cell proliferation in a scaffold?
MTT assay
X-ray imaging
UV spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - MTT measures metabolic activity, indicating the number of viable cells present.
Correct answer is: MTT assay
Q.114 Which of the following is a typical challenge in vascularized tissue engineering?
Creating an impermeable scaffold
Ensuring adequate oxygen delivery throughout the construct
Reducing scaffold porosity
Increasing cell death by hypoxia
Explanation - Large tissue constructs require vascular networks to supply oxygen and nutrients.
Correct answer is: Ensuring adequate oxygen delivery throughout the construct
Q.115 Which property of a scaffold is critical for supporting nerve regeneration?
High stiffness
Electrical conductivity and soft mechanical properties
Low porosity
High opacity
Explanation - Neural tissues need compliant, conductive materials to support signal transmission.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity and soft mechanical properties
Q.116 Which of the following best describes a 'dynamic' culture system?
A static incubation at room temperature
Continuous stirring or flow of medium
Culturing in a vacuum chamber
Using a rotating platform in a centrifuge
Explanation - Dynamic culture provides better nutrient distribution and waste removal compared to static systems.
Correct answer is: Continuous stirring or flow of medium
Q.117 Which of the following is a key function of a 'bioreactor' in tissue engineering?
To provide controlled mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues
To keep cells in a static environment
To eliminate the need for scaffolds
To sterilize the scaffold without adding nutrients
Explanation - Bioreactors create an environment that mimics physiological conditions for tissue growth.
Correct answer is: To provide controlled mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues
Q.118 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a scaffold?
Biodegradable polymer
Growth factor
Electrical resistor
Mechanical strength
Explanation - While some scaffolds may incorporate conductive elements, a resistor is not a standard component.
Correct answer is: Electrical resistor
Q.119 What does 'in vivo' mean in the context of tissue engineering?
Inside a living organism
In a test tube or petri dish
In a computer simulation
Under high pressure conditions
Explanation - In vivo experiments involve implanting engineered tissues into animals or humans for testing.
Correct answer is: Inside a living organism
Q.120 Which of the following is a typical indicator of successful angiogenesis in engineered tissues?
Formation of blood vessel‑like structures
Increased scaffold density
Reduction in scaffold porosity
Decreased oxygen levels
Explanation - New vessel formation demonstrates effective vascular integration.
Correct answer is: Formation of blood vessel‑like structures
Q.121 Which material is often used as a conductive additive to improve electrical properties of scaffolds?
Graphite
Silicone
Polyurethane
Polystyrene
Explanation - Graphite improves conductivity, supporting electrically active tissues like nerves and muscle.
Correct answer is: Graphite
Q.122 Which of the following is a typical method for evaluating scaffold mechanical strength?
Atomic force microscopy
X-ray crystallography
Gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - AFM can measure nano‑scale stiffness and surface properties of scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Atomic force microscopy
Q.123 Which technique can be used to measure the electrical impedance of a cell‑laden scaffold?
Electrical impedance spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction
Ultrasonic imaging
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - Impedance changes correlate with cell number and morphology inside the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Electrical impedance spectroscopy
Q.124 What is the primary purpose of incorporating growth factors into a scaffold?
To provide mechanical support
To guide cell proliferation and differentiation
To reduce scaffold degradation rate
To alter the scaffold's color
Explanation - Growth factors serve as signaling molecules that direct cells toward desired lineages.
Correct answer is: To guide cell proliferation and differentiation
Q.125 Which of the following describes 'hydrogel' properties?
Low water absorption
High water absorption and swelling
Conductivity
High density
Explanation - Hydrogels can absorb large amounts of water, creating a hydrated environment for cells.
Correct answer is: High water absorption and swelling
Q.126 Which type of electrical stimulation is used to promote cardiac tissue maturation?
Constant DC field
Pulsed AC field
Static magnetic field
None of the above
Explanation - Pulsed AC mimics the natural pacing of heart tissue, encouraging functional development.
Correct answer is: Pulsed AC field
Q.127 Which of the following is a key advantage of 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering?
High precision spatial placement of cells and materials
Reduced cost
No need for bioreactors
Automatic sterilization
Explanation - Bioprinters can deposit cells in defined patterns, improving tissue architecture.
Correct answer is: High precision spatial placement of cells and materials
Q.128 Which of the following best describes a 'biodegradable' scaffold?
It remains permanently in the body
It degrades over time, reducing the need for removal
It requires surgical removal after tissue formation
It is always more expensive
Explanation - Biodegradable scaffolds support tissue regeneration and then disappear, avoiding extra surgery.
Correct answer is: It degrades over time, reducing the need for removal
Q.129 Which property of a scaffold is important for enabling nutrient diffusion?
High density
High porosity
Low electrical conductivity
Low surface roughness
Explanation - Porous structures allow oxygen and nutrients to penetrate deeper into the construct.
Correct answer is: High porosity
Q.130 Which of the following is an advantage of using a 'mimetic' scaffold?
It replicates the native extracellular matrix architecture and chemistry
It always has a high electrical resistance
It is never degradable
It is always opaque
Explanation - Mimetic scaffolds provide the cues cells need to function properly.
Correct answer is: It replicates the native extracellular matrix architecture and chemistry
Q.131 What does 'porosity' influence in a 3D scaffold?
Optical transparency
Mechanical strength only
Nutrient and waste transport
Electrical resistance
Explanation - Porosity allows diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste throughout the scaffold.
Correct answer is: Nutrient and waste transport
Q.132 Which of the following is a typical method for measuring the stiffness of a scaffold?
Atomic force microscopy
X-ray diffraction
Gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - AFM can assess mechanical properties at the nano‑scale, important for cell interactions.
Correct answer is: Atomic force microscopy
Q.133 Which technique can be used to monitor cell proliferation in a 3D scaffold?
MTT assay
X-ray imaging
UV spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Explanation - MTT measures metabolic activity, reflecting the number of viable cells.
Correct answer is: MTT assay
Q.134 What is the main purpose of using a 'bioink' in 3D bioprinting?
To provide structural support only
To contain living cells that form functional tissue
To make the scaffold opaque
To reduce cell viability
Explanation - Bioink combines cells and materials to build functional 3D tissue structures.
Correct answer is: To contain living cells that form functional tissue
Q.135 Which property of a scaffold is essential for supporting electrical signal transmission in engineered nerve tissue?
High electrical conductivity
High porosity
Low density
Low surface area
Explanation - Conductive materials facilitate signal propagation, which is critical for neuronal function.
Correct answer is: High electrical conductivity
Q.136 Which of the following best describes 'self‑assembling peptides'?
Peptides that form micelles or nanofibers spontaneously in aqueous solutions
Peptides that require electrical stimulation to form
Peptides that degrade scaffolds
Peptides that function as antibiotics
Explanation - Self‑assembling peptides can create nanostructured environments suitable for cell growth.
Correct answer is: Peptides that form micelles or nanofibers spontaneously in aqueous solutions
Q.137 Which of the following is a key feature of a 'dynamic' culture system?
Static incubation
Continuous fluid flow or stirring
High vacuum conditions
Constant temperature only
Explanation - Dynamic systems improve nutrient delivery and waste removal compared to static setups.
Correct answer is: Continuous fluid flow or stirring
Q.138 Which of the following is a typical challenge when engineering large tissue constructs?
Maintaining uniform cell distribution
Ensuring adequate oxygen diffusion
Reducing scaffold porosity
Increasing electrical resistance
Explanation - Large constructs need vascularization or efficient diffusion to avoid hypoxia and cell death.
Correct answer is: Ensuring adequate oxygen diffusion
Q.139 Which of the following materials is commonly used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering?
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - PLA is a biodegradable polymer often used to create porous scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Correct answer is: Polylactic acid (PLA)
Q.140 What is a primary function of 'growth factors' in a tissue engineering scaffold?
To provide mechanical strength
To promote cell proliferation and differentiation
To degrade the scaffold faster
To change the color of the scaffold
Explanation - Growth factors provide biochemical cues that guide cells toward specific lineages.
Correct answer is: To promote cell proliferation and differentiation
Q.141 Which of the following best describes 'porosity' of a scaffold?
The ratio of pore volume to total scaffold volume
The color of the scaffold
The electrical resistance of the scaffold
The ability of the scaffold to conduct electricity
Explanation - Porosity determines how much space within a scaffold is available for cell infiltration and fluid flow.
Correct answer is: The ratio of pore volume to total scaffold volume
Q.142 Which of the following is an advantage of using a bioreactor over a static culture system?
Increased mechanical stimulation
Reduced cost
Simpler setup
Lower nutrient delivery
Explanation - Bioreactors can provide dynamic mechanical and electrical cues that enhance tissue development.
Correct answer is: Increased mechanical stimulation