Q.1 What is the primary function of a ventilator in a life‑support system?
To monitor blood pressure
To provide artificial respiration
To deliver medication intravenously
To measure heart rate
Explanation - Ventilators mechanically move air in and out of the lungs, supporting or replacing spontaneous breathing.
Correct answer is: To provide artificial respiration
Q.2 Which component in a defibrillator delivers the therapeutic shock to the heart?
Capacitor bank
Battery charger
Oxygen sensor
Ultrasonic transducer
Explanation - The capacitor bank stores energy and releases it rapidly through the electrodes to depolarize the cardiac cells.
Correct answer is: Capacitor bank
Q.3 In an infusion pump, what parameter is typically programmed to control the drug delivery rate?
Voltage level
Flow rate (mL/h)
Ambient temperature
Pulse width
Explanation - The flow rate setting determines how many milliliters of fluid are delivered per hour.
Correct answer is: Flow rate (mL/h)
Q.4 Which sensor is commonly used in a pulse oximeter to estimate arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂)?
Thermistor
Photodiode
Piezoelectric crystal
Hall effect sensor
Explanation - A photodiode detects the intensity of red and infrared light transmitted through tissue, allowing calculation of SpO₂.
Correct answer is: Photodiode
Q.5 What is the purpose of a CO₂ absorber in a heart‑lung machine?
To increase blood temperature
To remove carbon dioxide from the blood
To provide mechanical ventilation
To measure blood pressure
Explanation - The CO₂ absorber chemically eliminates carbon dioxide, maintaining appropriate gas exchange during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Correct answer is: To remove carbon dioxide from the blood
Q.6 Which waveform is typically displayed on an ECG monitor for a normal sinus rhythm?
Sharp spikes at irregular intervals
Triangular waves with high amplitude
P‑QRS‑T complexes at regular intervals
Flat line with occasional blips
Explanation - A normal sinus rhythm shows the characteristic sequence of P wave, QRS complex, and T wave repeating regularly.
Correct answer is: P‑QRS‑T complexes at regular intervals
Q.7 A CPAP machine is primarily used to treat which condition?
Hypoglycemia
Obstructive sleep apnea
Severe anemia
Hypertension
Explanation - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) keeps airways open during sleep, preventing apnea episodes.
Correct answer is: Obstructive sleep apnea
Q.8 In a dialysis machine, the semipermeable membrane allows selective passage of:
Large proteins only
Electrolytes and waste solutes
Red blood cells
Air bubbles
Explanation - The membrane permits diffusion of small solutes like urea and electrolytes while retaining larger blood components.
Correct answer is: Electrolytes and waste solutes
Q.9 Which safety feature prevents excessive current delivery in a defibrillator?
Temperature sensor
Current‑limiting resistor
Voltage regulator
Battery low‑alarm
Explanation - A current‑limiting circuit ensures the shock energy does not exceed safe levels for the patient.
Correct answer is: Current‑limiting resistor
Q.10 An incubator for newborns maintains a controlled environment mainly to:
Regulate heart rhythm
Provide nutritional support
Maintain body temperature and humidity
Deliver electrical stimulation
Explanation - Incubators keep premature infants warm and humid, reducing heat loss and preventing dehydration.
Correct answer is: Maintain body temperature and humidity
Q.11 What type of feedback control is most commonly used in modern infusion pumps to ensure accurate dosing?
Open‑loop control
Proportional‑Integral‑Derivative (PID) control
Bang‑bang control
Fuzzy logic control
Explanation - PID controllers continuously adjust pump speed based on error between desired and actual flow, providing precise dosing.
Correct answer is: Proportional‑Integral‑Derivative (PID) control
Q.12 In a neonatal phototherapy unit, which wavelength range is most effective for treating jaundice?
300‑350 nm (UVC)
400‑450 nm (blue)
500‑550 nm (green)
600‑650 nm (red)
Explanation - Blue light in the 400‑450 nm range converts bilirubin into water‑soluble forms that can be excreted.
Correct answer is: 400‑450 nm (blue)
Q.13 The term ‘negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)’ refers to:
Applying electrical stimulation to wounds
Creating a vacuum over the wound to promote healing
Heating the wound with infrared lamps
Administering antibiotics directly to the wound
Explanation - NPWT uses a sealed dressing attached to a pump that generates sub‑atmospheric pressure, drawing out exudate and stimulating tissue growth.
Correct answer is: Creating a vacuum over the wound to promote healing
Q.14 Which of the following is a key advantage of a microcontroller‑based anesthesia machine over a pneumatic‑only system?
Higher oxygen consumption
Real‑time monitoring and automated gas delivery
Reduced electrical safety hazards
Elimination of need for gas supplies
Explanation - Microcontrollers enable precise control of anesthetic gas concentrations and continuous monitoring of patient parameters.
Correct answer is: Real‑time monitoring and automated gas delivery
Q.15 During cardiopulmonary bypass, the pump flow rate is generally set to match which physiological parameter?
Heart rate
Cardiac output
Blood glucose level
Respiratory rate
Explanation - The bypass pump must deliver blood at a rate equal to the patient's normal cardiac output to maintain tissue perfusion.
Correct answer is: Cardiac output
Q.16 What is the main purpose of a heat exchanger in a renal dialysis machine?
To sterilize the dialysate
To maintain blood temperature
To generate electrical power
To filter blood cells
Explanation - The heat exchanger warms or cools the blood to keep it close to body temperature during dialysis.
Correct answer is: To maintain blood temperature
Q.17 Which type of alarm is most critical in a mechanical ventilator?
Low battery alarm
High pressure alarm
Power‑off alarm
Maintenance due alarm
Explanation - A high airway pressure can indicate blockage or patient distress and must be addressed immediately.
Correct answer is: High pressure alarm
Q.18 A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit primarily uses which electrical characteristic to relieve pain?
High‑frequency, low‑amplitude pulses
Continuous DC current
High‑voltage spikes
Low‑frequency, high‑amplitude pulses
Explanation - TENS delivers rapid, low‑intensity pulses that stimulate sensory nerves, reducing pain perception.
Correct answer is: High‑frequency, low‑amplitude pulses
Q.19 In a closed‑loop insulin pump system, the glucose sensor provides input for:
Adjusting insulin delivery rate
Measuring blood pressure
Controlling ventilation
Regulating body temperature
Explanation - Continuous glucose monitoring enables the pump to automatically modify insulin infusion based on real‑time glucose levels.
Correct answer is: Adjusting insulin delivery rate
Q.20 Which of the following is a common method for sterilizing reusable components of a ventilator?
Autoclaving (steam at 121 °C)
Gamma irradiation
Ultraviolet light only
Dry heat at 50 °C
Explanation - Autoclaving effectively kills microorganisms and is widely used for heat‑stable medical equipment.
Correct answer is: Autoclaving (steam at 121 °C)
Q.21 The term ‘alarm fatigue’ in biomedical equipment refers to:
The battery draining quickly
Clinicians ignoring frequent false alarms
Equipment overheating
Patients becoming desensitized to pain
Explanation - Excessive non‑critical alarms can lead to reduced responsiveness, compromising patient safety.
Correct answer is: Clinicians ignoring frequent false alarms
Q.22 Which material is most suitable for the diaphragm of a pressure sensor in a ventilator?
Silicone rubber
Stainless steel
Piezoelectric ceramic
Copper wire
Explanation - Piezoelectric materials generate voltage proportional to pressure changes, offering high sensitivity and fast response.
Correct answer is: Piezoelectric ceramic
Q.23 In a pulse oximeter, the ratio of absorbance at two wavelengths (red and infrared) is used to calculate:
Blood pressure
Heart rate variability
Oxygen saturation (SpO₂)
Respiratory rate
Explanation - Differential absorption of oxy‑ and deoxy‑hemoglobin at these wavelengths allows estimation of SpO₂.
Correct answer is: Oxygen saturation (SpO₂)
Q.24 Which component of an external defibrillator converts stored electrical energy into a high‑voltage shock?
Transformer
Step‑down converter
Charging circuit
Voltage doubler
Explanation - A high‑voltage transformer steps up the capacitor voltage to the required shock level.
Correct answer is: Transformer
Q.25 A laser therapy device used for dermatological treatments typically operates in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Microwave
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Radiofrequency
Explanation - Infrared lasers penetrate skin layers and are commonly used for therapeutic heating and coagulation.
Correct answer is: Infrared
Q.26 Which of the following best describes the principle of operation of a hemodialysis machine?
Ultrafiltration through a membrane driven by pressure gradient
Electrolysis of blood components
Magnetic resonance imaging of blood flow
Acoustic cavitation to break down toxins
Explanation - Blood is forced across a semipermeable membrane, allowing removal of waste solutes and excess fluid.
Correct answer is: Ultrafiltration through a membrane driven by pressure gradient
Q.27 The ‘PEEP’ setting on a mechanical ventilator stands for:
Peak Expiratory End Pressure
Positive End‑Expiratory Pressure
Pulmonary Energy Emission Parameter
Partial Evaporation of Exhaled Particles
Explanation - PEEP maintains a small amount of pressure in the lungs at the end of exhalation to keep alveoli open.
Correct answer is: Positive End‑Expiratory Pressure
Q.28 In a closed‑loop anesthesia delivery system, which sensor provides feedback to adjust the inhaled anesthetic concentration?
Oxygen saturation sensor
End‑tidal gas analyzer
Blood glucose monitor
Temperature probe
Explanation - The analyzer measures the concentration of anesthetic gases in exhaled breath, allowing the system to adjust delivery.
Correct answer is: End‑tidal gas analyzer
Q.29 Which of the following devices is primarily used to maintain a patient's body temperature during surgery?
Defibrillator
Bair‑hug warming blanket
Pulse oximeter
ECG monitor
Explanation - Active warming blankets provide convective or forced‑air heating to prevent hypothermia during operations.
Correct answer is: Bair‑hug warming blanket
Q.30 In a neonatal incubator, the humidity control is essential because:
High humidity reduces the risk of infection
It prevents excessive fluid loss from the infant's skin
It enhances the effectiveness of phototherapy
It improves acoustic monitoring
Explanation - Premature infants have thin skin; controlled humidity minimizes transepidermal water loss.
Correct answer is: It prevents excessive fluid loss from the infant's skin
Q.31 Which technology is used in modern infusion pumps to detect occlusion in the infusion line?
Optical sensor
Pressure sensor
Magnetic field sensor
Thermal sensor
Explanation - A rise in line pressure indicates a blockage, prompting an occlusion alarm.
Correct answer is: Pressure sensor
Q.32 A cochlear implant converts sound into:
Mechanical vibrations
Electrical impulses delivered to the auditory nerve
Chemical signals
Thermal energy
Explanation - The implant's processor transforms acoustic signals into electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve.
Correct answer is: Electrical impulses delivered to the auditory nerve
Q.33 The main advantage of using a digital signal processor (DSP) in an ECG monitor is:
Lower power consumption
Real‑time filtering and analysis of cardiac signals
Increased physical size of the device
Reduced need for electrodes
Explanation - DSPs can quickly filter noise and compute heart‑rate parameters, improving diagnostic accuracy.
Correct answer is: Real‑time filtering and analysis of cardiac signals
Q.34 In negative pressure wound therapy, the typical pressure applied to the wound is:
0 to +10 mm Hg
−25 to −125 mm Hg
0 to +200 mm Hg
−500 to −1000 mm Hg
Explanation - Therapeutic NPWT usually operates within this negative pressure range to promote granulation tissue formation.
Correct answer is: −25 to −125 mm Hg
Q.35 Which of the following best describes the function of a ‘bypass valve’ in a mechanical ventilator circuit?
To divert gas flow during a power failure
To allow manual ventilation when the machine is offline
To regulate oxygen concentration
To monitor patient heart rate
Explanation - A bypass valve enables clinicians to manually ventilate the patient if the ventilator stops functioning.
Correct answer is: To allow manual ventilation when the machine is offline
Q.36 What is the primary purpose of the alarm ‘low battery’ on a portable defibrillator?
To indicate that the device needs a software update
To warn that the capacitor may not charge to full energy
To remind the user to clean the electrodes
To signal that the device is overheating
Explanation - A low battery can prevent the capacitor from reaching the required voltage for an effective shock.
Correct answer is: To warn that the capacitor may not charge to full energy
Q.37 In a heart‑lung machine, oxygenators are often referred to as:
Artificial lungs
Blood filters
Heat exchangers
Venturi tubes
Explanation - The oxygenator performs gas exchange, mimicking lung function during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Correct answer is: Artificial lungs
Q.38 Which type of feedback is most commonly employed in a closed‑loop insulin pump?
Proportional feedback only
Integral feedback only
PID feedback based on glucose readings
No feedback; it is open‑loop
Explanation - PID control adjusts insulin delivery using proportional, integral, and derivative components derived from glucose sensor data.
Correct answer is: PID feedback based on glucose readings
Q.39 A pulse‑width modulation (PWM) signal in a TENS unit is used to:
Control the temperature of the electrodes
Vary the intensity of the electrical pulses
Measure skin resistance
Generate audible alerts
Explanation - PWM adjusts the duty cycle, thereby controlling the amplitude of the delivered electrical stimulation.
Correct answer is: Vary the intensity of the electrical pulses
Q.40 The primary reason for using a bi‑directional flow sensor in a ventilator is to:
Detect both inhalation and exhalation volumes
Measure blood pressure
Regulate the temperature of inspired gases
Control the humidity of the circuit
Explanation - Bi‑directional sensors provide accurate measurement of tidal volume in both phases of respiration.
Correct answer is: Detect both inhalation and exhalation volumes
Q.41 Which safety standard is most relevant for electrical isolation in life‑support equipment?
ISO 9001
IEC 60601‑1
IEEE 802.11
ISO 14001
Explanation - IEC 60601‑1 defines requirements for basic safety and essential performance of medical electrical equipment.
Correct answer is: IEC 60601‑1
Q.42 A portable ventilator typically uses which power source to ensure operation during transport?
Solar panels
Lead‑acid battery
Wind turbine
Hydraulic pump
Explanation - Lead‑acid or lithium‑ion batteries provide reliable, high‑current power for portable ventilation.
Correct answer is: Lead‑acid battery
Q.43 In a defibrillator, the term ‘biphasic shock’ refers to:
A shock delivered in two opposite polarity phases
A shock that alternates between high and low voltage rapidly
A shock synchronized with the QRS complex
A shock that uses two separate capacitors
Explanation - Biphasic defibrillation reverses current direction midway, improving efficacy while reducing required energy.
Correct answer is: A shock delivered in two opposite polarity phases
Q.44 Which parameter is most critical to monitor when a patient is on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)?
Blood glucose
Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂)
Blood pressure only
Body temperature only
Explanation - ECMO provides oxygenation; continuous SpO₂ monitoring ensures adequate gas exchange.
Correct answer is: Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂)
Q.45 A phototherapy unit for neonatal jaundice uses a glass filter to block which portion of the light spectrum?
Blue light
Green light
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Infrared light
Explanation - UV light is harmful; filters remove it while allowing therapeutic blue wavelengths to pass.
Correct answer is: Ultraviolet (UV) light
Q.46 In an infusion pump, the term ‘bolus’ refers to:
A continuous slow infusion
A rapid, single dose delivery
The maximum allowable flow rate
The alarm for low battery
Explanation - A bolus is a short, high‑volume dose given quickly, often for rapid drug effect.
Correct answer is: A rapid, single dose delivery
Q.47 Which component of a dialysis machine is responsible for removing excess potassium from the blood?
Dialysate solution
Ultrasonic agitator
Heat exchanger
Air trap
Explanation - Dialysate composition (low potassium) creates a diffusion gradient that draws potassium out of the blood.
Correct answer is: Dialysate solution
Q.48 What is the typical frequency range of the ultrasound used in a therapeutic physiotherapy device?
0.5‑2 MHz
10‑20 kHz
100‑200 MHz
2‑5 GHz
Explanation - Therapeutic ultrasound operates in the low‑MHz range to deliver deep tissue heating.
Correct answer is: 0.5‑2 MHz
Q.49 Which type of alarm is most important on a bedside ventilator when the patient’s airway becomes obstructed?
Low tidal volume alarm
High airway pressure alarm
Low battery alarm
Temperature alarm
Explanation - Obstruction raises airway pressure, triggering the high‑pressure alarm to alert staff.
Correct answer is: High airway pressure alarm
Q.50 The term ‘synchronization’ in a defibrillator refers to:
Timing the shock with the R‑wave of the ECG
Charging the capacitor while the patient is breathing
Coordinating multiple devices on the same network
Adjusting the shock voltage automatically
Explanation - Synchronizing ensures the shock is delivered during the safe part of the cardiac cycle, avoiding ventricular fibrillation.
Correct answer is: Timing the shock with the R‑wave of the ECG
Q.51 In a mechanical ventilator, the term ‘tidal volume’ refers to:
The total lung capacity
The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
The amount of oxygen stored in the reservoir
The pressure generated during exhalation
Explanation - Tidal volume is the standard breath volume delivered by the ventilator per respiratory cycle.
Correct answer is: The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
Q.52 Which electronic component is commonly used to isolate patient circuits from mains power in life‑support equipment?
Optocoupler
Transformer
Inductor
Resistor
Explanation - Optocouplers provide electrical isolation using light, protecting the patient from mains voltage faults.
Correct answer is: Optocoupler
Q.53 A “dry‑heat” incubator for neonatal care primarily controls:
Air temperature only
Humidity only
Both temperature and humidity
Oxygen concentration
Explanation - Dry‑heat incubators regulate temperature but do not actively control humidity, unlike humidified versions.
Correct answer is: Air temperature only
Q.54 What is the role of the ‘gas blender’ in an anesthesia machine?
Mixing oxygen with anesthetic gases to a set concentration
Filtering out carbon dioxide from exhaled gases
Heating the gas mixture to body temperature
Measuring patient blood pressure
Explanation - The gas blender precisely combines gases to deliver the desired anesthetic dose.
Correct answer is: Mixing oxygen with anesthetic gases to a set concentration
Q.55 In an ECMO circuit, the ‘pump’ is usually:
A centrifugal pump
A piston‑type pump
A peristaltic pump
A vacuum pump
Explanation - Centrifugal pumps provide continuous, non‑pulsatile blood flow with minimal hemolysis in ECMO.
Correct answer is: A centrifugal pump
Q.56 The typical alarm hierarchy in a patient monitor places the most critical alarms at:
The bottom of the display
The top‑left corner
The center of the screen with audible tones
In a separate log file
Explanation - Critical alarms are highlighted visually and audibly to attract immediate attention.
Correct answer is: The center of the screen with audible tones
Q.57 Which technology allows a ventilator to automatically adjust tidal volume based on the patient’s lung compliance?
Closed‑loop adaptive ventilation
Fixed‑rate ventilation
Manual squeeze‑bag ventilation
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) only
Explanation - Adaptive algorithms modify ventilator settings in real‑time according to measured lung mechanics.
Correct answer is: Closed‑loop adaptive ventilation
Q.58 In a blood gas analyzer, the electrode that measures pH is made of:
Silver/silver chloride
Gold plating
Platinum
Carbon fiber
Explanation - Silver/silver chloride electrodes provide stable, accurate pH measurement in clinical analyzers.
Correct answer is: Silver/silver chloride
Q.59 A key benefit of using a wireless telemetry system for patient monitoring is:
Elimination of all electrical safety concerns
Reduced need for physical cabling and improved patient mobility
Higher data accuracy than wired systems
Lower cost of equipment
Explanation - Wireless telemetry frees patients from restrictive wires, enhancing comfort while maintaining data transmission.
Correct answer is: Reduced need for physical cabling and improved patient mobility
Q.60 During cardiopulmonary bypass, the oxygenator must maintain a PaO₂ of approximately:
40‑60 mm Hg
75‑100 mm Hg
120‑150 mm Hg
200‑250 mm Hg
Explanation - Oxygenators aim for arterial oxygen pressures similar to normal physiological values (≈120‑150 mm Hg).
Correct answer is: 120‑150 mm Hg
Q.61 The principle of ‘diffusion’ in a dialysis machine is driven primarily by:
Temperature gradient
Pressure gradient
Concentration gradient
Electrical potential
Explanation - Solutes move from higher to lower concentration across the semipermeable membrane.
Correct answer is: Concentration gradient
Q.62 In a pulse oximeter, the ‘ratio‑of‑ratios’ algorithm is used to compute:
Heart rate variability
SpO₂ level
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Explanation - The algorithm compares absorption at two wavelengths to estimate arterial oxygen saturation.
Correct answer is: SpO₂ level
Q.63 Which of the following devices employs the principle of ‘magnetohydrodynamics’ to monitor blood flow?
Ultrasound Doppler probe
Magnetic flowmeter
Photoplethysmograph
Thermistor
Explanation - Magnetic flowmeters detect voltage induced by blood moving through a magnetic field, proportional to flow rate.
Correct answer is: Magnetic flowmeter
Q.64 The term ‘dead space’ in a ventilator circuit refers to:
The volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange
The total lung capacity
The amount of oxygen stored in the reservoir bag
The pressure generated during inhalation
Explanation - Dead space is the portion of the respiratory system where no gas exchange occurs.
Correct answer is: The volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange
Q.65 A defibrillator that uses a capacitor bank of 150 µF charged to 400 V can store how much energy (in joules)?
12 J
30 J
60 J
120 J
Explanation - Energy = ½ C V² = 0.5 × 150 × 10⁻⁶ F × (400 V)² = 12 J.
Correct answer is: 12 J
Q.66 Which component of a neonatal incubator provides humidified air?
Water bath reservoir
Cooling coil
UV lamp
Carbon filter
Explanation - Water in the reservoir evaporates, adding moisture to the airflow and maintaining humidity.
Correct answer is: Water bath reservoir
Q.67 The ‘safety factor’ used in the design of medical power supplies typically ranges between:
1.0‑1.1
1.2‑1.5
2.0‑3.0
5.0‑10.0
Explanation - Medical devices incorporate a modest safety factor to account for component tolerances while avoiding excess size or cost.
Correct answer is: 1.2‑1.5
Q.68 In a portable suction device used for airway clearance, the negative pressure generated is typically:
−5 to −10 mm Hg
−30 to −100 mm Hg
0 to +20 mm Hg
−150 to −200 mm Hg
Explanation - Suction devices create moderate negative pressure sufficient to clear secretions without causing tissue damage.
Correct answer is: −30 to −100 mm Hg
Q.69 The primary function of the ‘reservoir bag’ in a manual resuscitator (ambu‑bag) is to:
Store oxygen for later use
Provide a visual indication of tidal volume delivered
Measure blood pressure
Regulate humidity
Explanation - The bag’s expansion correlates with the volume of air delivered to the patient.
Correct answer is: Provide a visual indication of tidal volume delivered
Q.70 Which technology is commonly used in modern ICU monitors to reduce motion artifacts in ECG signals?
Digital averaging
Analog band‑pass filtering only
Mechanical stabilization of leads
Increased sampling rate without processing
Explanation - Signal processing algorithms such as digital averaging help suppress noise caused by patient movement.
Correct answer is: Digital averaging
Q.71 A typical adult ventilator delivers a tidal volume of about:
50 mL
250 mL
500 mL
1000 mL
Explanation - Average tidal volume for an adult is roughly 6‑8 mL/kg, about 500 mL for a 70 kg individual.
Correct answer is: 500 mL
Q.72 In a therapeutic laser system, the term ‘continuous wave (CW)’ indicates:
The laser emits light in pulses
The laser output power is steady over time
The laser frequency changes continuously
The laser is turned off between treatments
Explanation - CW lasers emit a constant beam, unlike pulsed lasers that deliver energy in bursts.
Correct answer is: The laser output power is steady over time
Q.73 Which component of an ECG machine converts the analog heart signal into a digital format for display?
Analog‑to‑Digital Converter (ADC)
Digital‑to‑Analog Converter (DAC)
Operational amplifier
Voltage regulator
Explanation - The ADC samples the analog ECG voltage and translates it into digital data for processing and display.
Correct answer is: Analog‑to‑Digital Converter (ADC)
Q.74 The main purpose of a ‘filter’ in the air‑supply line of a ventilator is to:
Increase oxygen concentration
Remove particulate contaminants and microorganisms
Regulate temperature
Provide humidification
Explanation - Filters protect the patient’s lungs from infection and debris.
Correct answer is: Remove particulate contaminants and microorganisms
Q.75 When configuring an infusion pump for a pediatric patient, the infusion rate is typically set in:
mL/h
L/min
µL/h
kg/min
Explanation - Pediatric dosing often requires micro‑liter per hour precision due to small volumes.
Correct answer is: µL/h
Q.76 Which type of sensor is employed in a capnograph to measure exhaled CO₂ concentration?
Infrared (IR) sensor
Ultrasonic sensor
Thermistor
Hall‑effect sensor
Explanation - CO₂ absorbs IR radiation at specific wavelengths; the sensor detects this absorption to quantify concentration.
Correct answer is: Infrared (IR) sensor
Q.77 The primary advantage of a ‘closed‑system’ suction device over an open system is:
Higher suction pressure
Reduced risk of cross‑contamination
Lower cost
Simpler mechanical design
Explanation - Closed systems prevent aerosolized pathogens from escaping into the environment.
Correct answer is: Reduced risk of cross‑contamination
Q.78 In a hemodialysis circuit, the term ‘ultrafiltration rate’ refers to:
The speed of blood flow through the dialyzer
The rate of water removal from the patient’s blood
The concentration of electrolytes in the dialysate
The temperature of the incoming blood
Explanation - Ultrafiltration controls fluid removal to achieve desired weight loss during dialysis.
Correct answer is: The rate of water removal from the patient’s blood
Q.79 A patient monitor uses a ‘trend graph’ to display:
Real‑time values only
Historical data over a selected time period
Alarm thresholds only
Device firmware version
Explanation - Trend graphs show how parameters like heart rate change over minutes to hours.
Correct answer is: Historical data over a selected time period
Q.80 The primary function of a ‘battery backup’ in a life‑support device is to:
Increase the device’s processing speed
Provide uninterrupted operation during mains power loss
Charge the patient’s pacemaker
Reduce electromagnetic interference
Explanation - Battery backup ensures the equipment continues functioning safely if the main power fails.
Correct answer is: Provide uninterrupted operation during mains power loss
Q.81 In an anesthesia workstation, the ‘vaporizers’ are used to:
Heat the inhaled gases
Convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor at a controlled concentration
Measure the patient's blood pressure
Regulate the flow of oxygen
Explanation - Vaporizers precisely generate a known concentration of anesthetic vapor mixed with carrier gases.
Correct answer is: Convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor at a controlled concentration
Q.82 Which of the following is a common cause of false low‑SpO₂ alarms in pulse oximeters?
Patient hyperventilation
Motion artifact from patient movement
High ambient temperature
Low blood glucose
Explanation - Movement can disrupt the light path, causing erroneous low saturation readings.
Correct answer is: Motion artifact from patient movement
Q.83 The term ‘ventilator‑associated pneumonia (VAP)’ highlights the importance of:
Frequent changes of ventilator circuits
Proper oral hygiene and subglottic suction
Increasing tidal volume daily
Using higher oxygen concentrations
Explanation - VAP prevention focuses on minimizing bacterial colonization and aspiration risk.
Correct answer is: Proper oral hygiene and subglottic suction
Q.84 In a blood gas analyzer, the electrode used to measure pCO₂ is based on:
Electrochemical (Clark) sensor
Optical sensor
Piezoelectric crystal
Thermistor
Explanation - Clark electrodes detect CO₂ via a chemical reaction that produces a measurable electrical current.
Correct answer is: Electrochemical (Clark) sensor
Q.85 Which of the following is a primary function of a ‘safety interlock’ in a defibrillator?
Prevent accidental discharge when the paddles are not in contact with the patient
Adjust the shock waveform automatically
Measure the patient’s heart rate
Control the device’s temperature
Explanation - Interlocks ensure the device only delivers a shock when safe contact conditions are met.
Correct answer is: Prevent accidental discharge when the paddles are not in contact with the patient
Q.86 A key indicator that a ventilator’s humidifier is malfunctioning is:
Elevated airway pressures
Decreased FiO₂
Patient’s skin becoming dry and cracked
Reduced battery life
Explanation - Inadequate humidification leads to drying of airway mucosa.
Correct answer is: Patient’s skin becoming dry and cracked
Q.87 In a pulse oximeter, the ‘red’ wavelength is approximately:
660 nm
940 nm
450 nm
800 nm
Explanation - The red LED typically emits around 660 nm, which is absorbed differently by oxy‑ and deoxy‑hemoglobin.
Correct answer is: 660 nm
Q.88 Which parameter is directly measured by a thermistor placed in an infusion line?
Fluid temperature
Flow rate
Pressure
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - Thermistors change resistance with temperature, allowing accurate monitoring of infused fluid temperature.
Correct answer is: Fluid temperature
Q.89 The term ‘ventilator‑induced lung injury (VILI)’ is associated with:
Excessive tidal volumes and pressures
Low oxygen concentration
High humidity levels
Frequent alarms
Explanation - Over‑distension and high pressures can damage alveolar structures, leading to VILI.
Correct answer is: Excessive tidal volumes and pressures
Q.90 In a CPAP device, the pressure set by the clinician is generally expressed in:
Liters per minute (L/min)
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
Centimeters of water (cm H₂O)
Pascal (Pa)
Explanation - CPAP pressure settings are typically given in cm H₂O, reflecting the pressure needed to keep airways open.
Correct answer is: Centimeters of water (cm H₂O)
Q.91 A major advantage of using a ‘single‑use’ disposable circuit for a ventilator is:
Reduced cost per patient
Elimination of cross‑contamination risk
Higher durability
Improved oxygen delivery
Explanation - Disposable circuits prevent the transmission of pathogens between patients.
Correct answer is: Elimination of cross‑contamination risk
Q.92 Which of the following best describes the function of a ‘pressure relief valve’ in a medical gas delivery system?
Increase gas flow rate when needed
Prevent over‑pressurization of the system
Measure oxygen concentration
Control temperature of the gas
Explanation - The valve opens when pressure exceeds a preset limit, protecting equipment and patients.
Correct answer is: Prevent over‑pressurization of the system
Q.93 In a mechanical ventilator, the term ‘trigger sensitivity’ adjusts:
How much pressure change is required to initiate a breath by the patient
The temperature of the inhaled gas
The oxygen concentration delivered
The alarm volume
Explanation - Trigger sensitivity determines the effort a patient must exert to start a ventilator‑assisted breath.
Correct answer is: How much pressure change is required to initiate a breath by the patient
Q.94 A typical adult cardiac output is approximately:
0.5 L/min
2 L/min
5 L/min
10 L/min
Explanation - Normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about 4‑6 L/min.
Correct answer is: 5 L/min
Q.95 Which technology enables a ventilator to provide ‘high‑frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)’?
Large tidal volumes at low rates
Very small tidal volumes at very high rates (up to 900 breaths/min)
Intermittent mandatory ventilation
Pressure‑controlled ventilation only
Explanation - HFOV delivers rapid, low‑volume breaths to improve gas exchange while minimizing lung injury.
Correct answer is: Very small tidal volumes at very high rates (up to 900 breaths/min)
Q.96 In a neonatal incubator, the term ‘thermistor’ is used to:
Measure humidity
Detect temperature changes
Generate light for phototherapy
Supply power to the unit
Explanation - Thermistors are temperature‑sensitive resistors used for precise temperature regulation.
Correct answer is: Detect temperature changes
Q.97 Which of the following is a typical alarm priority level for a ‘high airway pressure’ event on a ventilator?
Low priority – visual only
Medium priority – visual and audible
High priority – loud audible alarm and visual flash
No alarm – logged only
Explanation - High airway pressure can indicate immediate danger; therefore the alarm is high priority.
Correct answer is: High priority – loud audible alarm and visual flash
Q.98 The ‘P‑wave’ on an ECG corresponds to:
Ventricular depolarization
Atrial depolarization
Repolarization of ventricles
Electrical noise
Explanation - The P‑wave represents the electrical activity associated with atrial contraction.
Correct answer is: Atrial depolarization
Q.99 In a dialysis machine, the term ‘dialysate flow rate’ is usually set between:
50‑100 mL/min
200‑500 mL/min
800‑1200 mL/min
1500‑2000 mL/min
Explanation - Typical dialysate flow rates ensure sufficient solute exchange without excessive waste of fluid.
Correct answer is: 200‑500 mL/min
Q.100 A common method to verify the proper function of a defibrillator’s charging circuit is:
Measuring battery voltage only
Using a test load to simulate a patient and checking delivered energy
Listening for a beep sound
Checking the LCD backlight
Explanation - A test load allows measurement of actual energy delivered, confirming correct charging and discharge performance.
Correct answer is: Using a test load to simulate a patient and checking delivered energy
Q.101 Which of the following devices uses a ‘piezoelectric’ element to generate ultrasonic waves for therapy?
Laser diodes
Thermal cauterizer
Therapeutic ultrasound transducer
Photoplethysmograph
Explanation - Piezoelectric crystals vibrate at high frequencies to produce therapeutic ultrasound.
Correct answer is: Therapeutic ultrasound transducer
Q.102 In a patient monitor, the ‘SpO₂ trend’ graph is useful for:
Detecting rapid changes in oxygen saturation over minutes
Adjusting ventilator tidal volume
Controlling infusion pump speed
Measuring blood glucose
Explanation - Trend graphs help clinicians see whether oxygenation is improving or deteriorating over time.
Correct answer is: Detecting rapid changes in oxygen saturation over minutes
Q.103 The purpose of a ‘bypass valve’ in a ventilator circuit is to:
Allow the patient to breathe spontaneously if the ventilator fails
Increase the FiO₂ automatically
Measure airway resistance
Heat the inspired gas
Explanation - Bypass valves provide a manual ventilation path when the powered ventilator is unavailable.
Correct answer is: Allow the patient to breathe spontaneously if the ventilator fails
Q.104 Which component of a modern ICU bedside monitor typically uses a ‘microcontroller’ to manage multiple sensor inputs?
Display screen
Power supply
Signal processing unit
Alarm buzzer
Explanation - Microcontrollers process data from ECG, SpO₂, blood pressure, and other sensors, integrating them for display and alarm generation.
Correct answer is: Signal processing unit
Q.105 A ‘low‑flow oxygen delivery system’ for home use typically provides oxygen at:
0.5‑2 L/min
5‑10 L/min
10‑15 L/min
20‑30 L/min
Explanation - Low‑flow systems such as nasal cannulae deliver modest oxygen flow suitable for many chronic patients.
Correct answer is: 0.5‑2 L/min
Q.106 Which of the following is an essential maintenance task for a mechanical ventilator?
Calibrating the ECG leads
Changing the humidifier water daily
Reprogramming the defibrillation energy levels
Adjusting the phototherapy lamp intensity
Explanation - Fresh water prevents bacterial growth and ensures proper humidification of delivered gases.
Correct answer is: Changing the humidifier water daily
Q.107 The ‘oxygen saturation’ measured by a pulse oximeter is expressed as:
mm Hg
mL/dL
Percentage (%)
Volts (V)
Explanation - SpO₂ is reported as a percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.
Correct answer is: Percentage (%)
Q.108 In an ECMO circuit, the term ‘cannula’ refers to:
The heat exchanger
The oxygenator membrane
The tube that connects the patient to the circuit
The control panel
Explanation - Cannulae are large‑bore catheters inserted into vessels to route blood to and from the ECMO circuit.
Correct answer is: The tube that connects the patient to the circuit
Q.109 Which parameter is NOT typically displayed on a standard bedside multiparameter monitor?
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Blood glucose level
Oxygen saturation
Explanation - Glucose measurement usually requires a separate point‑of‑care device, not the standard monitor.
Correct answer is: Blood glucose level
Q.110 The term ‘ventilator synchrony’ refers to:
Matching ventilator breaths with the patient’s spontaneous breathing efforts
Synchronizing the ventilator with the hospital’s power grid
Aligning the ventilator’s clock with the patient’s heart rate
Coordinating multiple ventilators in an ICU
Explanation - Synchrony improves patient comfort and reduces the work of breathing.
Correct answer is: Matching ventilator breaths with the patient’s spontaneous breathing efforts
Q.111 Which of the following is a common cause of an ‘air‑in‑line’ alarm on a ventilator?
Circuit disconnection
Low battery
High ambient temperature
Excessive humidity
Explanation - An interruption in the gas line triggers an air‑in‑line alarm to alert staff of possible disconnection.
Correct answer is: Circuit disconnection
Q.112 A key advantage of using a ‘closed‑loop’ insulin pump over an open‑loop system is:
Elimination of the need for a glucose sensor
Automatic adjustment of insulin delivery based on continuous glucose readings
Reduced device size
Lower manufacturing cost
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems use real‑time glucose data to modulate insulin dosing, improving glycemic control.
Correct answer is: Automatic adjustment of insulin delivery based on continuous glucose readings
Q.113 In a ventilator, the ‘rise time’ parameter controls:
How quickly the airway pressure reaches the set inspiratory pressure
The duration of the expiratory phase
The humidity level of the inhaled gas
The oxygen concentration
Explanation - Rise time affects the smoothness of the pressure increase during inhalation.
Correct answer is: How quickly the airway pressure reaches the set inspiratory pressure
Q.114 The typical energy range delivered by a biphasic defibrillator for adult ventricular fibrillation is:
5‑15 J
30‑70 J
100‑150 J
200‑250 J
Explanation - Biphasic shocks commonly use 30‑70 J to achieve successful defibrillation while minimizing myocardial damage.
Correct answer is: 30‑70 J
Q.115 Which component of a bedside monitor is responsible for converting the analog ECG signal into a digital format for display?
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
Analog‑to‑Digital Converter (ADC)
Voltage regulator
Battery charger
Explanation - The ADC samples the ECG voltage at discrete intervals and converts it to digital data for processing.
Correct answer is: Analog‑to‑Digital Converter (ADC)
Q.116 A therapeutic device that delivers low‑frequency electrical currents to stimulate nerve regeneration is called:
Defibrillator
TENS unit
Neurostimulator
Pacemaker
Explanation - Neurostimulators provide controlled electrical pulses to promote nerve repair and functional recovery.
Correct answer is: Neurostimulator
Q.117 In a mechanical ventilator, the term ‘inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio’ refers to:
The proportion of time spent inhaling versus exhaling
The ratio of oxygen to air delivered
The pressure difference between inspiration and expiration
The flow rate during inspiration only
Explanation - I:E ratio determines the relative durations of the inspiratory and expiratory phases of each breath.
Correct answer is: The proportion of time spent inhaling versus exhaling
Q.118 Which type of alarm is typically classified as ‘critical’ on a life‑support device?
Battery low
High temperature of the device
Patient not detected (no ECG signal)
Maintenance required
Explanation - Loss of patient signal can indicate a life‑threatening condition, requiring immediate attention.
Correct answer is: Patient not detected (no ECG signal)
Q.119 The primary purpose of a ‘heat and moisture exchanger (HME)’ in a ventilator circuit is to:
Increase oxygen concentration
Provide passive humidification and heat retention
Measure airway pressure
Deliver medication aerosols
Explanation - HMEs capture heat and moisture from exhaled gas and return it to the inhaled gas, reducing the need for active humidifiers.
Correct answer is: Provide passive humidification and heat retention
Q.120 In a dialysis machine, the term ‘dialyzer’ is synonymous with:
Oxygenator
Heat exchanger
Semipermeable membrane module
Pump housing
Explanation - The dialyzer contains the membrane where diffusion and ultrafiltration occur.
Correct answer is: Semipermeable membrane module
Q.121 Which of the following devices uses a ‘piezoelectric crystal’ to convert electrical energy into ultrasonic waves for imaging?
X‑ray machine
MRI scanner
Ultrasound transducer
CT scanner
Explanation - Piezoelectric crystals vibrate to generate and receive high‑frequency sound waves for imaging.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound transducer
Q.122 The typical frequency range of therapeutic ultrasound for soft‑tissue healing is:
0.5‑2 MHz
5‑10 kHz
10‑20 MHz
100‑200 kHz
Explanation - Therapeutic ultrasound uses low‑MHz frequencies to achieve deep tissue heating.
Correct answer is: 0.5‑2 MHz
Q.123 Which of the following is a key function of an 'oxygen blender' in an anesthesia machine?
To mix oxygen with medical air to achieve a precise FiO₂
To remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gases
To heat the oxygen to body temperature
To measure patient blood pressure
Explanation - The blender allows clinicians to set the exact fraction of inspired oxygen delivered to the patient.
Correct answer is: To mix oxygen with medical air to achieve a precise FiO₂
Q.124 In a pulse oximeter, what does the term 'SpO₂' specifically denote?
The pressure of oxygen in the blood
The concentration of dissolved oxygen in plasma
The percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
The speed of oxygen flow in the arterial line
Explanation - SpO₂ is a non‑invasive estimate of arterial oxygen saturation expressed as a percentage.
Correct answer is: The percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
Q.125 Which safety feature is essential for a defibrillator used in a pediatric setting?
A high‑energy shock mode of >200 J
Adjustable energy settings down to 2 J
Automatic ventilation capability
Integrated blood glucose monitor
Explanation - Children require much lower energy shocks; devices must be capable of delivering as low as 2 J safely.
Correct answer is: Adjustable energy settings down to 2 J
Q.126 The purpose of a ‘safety valve’ in a medical gas cylinder is to:
Regulate gas flow to the patient
Prevent over‑pressurization of the cylinder
Measure the oxygen concentration
Convert gas into liquid form
Explanation - Safety valves release excess pressure, protecting the cylinder and surrounding equipment.
Correct answer is: Prevent over‑pressurization of the cylinder
Q.127 In a CPAP device, the pressure is maintained by:
A variable‑speed fan or blower
A syringe pump
A hydraulic system
A battery powered heater
Explanation - Fans generate a constant stream of air at a preset pressure to keep airways open.
Correct answer is: A variable‑speed fan or blower
Q.128 Which parameter is directly measured by a capnograph during mechanical ventilation?
Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂)
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂)
Blood pH
Heart rate
Explanation - Capnography provides real‑time measurement of exhaled CO₂, reflecting ventilation status.
Correct answer is: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂)
Q.129 The main advantage of a ‘closed‑circuit’ anesthesia system over an ‘open‑circuit’ system is:
Higher fresh gas flow requirements
Reduced waste of anesthetic gases
Simpler equipment design
Lower patient safety
Explanation - Closed‑circuit systems recirculate exhaled gases after CO₂ removal, conserving anesthetic agents.
Correct answer is: Reduced waste of anesthetic gases
Q.130 In an ICU, a device that provides both ventilation and circulatory support is known as:
Ventilator‑ECMO hybrid
Heart‑lung machine
Dialysis machine
Phototherapy unit
Explanation - The heart‑lung machine (cardiopulmonary bypass) takes over both heart and lung functions during surgery.
Correct answer is: Heart‑lung machine
Q.131 Which type of alarm on a ventilator would most likely indicate a blocked endotracheal tube?
Low tidal volume alarm
High airway pressure alarm
Low battery alarm
Temperature alarm
Explanation - A blockage causes pressure to rise sharply, triggering a high‑pressure alarm.
Correct answer is: High airway pressure alarm
Q.132 The term 'BPM' on a patient monitor stands for:
Blood Pressure Monitor
Beats Per Minute
Binary Pulse Modulation
Bicarbonate Pressure Measurement
Explanation - BPM is the standard unit for expressing heart rate on monitoring devices.
Correct answer is: Beats Per Minute
Q.133 In a therapeutic laser, the depth of tissue penetration is primarily determined by:
Laser pulse frequency
Wavelength of the laser light
Battery voltage
Ambient room temperature
Explanation - Longer wavelengths (near‑infrared) penetrate deeper than shorter (visible) wavelengths.
Correct answer is: Wavelength of the laser light
Q.134 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a modern bedside ventilator?
Microcontroller‑based control unit
Oxygen concentration sensor
Integrated ultrasound imaging module
Pressure and flow sensors
Explanation - Ventilators do not include imaging capabilities; they focus on gas delivery and monitoring.
Correct answer is: Integrated ultrasound imaging module
Q.135 A key indicator that a patient’s oxygen therapy device is delivering the correct flow rate is:
The sound of the device
A visible flowmeter reading
Battery indicator light
Temperature gauge
Explanation - Flowmeters display the actual gas flow, allowing verification of the prescribed rate.
Correct answer is: A visible flowmeter reading
Q.136 In a dialysis machine, the term 'dialysate' refers to:
The blood that circulates through the patient
The sterile solution that contacts the dialyzer membrane
The waste product removed from the blood
The anticoagulant added to the circuit
Explanation - Dialysate runs on the opposite side of the semipermeable membrane, facilitating solute exchange.
Correct answer is: The sterile solution that contacts the dialyzer membrane
Q.137 Which of the following devices utilizes a 'piezoelectric' transducer for both sensing and actuation in medical applications?
Ventilator pressure sensor
Infusion pump motor
Ultrasound imaging probe
Defibrillator capacitor
Explanation - Ultrasound probes both emit and receive sound waves using piezoelectric crystals.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound imaging probe
Q.138 A typical adult pulse oximeter displays SpO₂ values in the range of:
70‑80 %
80‑90 %
95‑100 %
100‑110 %
Explanation - Normal arterial oxygen saturation is usually between 95 % and 100 % in healthy adults.
Correct answer is: 95‑100 %
Q.139 In a mechanical ventilator, the term ‘volume‑targeted ventilation’ means:
The ventilator adjusts pressure to achieve a set tidal volume each breath
The ventilator delivers a fixed pressure regardless of volume
The ventilator only monitors volume but does not control it
The ventilator provides a constant flow rate
Explanation - Volume‑targeted modes ensure each breath delivers a predefined volume, adjusting pressure as needed.
Correct answer is: The ventilator adjusts pressure to achieve a set tidal volume each breath
Q.140 Which of the following is a standard method for calibrating a flow sensor in an infusion pump?
Using a known weight of fluid displaced over time
Measuring the battery voltage
Checking the LCD contrast
Listening for a beep tone
Explanation - Gravimetric methods (weighing) provide an accurate reference for flow calibration.
Correct answer is: Using a known weight of fluid displaced over time
Q.141 A high‑frequency (≥1 kHz) electric current used for cutting tissue in surgery is called:
Electrocardiography
Radiofrequency ablation
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Defibrillation
Explanation - RF ablation uses high‑frequency alternating current to generate heat for cutting or coagulation.
Correct answer is: Radiofrequency ablation