Q.1 Which emerging technology enables continuous glucose monitoring without skin penetration?
Nanoporous microneedle patches
Infrared spectroscopy patches
Transdermal electrochemical sensors
Optical coherence tomography
Explanation - Transdermal electrochemical sensors use reverse iontophoresis to extract interstitial fluid, allowing non‑invasive continuous glucose monitoring.
Correct answer is: Transdermal electrochemical sensors
Q.2 What is the primary advantage of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) in wearable biomedical devices?
Higher power consumption
Improved mechanical conformity to body surfaces
Reduced signal-to-noise ratio
Increased device weight
Explanation - FPCBs can bend and stretch, matching the curvature of skin, which enhances comfort and signal fidelity in wearables.
Correct answer is: Improved mechanical conformity to body surfaces
Q.3 Which of the following AI techniques is most commonly used for real‑time ECG arrhythmia detection on portable devices?
Support Vector Machines
Convolutional Neural Networks
Decision Trees
K‑Nearest Neighbors
Explanation - CNNs can automatically learn spatial features from ECG waveforms, enabling accurate and fast arrhythmia classification on embedded hardware.
Correct answer is: Convolutional Neural Networks
Q.4 Lab‑on‑a‑chip platforms primarily aim to:
Increase the size of diagnostic equipment
Replace all traditional laboratory tests
Miniaturize and automate biochemical assays
Eliminate the need for any reagents
Explanation - Lab‑on‑a‑chip devices integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single microfluidic chip, reducing sample volume and analysis time.
Correct answer is: Miniaturize and automate biochemical assays
Q.5 Which sensing modality is most suitable for non‑invasive blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) measurement?
Ultrasound imaging
Photoplethysmography
Electroencephalography
Magnetoencephalography
Explanation - PPG uses red and infrared light absorption differences to estimate arterial oxygen saturation non‑invasively.
Correct answer is: Photoplethysmography
Q.6 What is the key benefit of integrating Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) into biomedical sensors?
Higher data throughput than Wi‑Fi
Reduced power consumption for long‑term monitoring
Increased latency for real‑time data
Simplified analog signal processing
Explanation - BLE is optimized for low power operation, making it ideal for battery‑powered wearable medical devices.
Correct answer is: Reduced power consumption for long‑term monitoring
Q.7 CRISPR‑Cas12a based biosensors detect nucleic acids by:
Generating fluorescent signals upon target binding
Changing the pH of the solution
Altering the magnetic field
Producing acoustic waves
Explanation - Cas12a collateral cleavage activity releases fluorophore‑quencher labeled reporters, producing a measurable fluorescence signal.
Correct answer is: Generating fluorescent signals upon target binding
Q.8 Which material is commonly used for constructing stretchable bioelectrodes due to its biocompatibility and conductivity?
Silicon carbide
Gold nanowires embedded in silicone
Copper foil
Aluminum oxide
Explanation - Gold nanowires provide high conductivity while silicone offers stretchability and skin compatibility.
Correct answer is: Gold nanowires embedded in silicone
Q.9 In the context of telemedicine, what does the term "edge computing" refer to?
Processing data on centralized cloud servers
Analyzing data locally on the device or near the data source
Transmitting raw data without any processing
Storing patient records on external hard drives
Explanation - Edge computing reduces latency and bandwidth usage by performing computation close to the data source, essential for real‑time health monitoring.
Correct answer is: Analyzing data locally on the device or near the data source
Q.10 Which of the following is a primary challenge when implementing nanowire biosensors in clinical settings?
Excessive power consumption
Difficulty in functionalizing the nanowire surface for specific biomolecule detection
Inability to detect low‑concentration analytes
Large device footprint
Explanation - Achieving selective and stable surface chemistry on nanowires is critical and remains a technical hurdle for reliable clinical use.
Correct answer is: Difficulty in functionalizing the nanowire surface for specific biomolecule detection
Q.11 What is the main purpose of using impedance spectroscopy in tissue characterization?
Measuring temperature changes
Assessing mechanical stiffness
Evaluating electrical properties related to cell composition
Detecting magnetic fields
Explanation - Impedance spectroscopy measures how tissue impedance varies with frequency, providing insight into cellular structure and fluid content.
Correct answer is: Evaluating electrical properties related to cell composition
Q.12 Which emerging imaging technique combines ultrasound with photoacoustic signals for enhanced contrast?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Optical coherence tomography
Photoacoustic tomography
Positron emission tomography
Explanation - Photoacoustic tomography uses pulsed laser light to generate ultrasound waves from optical absorption, merging optical contrast with ultrasound resolution.
Correct answer is: Photoacoustic tomography
Q.13 The term "bioelectronic medicine" primarily refers to:
Using drugs to modulate neural pathways
Applying electrical stimulation to modulate organ function
Developing purely mechanical prostheses
Employing magnetic resonance for therapy
Explanation - Bioelectronic medicine uses devices that deliver targeted electrical signals to nerves or organs to treat disease without pharmaceuticals.
Correct answer is: Applying electrical stimulation to modulate organ function
Q.14 Which of the following is a key advantage of quantum sensors for biomagnetic measurements (e.g., magnetoencephalography)?
Operating at room temperature with no cooling
Providing higher sensitivity than conventional SQUIDs
Eliminating the need for magnetic shielding
Detecting electrical signals directly
Explanation - Quantum sensors such as NV‑center diamonds can achieve femtotesla sensitivity, surpassing traditional SQUIDs, while potentially operating at higher temperatures.
Correct answer is: Providing higher sensitivity than conventional SQUIDs
Q.15 What is the most common power source for fully implantable biomedical devices today?
Solar cells
Battery packs replaced annually
Wireless inductive power transfer
Thermoelectric generators
Explanation - Inductive coupling allows transcutaneous energy transfer, eliminating the need for battery replacement surgeries.
Correct answer is: Wireless inductive power transfer
Q.16 In the field of neural interfaces, which material is preferred for long‑term chronic implantation due to its low immune response?
Silicon
Polyimide
Stainless steel
Gold
Explanation - Polyimide is flexible, biocompatible, and elicits minimal glial scarring, making it suitable for chronic neural probes.
Correct answer is: Polyimide
Q.17 Which recent development in point‑of‑care (POC) diagnostics uses microfluidic paper‑based analytical devices (µPADs) to achieve low‑cost testing?
Digital PCR machines
Electrochemical immunoassays on paper
Mass spectrometry chips
Laser‑induced fluorescence systems
Explanation - µPADs integrate capillary flow and electrochemical detection on paper substrates, enabling inexpensive, disposable POC tests.
Correct answer is: Electrochemical immunoassays on paper
Q.18 What is the primary function of a digital twin in biomedical instrumentation?
Creating a virtual replica of a device for simulation and optimization
Duplicating patient data across multiple hospitals
Generating synthetic patient data for AI training
Providing a backup power source for implants
Explanation - Digital twins enable virtual testing of device performance under varied physiological conditions, reducing prototyping cycles.
Correct answer is: Creating a virtual replica of a device for simulation and optimization
Q.19 Which sensing principle is used by optical glucose sensors that employ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)?
Change in electrical resistance
Variation in magnetic field strength
Energy transfer between donor‑acceptor fluorophores upon glucose binding
Acoustic wave generation
Explanation - FRET sensors convert glucose binding events into measurable changes in fluorescence intensity via proximity‑dependent energy transfer.
Correct answer is: Energy transfer between donor‑acceptor fluorophores upon glucose binding
Q.20 Which standard communication protocol is specifically designed for medical device interoperability in hospitals?
ZigBee
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
HL7 (Health Level Seven)
CAN bus
Explanation - HL7 defines the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information among medical applications.
Correct answer is: HL7 (Health Level Seven)
Q.21 The term "soft robotics" in biomedical instrumentation primarily refers to:
Robots made entirely of metal alloys
Robotic systems that use compliant, deformable materials for safe interaction with tissues
High‑speed industrial robots
Robots that operate only in vacuum environments
Explanation - Soft robotics utilizes elastomers and fluidic actuation to achieve gentle, adaptable motions suitable for medical applications.
Correct answer is: Robotic systems that use compliant, deformable materials for safe interaction with tissues
Q.22 What advantage does near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provide for brain monitoring compared to EEG?
Higher temporal resolution
Direct measurement of neuronal electrical activity
Non‑invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics
Detection of magnetic fields
Explanation - NIRS measures changes in oxy‑ and deoxy‑hemoglobin, offering insight into brain metabolism without requiring electrodes.
Correct answer is: Non‑invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics
Q.23 Which of the following is a key challenge for integrating AI algorithms directly onto wearable biosensors?
Excessive memory capacity
Limited computational resources and power budget
Incompatibility with wireless protocols
Inability to acquire any sensor data
Explanation - Wearables have constrained processing power and battery life, making efficient AI model design (e.g., quantization, pruning) essential.
Correct answer is: Limited computational resources and power budget
Q.24 Which technology enables the simultaneous measurement of multiple physiological signals (e.g., ECG, EMG, temperature) on a single flexible substrate?
Monolithic silicon chips
Printed multi‑layer electronic tattoos
Standard rigid PCB boards
Glass fiber optic sensors
Explanation - Multi‑layer printed electronics can incorporate diverse sensor types on stretchable substrates, forming electronic tattoos that conform to skin.
Correct answer is: Printed multi‑layer electronic tattoos
Q.25 What is the main purpose of using a reference electrode in electrochemical biosensors?
To provide a stable voltage baseline for accurate measurement
To generate the sensing current
To amplify the sensor signal
To act as a power source
Explanation - The reference electrode maintains a known, constant potential, allowing the working electrode's signal to be measured accurately.
Correct answer is: To provide a stable voltage baseline for accurate measurement
Q.26 Which of the following best describes the concept of “closed‑loop” neuromodulation?
Continuous open‑loop stimulation without feedback
Stimulating nerves based on real‑time physiological feedback
Using only pharmacological agents for therapy
Delivering random electrical pulses
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems adjust stimulation parameters automatically in response to sensed biomarkers, improving efficacy and safety.
Correct answer is: Stimulating nerves based on real‑time physiological feedback
Q.27 Which recent advancement allows wireless power transfer over distances greater than 10 cm for implantable devices?
Near‑field magnetic induction
Mid‑field resonant coupling
Far‑field RF transmission
Acoustic energy harvesting
Explanation - Mid‑field resonant coupling operates between near‑ and far‑field regimes, enabling efficient power delivery over moderate distances.
Correct answer is: Mid‑field resonant coupling
Q.28 What is the primary benefit of using graphene as a sensing material in biosensors?
Low electrical conductivity
High mechanical stiffness
Large surface‑to‑volume ratio and excellent conductivity
Incompatibility with aqueous environments
Explanation - Graphene provides abundant active sites for biomolecule attachment and high carrier mobility, improving sensor sensitivity.
Correct answer is: Large surface‑to‑volume ratio and excellent conductivity
Q.29 Which emerging technique is being explored for rapid detection of viral RNA without amplification?
Surface‑enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
Lateral flow immunoassays
CRISPR‑Cas13a collateral cleavage coupled with fluorescence
ELISA
Explanation - Cas13a can directly bind target RNA and activate nonspecific cleavage of reporter molecules, enabling amplification‑free detection.
Correct answer is: CRISPR‑Cas13a collateral cleavage coupled with fluorescence
Q.30 Which of the following best characterizes the trend of "personalized medicine" in biomedical instrumentation?
One-size-fits-all devices
Devices that adapt to individual physiological parameters using AI and sensor fusion
Standardized hospital‑wide equipment
Elimination of patient data collection
Explanation - Personalized medicine leverages real‑time data and machine learning to tailor diagnostics and therapy to each patient.
Correct answer is: Devices that adapt to individual physiological parameters using AI and sensor fusion
Q.31 In optical biosensing, what does the term "label‑free" mean?
The sensor does not require any external power
Detection is performed without attaching fluorescent or radioactive tags to the analyte
The device cannot be calibrated
Only visual inspection is used
Explanation - Label‑free methods rely on intrinsic properties (e.g., refractive index changes) to detect biomolecular interactions directly.
Correct answer is: Detection is performed without attaching fluorescent or radioactive tags to the analyte
Q.32 Which emerging data‑compression technique is most suitable for streaming high‑resolution physiological waveforms over limited bandwidth networks?
Lossless Huffman coding
Wavelet‑based compression with adaptive thresholds
Run‑length encoding
ASCII text encoding
Explanation - Wavelet transforms can efficiently represent biomedical signals, allowing adjustable compression while preserving clinically relevant features.
Correct answer is: Wavelet‑based compression with adaptive thresholds
Q.33 What is the main purpose of using a Faraday cage around sensitive biomedical instrumentation?
To increase the temperature of the device
To block external electromagnetic interference
To provide structural support
To improve battery life
Explanation - A Faraday cage creates a conductive enclosure that attenuates external EM fields, protecting measurement accuracy.
Correct answer is: To block external electromagnetic interference
Q.34 Which of the following is a key feature of the upcoming IEEE 802.15.6 standard for body area networks?
Support for high‑power microwave transmission
Ultra‑low power operation and secure data exchange for medical wearables
Requirement of wired connections only
Incompatibility with Bluetooth
Explanation - IEEE 802.15.6 focuses on low‑power, short‑range communication with security mechanisms tailored for health data.
Correct answer is: Ultra‑low power operation and secure data exchange for medical wearables
Q.35 In a typical pulse oximeter, why are two wavelengths (red and infrared) used?
To measure blood pressure directly
To differentiate between oxy‑hemoglobin and deoxy‑hemoglobin absorption spectra
To generate heat for comfort
To power the device
Explanation - The ratio of absorption at red and infrared wavelengths correlates with arterial oxygen saturation.
Correct answer is: To differentiate between oxy‑hemoglobin and deoxy‑hemoglobin absorption spectra
Q.36 What is the primary advantage of using a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) pressure sensor in an implantable drug delivery system?
Large size for easy handling
High precision pressure monitoring to control drug release rates
Requirement of high voltage operation
Incompatibility with biocompatible packaging
Explanation - MEMS pressure sensors can accurately detect reservoir pressure, enabling closed‑loop drug dosing.
Correct answer is: High precision pressure monitoring to control drug release rates
Q.37 Which biosensor architecture utilizes a field‑effect transistor (FET) to transduce biochemical interactions into electrical signals?
Electrochemical amperometric sensor
FET‑based biosensor (BioFET)
Optical fiber sensor
Piezoelectric crystal sensor
Explanation - BioFETs modulate channel conductance in response to surface charge changes caused by biomolecule binding.
Correct answer is: FET‑based biosensor (BioFET)
Q.38 What does the term "electroceutical" refer to in modern biomedical instrumentation?
A device that delivers electrical stimulation to modulate physiological processes
A new type of battery technology
A software platform for electronic health records
A type of MRI scanner
Explanation - Electroceuticals aim to treat diseases by electrically interfacing with nerves or tissues, offering an alternative to drugs.
Correct answer is: A device that delivers electrical stimulation to modulate physiological processes
Q.39 Which recent development allows for the integration of multiple sensing modalities (e.g., chemical, mechanical, optical) onto a single chip for comprehensive health monitoring?
Monolithic silicon wafer bonding
System‑in‑package (SiP) technology
Traditional through‑hole PCB assembly
Large‑scale integration of discrete components
Explanation - SiP integrates heterogeneous components (sensors, processors, antennas) into a compact module, supporting multimodal monitoring.
Correct answer is: System‑in‑package (SiP) technology
Q.40 Which method is commonly used to reduce motion artifacts in wearable ECG recordings?
Increasing sampling rate beyond 10 kHz
Applying adaptive filtering and sensor fusion with accelerometer data
Using a single large electrode
Removing the device during movement
Explanation - Combining ECG with motion sensor data enables algorithms to identify and subtract motion‑induced noise.
Correct answer is: Applying adaptive filtering and sensor fusion with accelerometer data
Q.41 What is the purpose of using a "hydrogel" layer in transdermal biosensors?
To provide structural rigidity
To improve electrical conductivity only
To enhance skin contact and facilitate analyte diffusion
To block all fluid exchange
Explanation - Hydrogels are soft, water‑rich matrices that improve biocompatibility and allow target molecules to reach the sensing surface.
Correct answer is: To enhance skin contact and facilitate analyte diffusion
Q.42 Which of the following best describes the principle of surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors?
Detection of changes in acoustic wave velocity or amplitude caused by mass loading on the sensor surface
Measuring optical absorption of the sample
Monitoring magnetic field variations
Using chemical reactions to generate heat
Explanation - SAW devices convert surface vibrations into electrical signals; binding events alter the wave properties, providing a measurable output.
Correct answer is: Detection of changes in acoustic wave velocity or amplitude caused by mass loading on the sensor surface
Q.43 Which of the following is a major benefit of using 5G connectivity for remote health monitoring devices?
Lower latency and higher data rates for real‑time streaming of high‑definition physiological data
Increased power consumption without any advantages
Requirement of wired connections
Limitation to only low‑resolution data
Explanation - 5G offers ultra‑reliable low‑latency communication, enabling near‑instantaneous transmission of large biomedical datasets.
Correct answer is: Lower latency and higher data rates for real‑time streaming of high‑definition physiological data
Q.44 What is the primary challenge when using photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for on‑chip biosensing?
Lack of any optical components
Difficulty integrating fluidic channels with optical waveguides
Excessive mechanical rigidity
Inability to operate at visible wavelengths
Explanation - Combining microfluidics and photonics on a single chip requires precise alignment and compatible materials, which is technically demanding.
Correct answer is: Difficulty integrating fluidic channels with optical waveguides
Q.45 Which emerging biomarker detection method uses nanopore sequencing technology to identify circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)?
Sanger sequencing
Nanopore‑based electrical read‑out of individual DNA molecules
Mass spectrometry
ELISA
Explanation - Nanopores sense changes in ionic current as DNA strands pass through, enabling rapid detection of ctDNA fragments.
Correct answer is: Nanopore‑based electrical read‑out of individual DNA molecules
Q.46 In a closed‑loop insulin delivery system, which sensor provides the feedback signal to adjust insulin infusion?
Blood pressure cuff
Continuous glucose monitor (CGM)
Heart rate monitor
Thermometer
Explanation - CGMs provide real‑time glucose concentrations, allowing the pump to modulate insulin delivery automatically.
Correct answer is: Continuous glucose monitor (CGM)
Q.47 Which of the following is a benefit of using biodegradable polymers in temporary implantable sensors?
Permanent foreign body presence
Elimination of surgical removal procedures
Infinite operational lifetime
Increased electrical conductivity
Explanation - Biodegradable materials safely dissolve after their functional period, reducing the need for extraction surgery.
Correct answer is: Elimination of surgical removal procedures
Q.48 What does the term "multi‑omics" refer to in the context of biomedical instrumentation?
Simultaneous measurement of multiple biological data layers (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.)
Using only one type of sensor for all measurements
A new brand of medical devices
A type of optical lens
Explanation - Multi‑omics integrates diverse molecular datasets to provide a comprehensive view of health and disease.
Correct answer is: Simultaneous measurement of multiple biological data layers (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.)
Q.49 Which technique is commonly employed to fabricate microfluidic channels in polymer-based lab‑on‑a‑chip devices?
Photolithography on silicon wafers
Molding and soft lithography using PDMS
3D metal printing
Laser ablation of glass
Explanation - PDMS soft lithography enables rapid, low‑cost replication of micro‑scale channels for disposable diagnostics.
Correct answer is: Molding and soft lithography using PDMS
Q.50 What is the main purpose of using a Faradaic reaction in amperometric biosensors?
To generate a magnetic field
To produce a measurable current proportional to analyte concentration
To create acoustic waves
To change the temperature of the sensor
Explanation - Faradaic processes involve electron transfer at the electrode, converting chemical information into an electrical current.
Correct answer is: To produce a measurable current proportional to analyte concentration
Q.51 Which recent trend aims to reduce the latency of data analytics for wearable health monitors by processing data at the device level?
Cloud‑first architecture
Edge AI (on‑device machine learning)
Batch processing on remote servers
Manual data entry
Explanation - Edge AI runs inference locally, providing immediate feedback without reliance on network connectivity.
Correct answer is: Edge AI (on‑device machine learning)
Q.52 In optical coherence tomography (OCT), what physical property of tissue is primarily measured?
Electrical impedance
Light back‑scattering and reflectivity
Magnetic susceptibility
Acoustic velocity
Explanation - OCT captures interferometric patterns of reflected light, producing high‑resolution cross‑sectional images of tissue microstructure.
Correct answer is: Light back‑scattering and reflectivity
Q.53 Which sensor type is most suitable for measuring intracranial pressure (ICP) in a minimally invasive manner?
Capacitive pressure sensor placed in the subarachnoid space
Optical fiber Bragg grating sensor
Thermocouple
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Explanation - Fiber Bragg gratings can be miniaturized and provide high‑resolution pressure measurements with immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Correct answer is: Optical fiber Bragg grating sensor
Q.54 What is the primary function of a “reference electrode” in an ion‑selective electrode (ISE) system?
To provide a stable, known potential against which the measuring electrode can be compared
To generate the ion‑selective response
To act as a power source
To amplify the signal
Explanation - The reference electrode maintains a constant potential, enabling accurate measurement of the ion‑selective electrode's potential change.
Correct answer is: To provide a stable, known potential against which the measuring electrode can be compared
Q.55 Which emerging material enables self‑healing capabilities in stretchable biomedical electronics?
Silicon carbide
Self‑healing polymer composites with reversible covalent bonds
Rigid copper traces
Glass ceramics
Explanation - These polymers can autonomously repair micro‑cracks, extending the lifespan of flexible devices on moving body parts.
Correct answer is: Self‑healing polymer composites with reversible covalent bonds
Q.56 What does the acronym "IoMT" stand for in modern healthcare technology?
Internet of Medical Things
Integration of Optical Magnetic Technologies
International Organization for Medical Training
Intra‑operational Mechanical Therapy
Explanation - IoMT refers to interconnected medical devices and sensors that collect and exchange health data over networks.
Correct answer is: Internet of Medical Things
Q.57 Which method is used to achieve selective detection of a specific protein in a label‑free biosensor?
Applying a generic polymer coating
Immobilizing a high‑affinity antibody or aptamer onto the sensor surface
Increasing the temperature of the sensor
Using a magnetic field
Explanation - Specific biorecognition elements (antibodies or aptamers) bind only the target protein, enabling selective detection without labels.
Correct answer is: Immobilizing a high‑affinity antibody or aptamer onto the sensor surface
Q.58 Which characteristic is most important for a sensor intended for continuous monitoring of lactate in athletes?
High temperature tolerance
Fast response time and resistance to motion artifacts
Large size and rigidity
Requirement of frequent recalibration
Explanation - Continuous lactate monitoring during intense movement demands rapid and stable signal acquisition despite motion.
Correct answer is: Fast response time and resistance to motion artifacts
Q.59 What is the main advantage of using a micro‑LED array in optogenetic stimulation devices?
Provides uniform acoustic stimulation
Enables precise spatial and temporal control of light delivery to neural tissue
Generates large magnetic fields
Requires high voltage operation
Explanation - Micro‑LEDs can be individually addressed, allowing targeted activation of specific neuronal populations.
Correct answer is: Enables precise spatial and temporal control of light delivery to neural tissue
Q.60 Which emerging technique allows for the direct conversion of biochemical signals into digital data without intermediate analog steps?
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) chips
Molecular digital computing using DNA strand displacement
Standard voltage amplifiers
Mechanical relays
Explanation - DNA strand displacement circuits can perform logical operations on biochemical inputs, producing digital-like outputs.
Correct answer is: Molecular digital computing using DNA strand displacement
Q.61 In wearable health monitoring, which sensor is typically used to estimate blood pressure non‑invasively using pulse transit time (PTT)?
Photoplethysmography (PPG) combined with ECG
Thermistor
Accelerometer only
Galvanic skin response sensor
Explanation - PTT is derived from the time delay between the ECG R‑wave and the corresponding PPG pulse, correlating with blood pressure.
Correct answer is: Photoplethysmography (PPG) combined with ECG
Q.62 Which of the following best describes a major advantage of using nanodiamond particles in biosensor fabrication?
They are highly toxic to cells
They provide a chemically inert surface with high biocompatibility and fluorescence
They conduct electricity poorly
They are opaque to light
Explanation - Nanodiamonds have stable surface chemistry and intrinsic fluorescence, useful for robust, biocompatible sensing platforms.
Correct answer is: They provide a chemically inert surface with high biocompatibility and fluorescence
Q.63 What is the primary purpose of implementing a “privacy‑by‑design” approach in IoMT devices?
To maximize data collection without user consent
To embed data protection measures throughout the system architecture from the beginning
To increase device size
To eliminate encryption
Explanation - Privacy‑by‑design ensures that personal health data is protected by default, complying with regulations like GDPR.
Correct answer is: To embed data protection measures throughout the system architecture from the beginning
Q.64 Which recent advancement enables real‑time monitoring of neurotransmitter levels in the brain with high specificity?
MRI spectroscopy
Fast‑scan cyclic voltammetry using carbon fiber microelectrodes
Standard EEG
Thermal imaging
Explanation - Fast‑scan cyclic voltammetry provides sub‑second temporal resolution and chemical selectivity for neurotransmitters like dopamine.
Correct answer is: Fast‑scan cyclic voltammetry using carbon fiber microelectrodes
Q.65 Which sensor technology is most suitable for detecting minute changes in skin temperature for fever screening?
Thermocouple
Infrared pyrometer
Thermistors with high sensitivity
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
Explanation - High‑resolution thermistors can detect small temperature variations quickly and are easily integrated into wearables.
Correct answer is: Thermistors with high sensitivity
Q.66 What is the main challenge associated with the use of Bluetooth Classic for continuous medical data streaming?
Very low data rates
High power consumption compared to BLE, leading to reduced battery life
Inability to pair with smartphones
Lack of security features
Explanation - Bluetooth Classic consumes more power, making it less suitable for long‑term wearable monitoring where energy efficiency is critical.
Correct answer is: High power consumption compared to BLE, leading to reduced battery life
Q.67 Which approach is used to achieve multiplexed detection of several biomarkers on a single chip?
Using a single broad‑band sensor
Spatially resolved arrays of functionalized sensing spots (microarray)
Increasing the sample volume
Applying a uniform magnetic field
Explanation - Microarrays allow parallel detection by assigning each spot a specific capture reagent for a distinct biomarker.
Correct answer is: Spatially resolved arrays of functionalized sensing spots (microarray)
Q.68 What is the benefit of integrating a low‑dropout regulator (LDO) into a biomedical implant's power management circuit?
Provides a stable voltage despite varying battery levels, protecting sensitive analog front‑ends
Increases the required battery size
Reduces the overall device reliability
Eliminates the need for any power source
Explanation - LDOs maintain a constant output voltage, ensuring accurate sensor operation as battery voltage drops.
Correct answer is: Provides a stable voltage despite varying battery levels, protecting sensitive analog front‑ends
Q.69 Which emerging sensor technology leverages the quantum Hall effect for ultra‑precise magnetic field detection in biomedical applications?
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors
Quantum Hall effect sensors
Piezoelectric accelerometers
Capacitive humidity sensors
Explanation - Quantum Hall sensors exhibit quantized resistance steps, enabling highly accurate magnetic field measurements for applications like magnetocardiography.
Correct answer is: Quantum Hall effect sensors
Q.70 What is the primary reason for using a differential amplifier in ECG front‑end circuitry?
To amplify common‑mode noise
To reject common‑mode interference such as power‑line noise and enhance the small biopotential signal
To increase power consumption
To convert analog signals to digital
Explanation - Differential amplifiers amplify the voltage difference between electrodes while suppressing common-mode noise, improving signal quality.
Correct answer is: To reject common‑mode interference such as power‑line noise and enhance the small biopotential signal
Q.71 Which recent trend is driving the development of implantable devices capable of delivering both electrical stimulation and drug release?
Monotherapy approaches
Hybrid electro‑pharmacological platforms
Exclusive reliance on external pumps
Removal of all electronic components
Explanation - Combining electrical stimulation with on‑demand drug release enhances therapeutic efficacy for conditions like chronic pain.
Correct answer is: Hybrid electro‑pharmacological platforms
Q.72 In the context of biomedical instrumentation, what does the term "signal‑to‑noise ratio (SNR)" represent?
The ratio of device weight to its size
The proportion of desired signal amplitude relative to background noise
The speed of data transmission
The battery life of a wearable sensor
Explanation - Higher SNR indicates clearer, more reliable measurement data, critical for accurate diagnostics.
Correct answer is: The proportion of desired signal amplitude relative to background noise
Q.73 Which technique enables the fabrication of ultra‑thin, flexible electrodes suitable for epidermal electrophysiology?
Sputtering thick metal films on rigid substrates
Inkjet printing of conductive nano‑ink on elastomeric substrates
Machining bulk silicon wafers
Casting thick polymer layers
Explanation - Inkjet printing allows precise deposition of conductive patterns on stretchable materials, producing skin‑conformable electrodes.
Correct answer is: Inkjet printing of conductive nano‑ink on elastomeric substrates
Q.74 Which of the following is a key advantage of using a “micro‑battery” integrated on a chip for short‑term biomedical sensing applications?
Unlimited energy supply
Reduced form factor and ability to power the sensor for hours without external connections
Requirement of frequent recharging
Increased device weight
Explanation - Micro‑batteries provide compact, self‑contained power sources suitable for disposable or short‑duration devices.
Correct answer is: Reduced form factor and ability to power the sensor for hours without external connections
Q.75 What is the primary function of a “hydrogel‑based microneedle” in transdermal drug delivery?
To block drug diffusion
To create a painless micro‑pathway for drug transport across the skin
To generate electrical signals
To increase skin temperature
Explanation - Hydrogel microneedles swell upon insertion, delivering drugs through minimally invasive channels.
Correct answer is: To create a painless micro‑pathway for drug transport across the skin
Q.76 Which of the following emerging technologies enables the direct measurement of brain activity with millisecond temporal resolution and sub‑millimeter spatial resolution?
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) using optically pumped magnetometers
Standard EEG
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Explanation - Optically pumped magnetometers offer high sensitivity without cryogenics, improving MEG spatial resolution while preserving fast temporal dynamics.
Correct answer is: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) using optically pumped magnetometers
Q.77 What advantage does a 'digital twin' of a patient's cardiovascular system provide to clinicians?
It replaces all physical examinations
It allows simulation of interventions and prediction of outcomes personalized to the patient
It eliminates the need for imaging
It provides a backup power source for pacemakers
Explanation - Digital twins model patient‑specific physiology, enabling virtual testing of treatments before actual implementation.
Correct answer is: It allows simulation of interventions and prediction of outcomes personalized to the patient
Q.78 Which of the following is a primary driver behind the shift from bulky hospital‑grade monitors to pocket‑sized handheld diagnostic devices?
Desire for higher power consumption
Need for rapid point‑of‑care testing and increased patient mobility
Regulatory restrictions on miniaturization
Requirement of larger sample volumes
Explanation - Handheld devices provide quick results at the bedside or at home, improving access and reducing healthcare costs.
Correct answer is: Need for rapid point‑of‑care testing and increased patient mobility
Q.79 Which recent innovation allows the direct conversion of mechanical strain into a digital signal without intermediate analog processing?
Analog voltage amplifiers
Digital strain sensors using piezoresistive nanocomposites with embedded ADCs
Standard resistive strain gauges with external ADCs
Mechanical levers
Explanation - These sensors embed digitization circuitry, simplifying system design and improving noise immunity.
Correct answer is: Digital strain sensors using piezoresistive nanocomposites with embedded ADCs
Q.80 What is the main benefit of employing a closed‑loop insulin pump that utilizes a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm?
It provides a fixed insulin dose regardless of glucose levels
It predicts future glucose trends and adjusts insulin delivery proactively
It eliminates the need for glucose monitoring
It reduces the battery life of the device
Explanation - MPC uses a mathematical model of glucose dynamics to forecast and pre‑emptively correct hyper‑ or hypoglycemia.
Correct answer is: It predicts future glucose trends and adjusts insulin delivery proactively
Q.81 Which biosensing approach is most suitable for detecting single‑molecule DNA sequences in real time?
Colorimetric paper test
Nanopore sequencing with ionic current detection
Standard PCR followed by gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry of bulk DNA
Explanation - Nanopores can sense the passage of individual nucleotides by changes in ionic current, enabling real‑time single‑molecule analysis.
Correct answer is: Nanopore sequencing with ionic current detection
Q.82 What is the purpose of a “circuit breaker” in the power architecture of an implantable medical device?
To increase the voltage output
To protect the device from over‑current conditions that could damage circuitry or tissue
To enhance wireless communication range
To provide a user interface
Explanation - Circuit breakers prevent excessive current flow, safeguarding both the device and surrounding biological tissue.
Correct answer is: To protect the device from over‑current conditions that could damage circuitry or tissue
Q.83 Which of the following technologies enables the non‑invasive measurement of blood pressure using a smartphone camera?
Photoplethysmography combined with pulse wave analysis
Ultrasound imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Thermography
Explanation - The camera captures PPG signals; algorithms extract pulse transit time or pulse wave velocity to estimate blood pressure.
Correct answer is: Photoplethysmography combined with pulse wave analysis
Q.84 Which recent development in battery technology is most promising for extending the runtime of implanted neurostimulators?
Lithium‑ion batteries with higher voltage
Solid‑state micro‑batteries with high energy density and safety
Lead‑acid batteries
Alkaline button cells
Explanation - Solid‑state chemistries provide higher energy density, are less prone to leakage, and can be miniaturized for implants.
Correct answer is: Solid‑state micro‑batteries with high energy density and safety
Q.85 What does the term "telemetry" refer to in biomedical instrumentation?
A method of measuring temperature only
Wireless transmission of physiological data from a sensor to a remote receiver
A technique for increasing device size
A type of mechanical sensor
Explanation - Telemetry enables real‑time remote monitoring of patient data without physical connections.
Correct answer is: Wireless transmission of physiological data from a sensor to a remote receiver
Q.86 Which of the following is a major benefit of using a hybrid CMOS‑photonic integrated circuit for biosensing?
Reduced optical bandwidth
Ability to combine high‑speed electronic processing with sensitive optical detection on the same chip
Increased power consumption
Limited to only one type of biomarker
Explanation - Hybrid integration leverages CMOS electronics for fast data handling and photonic components for label‑free optical sensing.
Correct answer is: Ability to combine high‑speed electronic processing with sensitive optical detection on the same chip
Q.87 Which emerging sensor modality allows for the detection of metabolic gases (e.g., acetone) from breath for diabetes monitoring?
Electrochemical gas sensors with metal‑oxide nanostructures
Standard ECG electrodes
Infrared thermography
Ultrasonic flow meters
Explanation - Metal‑oxide nanostructured sensors react with specific gases, changing resistance to provide quantitative breath analysis.
Correct answer is: Electrochemical gas sensors with metal‑oxide nanostructures
Q.88 What is a key advantage of using a graphene field‑effect transistor (GFET) for detecting biomarkers in liquid samples?
Low surface area
High carrier mobility and sensitivity to surface charge changes
Inability to operate in aqueous environments
High power consumption
Explanation - GFETs transduce biomolecular binding events into measurable conductance changes with high sensitivity.
Correct answer is: High carrier mobility and sensitivity to surface charge changes
Q.89 Which recent trend involves embedding sensors into everyday objects (e.g., clothing, shoes) to collect health data continuously?
Smart textiles (e‑textiles)
Rigid PCB boards
Desktop medical stations
Heavy metal implants
Explanation - E‑textiles integrate conductive fibers and sensors into fabrics, enabling unobtrusive, long‑term physiological monitoring.
Correct answer is: Smart textiles (e‑textiles)
Q.90 What is the primary purpose of using a “low‑pass filter” in the analog front‑end of a pulse oximeter?
To amplify high‑frequency noise
To remove high‑frequency motion artifacts and retain the physiological signal
To increase the device size
To generate light
Explanation - Low‑pass filters attenuate frequencies above the physiological range, improving signal quality.
Correct answer is: To remove high‑frequency motion artifacts and retain the physiological signal
Q.91 Which of the following describes a major advantage of using “wireless power transfer via ultrasound” for deep‑tissue implants?
It requires a line‑of‑sight between transmitter and receiver
Ultrasound can penetrate deeper tissue with less attenuation than RF, enabling efficient power delivery
It provides unlimited power
It is incompatible with biological tissues
Explanation - Ultrasound energy can be focused and transmitted through soft tissue, allowing safe powering of implants located several centimeters deep.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound can penetrate deeper tissue with less attenuation than RF, enabling efficient power delivery
Q.92 In the context of AI‑driven diagnostics, what does “explainable AI (XAI)” aim to provide?
Faster computation without transparency
Clear, understandable rationale behind algorithmic decisions to clinicians
Complete replacement of physicians
Encrypted data without any interpretation
Explanation - XAI techniques generate human‑readable explanations for model predictions, fostering trust and regulatory compliance.
Correct answer is: Clear, understandable rationale behind algorithmic decisions to clinicians
Q.93 Which recent advancement enables the direct measurement of blood lactate levels using a microneedle patch?
Incorporation of enzymatic lactate oxidase into the microneedle matrix with amperometric readout
Use of a standard thermistor
Applying a magnetic field
Embedding a GPS module
Explanation - The enzyme catalyzes lactate oxidation, producing a current proportional to lactate concentration that can be measured through the microneedle.
Correct answer is: Incorporation of enzymatic lactate oxidase into the microneedle matrix with amperometric readout
Q.94 Which characteristic is most important for a sensor that will be used in a high‑magnetic‑field MRI environment?
Ferromagnetic components
Non‑magnetic, MR‑compatible materials
High electrical resistance
Large antenna structures
Explanation - Sensors must avoid ferromagnetic parts to prevent safety hazards and image artifacts within the MRI scanner.
Correct answer is: Non‑magnetic, MR‑compatible materials
Q.95 What advantage does a “multi‑modal” biomedical device provide over single‑modality devices?
It measures only one physiological parameter
It combines several sensing techniques (e.g., electrical, optical, mechanical) to provide richer diagnostic information
It requires more power than any single sensor
It cannot be miniaturized
Explanation - Multi‑modal devices capture complementary data streams, improving accuracy and enabling comprehensive health assessment.
Correct answer is: It combines several sensing techniques (e.g., electrical, optical, mechanical) to provide richer diagnostic information
Q.96 Which recent development allows for real‑time monitoring of oxygen saturation in deep tissues beyond the reach of conventional pulse oximetry?
Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with diffuse optical tomography
Standard ECG leads
Thermal imaging
Ultrasound Doppler
Explanation - NIRS penetrates several centimeters into tissue, and tomography reconstructs three‑dimensional oxygenation maps.
Correct answer is: Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with diffuse optical tomography
Q.97 Which of the following is a primary challenge when using CRISPR‑based diagnostics for point‑of‑care testing?
High temperature requirements
Ensuring rapid, reagent‑stable, and contamination‑free workflows in a portable format
Inability to detect nucleic acids
Excessive device size
Explanation - CRISPR diagnostics need stable reagents and simple readouts to be practical in point‑of‑care settings.
Correct answer is: Ensuring rapid, reagent‑stable, and contamination‑free workflows in a portable format
Q.98 What is the main purpose of employing a “low‑pass FIR filter” in the digital processing chain of a wearable EMG sensor?
To amplify high‑frequency noise
To eliminate high‑frequency noise while preserving the muscle activation signal bandwidth
To increase the sample rate
To convert analog signals to digital
Explanation - FIR filters provide linear phase response, ensuring that the timing of EMG bursts is not distorted while reducing noise.
Correct answer is: To eliminate high‑frequency noise while preserving the muscle activation signal bandwidth
Q.99 Which emerging technology uses micro‑fluidic droplets to perform high‑throughput single‑cell analysis?
Droplet microfluidics
Standard well plates
Bulk flow cytometry
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Explanation - Droplet microfluidics creates picoliter‑scale isolated compartments for individual cells, enabling parallel biochemical assays.
Correct answer is: Droplet microfluidics
Q.100 In the design of a neural recording implant, why is the use of a “low‑impedance” electrode important?
To increase thermal noise
To improve signal quality by reducing electrode–tissue interface noise
To make the electrode larger
To decrease power consumption dramatically
Explanation - Low‑impedance electrodes provide better charge transfer, yielding higher signal‑to‑noise ratios for neural recordings.
Correct answer is: To improve signal quality by reducing electrode–tissue interface noise
Q.101 Which of the following best describes the concept of “bio‑fouling” in implantable sensors?
Accumulation of biological material on sensor surfaces that degrades performance over time
Improvement of sensor accuracy
Increase in wireless range
Reduction of power consumption
Explanation - Proteins, cells, and fibrotic tissue can coat sensor surfaces, impairing signal transduction and requiring anti‑fouling strategies.
Correct answer is: Accumulation of biological material on sensor surfaces that degrades performance over time
Q.102 What is a primary benefit of using a “micro‑electromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer” in fall detection wearables?
Large size and high power consumption
High sensitivity to rapid motion changes with low power usage
Inability to detect motion
Requirement of external power cables
Explanation - MEMS accelerometers are compact, consume little power, and can detect the characteristic impact signatures of falls.
Correct answer is: High sensitivity to rapid motion changes with low power usage
Q.103 Which recent development in sensor packaging enables long‑term implantation with minimal immune response?
Rigid metal casings
Ultra‑thin, biocompatible polymer encapsulation with anti‑inflammatory drug release
Glass enclosures
Standard epoxy resin
Explanation - Thin polymer coatings reduce mechanical mismatch and can release anti‑inflammatory agents to mitigate foreign‑body response.
Correct answer is: Ultra‑thin, biocompatible polymer encapsulation with anti‑inflammatory drug release
Q.104 Which of the following is a key advantage of using a “digital twin” of a cardiac pacemaker during device development?
It replaces clinical trials entirely
It allows virtual testing of pacing algorithms under diverse physiological conditions before physical prototyping
It eliminates the need for any hardware testing
It increases manufacturing cost
Explanation - Digital twins simulate device‑patient interaction, helping engineers refine algorithms and hardware efficiently.
Correct answer is: It allows virtual testing of pacing algorithms under diverse physiological conditions before physical prototyping
Q.105 What is the primary function of a “reference electrode” in a pH sensor based on ion‑selective membranes?
To generate the measuring signal
To maintain a constant potential for accurate pH determination
To power the sensor
To amplify the signal
Explanation - The reference electrode provides a stable baseline against which the change in potential of the pH‑sensitive electrode is measured.
Correct answer is: To maintain a constant potential for accurate pH determination
Q.106 Which emerging technology utilizes the interaction between light and acoustic waves to achieve high‑resolution imaging of tissue micro‑structures?
Photoacoustic microscopy
Standard ultrasound imaging
X‑ray radiography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Explanation - Photoacoustic microscopy detects ultrasound generated by optical absorption, combining optical contrast with acoustic resolution.
Correct answer is: Photoacoustic microscopy
Q.107 What is the main advantage of using “machine learning‑based artifact rejection” in wearable EEG devices?
It removes the need for any electrodes
It automatically identifies and suppresses motion‑related noise, improving data quality
It increases the weight of the device
It eliminates the need for power
Explanation - ML algorithms can differentiate true brain signals from artifacts, enabling reliable EEG monitoring outside the lab.
Correct answer is: It automatically identifies and suppresses motion‑related noise, improving data quality
Q.108 Which sensor type is most suitable for measuring arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) in a cuff‑less blood pressure monitor?
Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor combined with ECG
Thermistor
Barometer
Gas sensor
Explanation - The time difference between the ECG R‑wave and the peripheral PPG pulse provides the PWV, which correlates with arterial stiffness and blood pressure.
Correct answer is: Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor combined with ECG
Q.109 What is a primary advantage of using “nanopore membranes” for rapid viral detection in point‑of‑care devices?
They require large sample volumes
They enable label‑free, single‑molecule detection with fast turnaround time
They need high‑temperature processing
They are incompatible with fluidic systems
Explanation - Nanopores detect individual nucleic acid molecules as they pass through, allowing rapid and sensitive pathogen identification.
Correct answer is: They enable label‑free, single‑molecule detection with fast turnaround time
Q.110 Which emerging material is being explored for fully biodegradable electrochemical sensors?
Silicon carbide
Polylactic acid (PLA) combined with biodegradable metals like magnesium
Stainless steel
Copper
Explanation - PLA provides a biodegradable polymer matrix, while magnesium offers transient conductive pathways that safely dissolve in the body.
Correct answer is: Polylactic acid (PLA) combined with biodegradable metals like magnesium
Q.111 What is the main purpose of a “closed‑loop” glucose‑insulin system?
To manually adjust insulin based on patient guess
To automatically regulate insulin delivery based on continuous glucose sensor data
To eliminate glucose monitoring
To provide only a bolus insulin injection
Explanation - Closed‑loop systems (artificial pancreas) integrate CGM feedback with insulin pump control algorithms for autonomous glycemic management.
Correct answer is: To automatically regulate insulin delivery based on continuous glucose sensor data
Q.112 Which recent advancement allows for the wireless transmission of high‑resolution physiological data over several meters without compromising patient safety?
Traditional RFID
Ultra‑wideband (UWB) communication with low‑power, high‑data‑rate protocols
Standard Wi‑Fi 2.4 GHz
Bluetooth Classic
Explanation - UWB provides high data rates with low power density, reducing tissue heating and meeting medical safety standards.
Correct answer is: Ultra‑wideband (UWB) communication with low‑power, high‑data‑rate protocols
Q.113 Which of the following best explains why “optogenetic” tools require precise light delivery systems?
Light is used to physically move tissues
Neurons expressing light‑sensitive ion channels respond only to specific wavelengths and intensities
Light heats the brain to stimulate activity
Light replaces the need for any electrical signals
Explanation - Optogenetics uses genetically encoded opsins that open or close in response to controlled light, enabling precise neural modulation.
Correct answer is: Neurons expressing light‑sensitive ion channels respond only to specific wavelengths and intensities
Q.114 What is a primary benefit of integrating a “micro‑heater” into a sweat‑based biosensor?
To increase the device size
To maintain optimal temperature for enzymatic reactions, improving sensor response time and stability
To generate electricity
To cool the sensor
Explanation - Micro‑heaters keep the enzymatic layer at its optimum operating temperature, ensuring consistent performance across environmental conditions.
Correct answer is: To maintain optimal temperature for enzymatic reactions, improving sensor response time and stability
Q.115 Which emerging approach allows for the direct conversion of physiological pressure into a digital output without analog circuitry?
Traditional capacitive pressure sensor with external ADC
Digital piezoresistive sensor with integrated 1‑bit sigma‑delta converter
Mechanical lever system
Analog voltage divider
Explanation - Embedding a sigma‑delta converter within the sensor enables on‑chip digitization, simplifying the overall system architecture.
Correct answer is: Digital piezoresistive sensor with integrated 1‑bit sigma‑delta converter
Q.116 Which recent development in wearable technology enables real‑time monitoring of blood lactate using a non‑invasive optical method?
Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) through skin
Standard ECG leads
Thermal imaging
Ultrasound Doppler
Explanation - NIRS can detect lactate‑related metabolic changes in tissue by measuring absorption spectra related to lactate concentration.
Correct answer is: Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) through skin
Q.117 What is the main advantage of using “edge‑AI” in a wearable arrhythmia detector?
It requires constant cloud connectivity
It processes ECG data locally, providing immediate alerts and reducing data transmission needs
It increases power consumption dramatically
It eliminates the need for any sensor
Explanation - Edge‑AI enables on‑device inference, allowing rapid detection of abnormal rhythms without reliance on external servers.
Correct answer is: It processes ECG data locally, providing immediate alerts and reducing data transmission needs