Q.1 Which of the following is the most common metallic biomaterial used for orthopedic implants?
Titanium alloy (Ti‑6Al‑4V)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Hydroxyapatite ceramic
Silicone polymer
Explanation - Titanium alloys, especially Ti‑6Al‑4V, provide excellent strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, making them the preferred choice for load‑bearing orthopedic implants.
Correct answer is: Titanium alloy (Ti‑6Al‑4V)
Q.2 Which biomaterial type is primarily used for drug‑delivery systems that degrade after releasing their payload?
Bioinert ceramics
Biodegradable polymers
Stainless steel
Carbon fiber composites
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers such as polylactic‑co‑glycolic acid (PLGA) break down in the body, allowing controlled release of drugs and subsequent absorption of the material.
Correct answer is: Biodegradable polymers
Q.3 What property distinguishes bioactive ceramics from bioinert ceramics?
Electrical conductivity
Ability to bond with bone tissue
Magnetic susceptibility
High thermal expansion
Explanation - Bioactive ceramics like hydroxyapatite can form a direct chemical bond with surrounding bone, whereas bioinert ceramics do not interact chemically with tissue.
Correct answer is: Ability to bond with bone tissue
Q.4 Which of the following polymers is known for its excellent electrical conductivity and is used in bioelectronic devices?
Polyaniline (PANI)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - Polyaniline is a conductive polymer that can be doped to achieve high electrical conductivity, making it suitable for interfacing with neural tissue.
Correct answer is: Polyaniline (PANI)
Q.5 Which type of biomaterial is most suitable for fabricating a permanent cardiac pacemaker casing?
Bioactive glass
Medical‑grade titanium
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Collagen sponge
Explanation - Titanium offers high corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength, essential for long‑term implantation of devices like pacemakers.
Correct answer is: Medical‑grade titanium
Q.6 What is the primary advantage of using composite biomaterials over single‑phase biomaterials?
Reduced manufacturing cost
Tailorable combination of mechanical and biological properties
Higher electrical resistance
Simpler regulatory approval
Explanation - Composites combine two or more materials (e.g., ceramic‑polymer) to achieve a balance of strength, flexibility, and bioactivity not possible with a single material.
Correct answer is: Tailorable combination of mechanical and biological properties
Q.7 Which natural biomaterial is commonly used as a scaffold for tissue engineering because of its similarity to the extracellular matrix?
Alginate
Stainless steel
Silicon carbide
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - Alginate, derived from algae, forms hydrogels that mimic the extracellular matrix, supporting cell attachment and growth.
Correct answer is: Alginate
Q.8 In the context of biomaterials, what does the term 'biocompatibility' refer to?
The ability of a material to conduct electricity
The absence of any toxic or immune response when in contact with tissue
The material’s capacity to biodegrade within 24 hours
The magnetic properties of the material
Explanation - Biocompatibility means that the material does not provoke an adverse reaction and can function appropriately in the body.
Correct answer is: The absence of any toxic or immune response when in contact with tissue
Q.9 Which of the following is a synthetic polymer frequently used for vascular grafts due to its flexibility and durability?
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Silicone rubber
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium phosphate
Explanation - PET, also known as Dacron, is widely used in synthetic vascular grafts because it combines strength with flexibility.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Q.10 What characteristic of shape‑memory alloys (SMAs) makes them useful for minimally invasive implants?
Ability to change shape in response to temperature
High electrical conductivity
Transparency to X‑rays
Biodegradability within weeks
Explanation - SMAs such as Nitinol can be deformed at low temperature and recover a predefined shape at body temperature, enabling compact insertion and expansion in situ.
Correct answer is: Ability to change shape in response to temperature
Q.11 Which biomaterial class is primarily used for load‑bearing dental restorations due to its high compressive strength?
Ceramics
Hydrogels
Polymers
Fibrous mats
Explanation - Dental ceramics like zirconia have excellent compressive strength and wear resistance, making them ideal for crowns and bridges.
Correct answer is: Ceramics
Q.12 Which of the following is NOT a typical property of a biodegradable polymer used in tissue engineering?
Gradual loss of mechanical strength over time
Permanent presence in the body
Biocompatibility
Controlled degradation rate
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers are designed to break down and be absorbed or excreted, not to remain permanently.
Correct answer is: Permanent presence in the body
Q.13 What is the main advantage of using conductive polymers in neural interfaces?
They are completely inert to the body
They can transmit electrical signals while being flexible
They dissolve instantly after implantation
They are magnetically responsive
Explanation - Conductive polymers combine electrical conductivity with mechanical flexibility, allowing close conformal contact with neural tissue.
Correct answer is: They can transmit electrical signals while being flexible
Q.14 Which ceramic biomaterial is known for its ability to bond chemically with bone?
Alumina (Al₂O₃)
Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄)
Zirconia (ZrO₂)
Explanation - Hydroxyapatite mimics the mineral component of bone and forms a direct chemical bond with surrounding bone tissue.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Q.15 Which biomaterial property is most critical for a contact lens?
High compressive strength
Optical transparency and oxygen permeability
Magnetic susceptibility
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - Contact lenses must allow light to pass unhindered and permit oxygen to reach the cornea to maintain eye health.
Correct answer is: Optical transparency and oxygen permeability
Q.16 A composite biomaterial made of hydroxyapatite particles embedded in a polymer matrix is primarily used to achieve:
Increased electrical conductivity
Enhanced mechanical strength while retaining bioactivity
Rapid biodegradation
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility
Explanation - The polymer provides toughness, while hydroxyapatite contributes bioactivity, creating a balanced composite for bone repair.
Correct answer is: Enhanced mechanical strength while retaining bioactivity
Q.17 Which type of biomaterial would be most appropriate for a temporary wound dressing?
Non‑degradable silicone rubber
Biodegradable hydrogel
Titanium alloy plate
Stainless steel mesh
Explanation - Hydrogels can keep the wound moist, are biocompatible, and can degrade or be removed easily after healing.
Correct answer is: Biodegradable hydrogel
Q.18 What defines a 'bioinert' biomaterial?
It actively promotes tissue growth
It does not interact chemically with surrounding tissue
It degrades within weeks
It conducts electricity
Explanation - Bioinert materials such as certain ceramics and metals are designed to be neutral, avoiding any adverse reaction but also not bonding with tissue.
Correct answer is: It does not interact chemically with surrounding tissue
Q.19 Which polymer is commonly used for sutures because it is both strong and absorbable?
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - PGA is a biodegradable polymer that retains strength for several weeks before being absorbed, making it ideal for absorbable sutures.
Correct answer is: Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Q.20 Which metallic biomaterial exhibits a modulus of elasticity closest to that of cortical bone?
Stainless steel 316L
Cobalt‑chromium alloy
Titanium alloy (Ti‑6Al‑4V)
Gold
Explanation - Titanium alloys have a modulus (~110 GPa) much lower than stainless steel or cobalt‑chromium, reducing stress shielding in bone implants.
Correct answer is: Titanium alloy (Ti‑6Al‑4V)
Q.21 Which biomaterial classification is best suited for a permanent artificial heart valve?
Biodegradable polymers
Bioactive ceramics
Durable polymers and metallic alloys
Hydrogels
Explanation - Artificial heart valves require long‑term durability and resistance to wear; materials like pyrolytic carbon and titanium are commonly used.
Correct answer is: Durable polymers and metallic alloys
Q.22 What is the primary reason for coating metallic implants with hydroxyapatite?
To improve electrical conductivity
To increase corrosion resistance
To enhance bone bonding
To make the surface magnetic
Explanation - Hydroxyapatite coating creates a bioactive surface that encourages direct bone apposition onto the metal implant.
Correct answer is: To enhance bone bonding
Q.23 Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'smart' biomaterial?
It changes its properties in response to a physiological stimulus
It is always bioinert
It cannot be sterilized
It is only made from natural polymers
Explanation - Smart biomaterials can respond to temperature, pH, or electric fields, enabling controlled drug release or shape change.
Correct answer is: It changes its properties in response to a physiological stimulus
Q.24 Which of the following materials is most widely used as an insulating substrate in implantable electronic devices?
Silicone elastomer
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Alumina ceramic
Explanation - Silicone provides excellent electrical insulation, flexibility, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for encapsulating electronics.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer
Q.25 What is the main advantage of using polyether ether ketone (PEEK) for spinal implants?
It is biodegradable within months
Its modulus of elasticity is close to that of bone
It is highly conductive
It is magnetic
Explanation - PEEK’s stiffness is similar to cortical bone, reducing stress shielding and promoting healthier load transfer.
Correct answer is: Its modulus of elasticity is close to that of bone
Q.26 Which type of biomaterial is typically used for intra‑ocular lenses (IOLs) after cataract surgery?
Silicone
Stainless steel
Hydroxyapatite
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Explanation - Silicone is biocompatible, optically clear, and flexible, making it ideal for intra‑ocular lens implants.
Correct answer is: Silicone
Q.27 In bone tissue engineering, which combination provides both osteoconductivity and mechanical support?
Collagen sponge + titanium mesh
Hydroxyapatite ceramic + polymer matrix
Silicone gel + stainless steel plate
Polystyrene beads + gold foil
Explanation - The ceramic supplies osteoconductivity while the polymer gives toughness, creating a balanced scaffold.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite ceramic + polymer matrix
Q.28 Which biomaterial is commonly used as a carrier for gene delivery due to its low toxicity and ability to protect DNA?
Polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles
Titanium alloy rods
Alumina ceramic particles
Silicone rubber sheets
Explanation - PEI can condense DNA into stable complexes, facilitating cellular uptake while being relatively non‑toxic at controlled doses.
Correct answer is: Polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles
Q.29 What is the key reason for using porous titanium in bone implants?
To increase electrical conductivity
To reduce weight only
To allow bone ingrowth and vascularization
To make the implant magnetic
Explanation - Porosity provides space for bone tissue and blood vessels to infiltrate, enhancing osseointegration.
Correct answer is: To allow bone ingrowth and vascularization
Q.30 Which class of biomaterials is most suitable for creating flexible wearable biosensors?
Ceramic tiles
Conductive polymers
Stainless steel sheets
Glass fibers
Explanation - Conductive polymers such as PEDOT:PSS can be printed on flexible substrates, enabling stretchable and skin‑compatible biosensors.
Correct answer is: Conductive polymers
Q.31 Which biomaterial would be best for a long‑term dental implant that must resist corrosion in the oral environment?
Titanium alloy
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Silicone rubber
Collagen sponge
Explanation - Titanium alloys form a stable oxide layer that protects against corrosion from saliva and bacterial activity.
Correct answer is: Titanium alloy
Q.32 What is the primary function of bioactive glass when used as a bone graft material?
To conduct electrical signals
To release therapeutic ions that stimulate bone formation
To act as a permanent barrier
To provide magnetic resonance imaging contrast
Explanation - Bioactive glass dissolves partially, releasing ions such as Si, Ca, and P that promote osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: To release therapeutic ions that stimulate bone formation
Q.33 Which biomaterial property is most important for a cochlear implant electrode array?
High thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity and biocompatibility
Magnetic susceptibility
Biodegradability
Explanation - The electrode must transmit electrical signals to the auditory nerve while being safe for long‑term implantation.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity and biocompatibility
Q.34 Which natural polymer is widely used as a scaffold material because it can be cross‑linked to form a stable hydrogel?
Chitosan
Polyethylene (PE)
Alumina
Nitinol
Explanation - Chitosan, derived from chitin, can be chemically cross‑linked to create biocompatible hydrogels suitable for cell culture.
Correct answer is: Chitosan
Q.35 What does the term 'osteoconductive' mean when describing a biomaterial?
It can generate electricity in bone tissue
It provides a scaffold that supports bone growth on its surface
It dissolves quickly in bone fluid
It inhibits bone formation
Explanation - Osteoconductive materials allow bone cells to adhere and grow along their surface but do not actively induce new bone formation.
Correct answer is: It provides a scaffold that supports bone growth on its surface
Q.36 Which material is commonly used for the outer shell of a prosthetic heart valve due to its durability and low thrombogenicity?
Pyrolytic carbon
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Hydroxyapatite
Silicone
Explanation - Pyrolytic carbon provides high wear resistance and low thrombogenicity, essential for heart valve longevity.
Correct answer is: Pyrolytic carbon
Q.37 Why are magnesium alloys being investigated as biodegradable metallic biomaterials for orthopedic fixation?
Because magnesium is magnetic
Because they slowly dissolve, eliminating the need for removal surgery
Because they are completely inert
Because they are electrically insulating
Explanation - Magnesium alloys corrode in vivo at a controlled rate, allowing the implant to provide temporary support and then be resorbed.
Correct answer is: Because they slowly dissolve, eliminating the need for removal surgery
Q.38 Which property is most critical for a biomaterial used in a pacemaker lead insulation?
High optical clarity
Excellent electrical insulation and flexibility
Magnetic permeability
Rapid biodegradation
Explanation - Lead insulation must prevent current leakage while bending with heart movement, making silicone or polyurethane ideal.
Correct answer is: Excellent electrical insulation and flexibility
Q.39 What is the main purpose of adding carbon nanotubes to a polymeric biomaterial used for nerve regeneration?
To increase biodegradability
To enhance electrical conductivity and guide neurite outgrowth
To make the material magnetic
To lower the cost
Explanation - Carbon nanotubes provide conductive pathways and topographical cues that support nerve cell alignment and signaling.
Correct answer is: To enhance electrical conductivity and guide neurite outgrowth
Q.40 Which biomaterial is most appropriate for fabricating a temporary tracheal stent that must be removed after 6 weeks?
Biodegradable polymer (e.g., PLGA)
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Silicone rubber
Explanation - PLGA degrades over weeks, eliminating the need for a second surgery to retrieve the stent.
Correct answer is: Biodegradable polymer (e.g., PLGA)
Q.41 Which biomaterial is commonly used as a filler in soft tissue augmentation (e.g., facial fillers)?
Hyaluronic acid gel
Alumina ceramic beads
Stainless steel microspheres
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheets
Explanation - Hyaluronic acid is biocompatible, hydrophilic, and can be injected to temporarily increase tissue volume.
Correct answer is: Hyaluronic acid gel
Q.42 What advantage does a porous hydroxyapatite coating provide over a dense coating on a metal implant?
Increases electrical resistance
Allows better bone ingrowth and vascularization
Makes the implant magnetic
Reduces implant weight dramatically
Explanation - Porous coatings create interconnected pathways for cells and blood vessels, improving integration.
Correct answer is: Allows better bone ingrowth and vascularization
Q.43 Which of the following is a typical use of a bioresorbable metallic biomaterial?
Permanent pacemaker housing
Temporary orthopedic fixation devices
Dental crowns
Intra‑ocular lenses
Explanation - Bioresorbable metals like magnesium alloys can hold bone fragments temporarily and then safely dissolve.
Correct answer is: Temporary orthopedic fixation devices
Q.44 Which biomaterial property is essential for a material used as a retinal prosthesis electrode?
Transparency to visible light
High tensile strength
Biodegradability in months
Magnetic responsiveness
Explanation - The electrode must allow light to reach the photoreceptors while delivering electrical stimulation, requiring optical transparency.
Correct answer is: Transparency to visible light
Q.45 What is the primary benefit of using polyether ether ketone (PEEK) over metal for spinal cages?
PEEK is biodegradable
PEEK provides radiolucency, allowing clearer X‑ray imaging
PEEK is magnetic
PEEK conducts electricity
Explanation - PEEK does not appear on X‑rays, enabling clinicians to visualize bone healing without artifact.
Correct answer is: PEEK provides radiolucency, allowing clearer X‑ray imaging
Q.46 Which of the following biomaterials is classified as a 'polymer‑based composite'?
Hydroxyapatite‑reinforced poly(lactic acid) (HA‑PLA)
Pure titanium alloy
Alumina ceramic block
Silicone oil
Explanation - HA‑PLA combines a polymer matrix (PLA) with ceramic particles (HA) to form a composite material.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite‑reinforced poly(lactic acid) (HA‑PLA)
Q.47 Which characteristic makes polyurethanes popular for vascular grafts?
High electrical conductivity
Elasticity that mimics native blood vessels
Magnetic properties
Rapid degradation
Explanation - Polyurethanes can be formulated to have compliance similar to arteries, reducing turbulence and thrombosis.
Correct answer is: Elasticity that mimics native blood vessels
Q.48 What is the main reason for using ceramic‑filled polymer composites in dental restorative materials?
To increase translucency
To improve wear resistance and strength
To make the material magnetic
To ensure rapid biodegradation
Explanation - Adding ceramic particles (e.g., zirconia) to polymers enhances mechanical properties while maintaining aesthetic qualities.
Correct answer is: To improve wear resistance and strength
Q.49 Which biomaterial is often used as a barrier membrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR)?
Collagen membrane
Aluminum foil
Stainless steel mesh
Silicone rubber sheet
Explanation - Collagen membranes are resorbable, biocompatible, and prevent soft tissue invasion while allowing bone growth.
Correct answer is: Collagen membrane
Q.50 Which material property is essential for a biomaterial used as a bone screw that will stay permanently?
High corrosion resistance
Rapid biodegradability
Low mechanical strength
High optical transparency
Explanation - Permanent bone screws must resist corrosion to maintain structural integrity over many years.
Correct answer is: High corrosion resistance
Q.51 What is the primary function of a bioactive coating on a metallic stent?
To make the stent magnetic
To promote endothelial cell growth and reduce restenosis
To increase electrical conductivity
To cause rapid degradation
Explanation - Bioactive coatings (e.g., drug‑eluting polymers) encourage healing of the vessel wall and prevent tissue overgrowth.
Correct answer is: To promote endothelial cell growth and reduce restenosis
Q.52 Which of the following is a key advantage of using 3‑D printed porous titanium scaffolds for bone regeneration?
They are transparent to X‑rays
Their pore architecture can be precisely controlled for optimal cell infiltration
They dissolve within weeks
They are electrically conductive
Explanation - Additive manufacturing enables design of specific pore sizes and interconnectivity that enhance bone ingrowth.
Correct answer is: Their pore architecture can be precisely controlled for optimal cell infiltration
Q.53 Which biomaterial is most appropriate for a temporary external fixation device that must be lightweight and radiolucent?
Carbon fiber‑reinforced polymer
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Gold
Explanation - Carbon fiber composites are strong, lightweight, and radiolucent, allowing clear imaging of underlying bone.
Correct answer is: Carbon fiber‑reinforced polymer
Q.54 What is the main reason for using silicone in cochlear implant electrode arrays?
Silicone is biodegradable
Silicone provides flexible electrical insulation and biocompatibility
Silicone conducts electricity
Silicone is magnetic
Explanation - Silicone protects the electrode from bodily fluids while allowing the array to bend with cochlear curvature.
Correct answer is: Silicone provides flexible electrical insulation and biocompatibility
Q.55 Which property distinguishes a 'bioactive' biomaterial from a 'bioinert' one?
Ability to stimulate a specific biological response, such as bone bonding
Higher electrical conductivity
Rapid degradation within days
Transparency to visible light
Explanation - Bioactive materials interact with tissue, promoting healing or integration, while bioinert materials are neutral.
Correct answer is: Ability to stimulate a specific biological response, such as bone bonding
Q.56 Which of the following is a major concern when using metallic biomaterials in MRI environments?
They become fluorescent
They can cause image artifacts and heating
They lose biocompatibility
They dissolve rapidly
Explanation - Metallic implants can distort magnetic fields, leading to artifacts, and can heat up due to RF energy, posing safety risks.
Correct answer is: They can cause image artifacts and heating
Q.57 In the context of biomaterials, what does the term 'osteogenic' refer to?
Material that generates electricity
Material that induces new bone formation
Material that dissolves in bone fluid
Material that prevents bone growth
Explanation - Osteogenic biomaterials release signals or contain cells that actively promote the formation of new bone tissue.
Correct answer is: Material that induces new bone formation
Q.58 Which of the following biomaterials would be least suitable for a load‑bearing spinal cage?
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Titanium alloy
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Carbon fiber‑reinforced polymer
Explanation - PET lacks sufficient mechanical strength and stiffness for load‑bearing spinal applications.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Q.59 What is a major benefit of using biodegradable metals such as magnesium in orthopedic fixation?
They remain permanently for life
They reduce the need for a second surgery to remove hardware
They are magnetically invisible
They are completely inert
Explanation - As the metal degrades, it eliminates the need for hardware removal, decreasing patient morbidity.
Correct answer is: They reduce the need for a second surgery to remove hardware
Q.60 Which biomaterial is typically used for the inner surface of a ventricular assist device (VAD) to minimize thrombosis?
Heparin‑bonded polymer coating
Stainless steel
Hydroxyapatite
Aluminum
Explanation - Heparin‑coated surfaces reduce platelet adhesion and clot formation on blood‑contacting components.
Correct answer is: Heparin‑bonded polymer coating
Q.61 Which type of biomaterial is most commonly used for the construction of an artificial cornea?
Hydrogel (e.g., collagen‑based)
Alumina ceramic
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Explanation - Hydrogels mimic the transparent, hydrated nature of native corneal tissue while being biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Hydrogel (e.g., collagen‑based)
Q.62 What is the primary reason for adding a silanization step when preparing glass surfaces for cell culture?
To make the surface magnetic
To increase hydrophobicity
To introduce functional groups that improve cell attachment
To make the glass conductive
Explanation - Silanization adds reactive groups (e.g., amine, epoxy) that facilitate protein adsorption and cell adhesion.
Correct answer is: To introduce functional groups that improve cell attachment
Q.63 Which biomaterial property is most critical for a scaffold used in cartilage regeneration?
High compressive strength and low shear modulus
Electrical conductivity
Rapid biodegradation within days
Magnetic responsiveness
Explanation - Cartilage experiences compressive loads; scaffolds must support compression while allowing flexibility.
Correct answer is: High compressive strength and low shear modulus
Q.64 Which biomaterial is often used for the outer casing of implantable neurostimulators due to its biostability?
Silicone elastomer
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Collagen sponge
Hydroxyapatite
Explanation - Silicone provides a stable, inert barrier that protects electronics from body fluids over many years.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer
Q.65 What advantage does a composite made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite offer for bone scaffolds?
Increased electrical conductivity
Combined biodegradability with osteoconductivity
Magnetic properties
Transparency to light
Explanation - PCL degrades slowly, while HA provides a surface that supports bone cell attachment and growth.
Correct answer is: Combined biodegradability with osteoconductivity
Q.66 Which characteristic is essential for a biomaterial used as a conduit for peripheral nerve repair?
High tensile strength and flexibility
High thermal conductivity
Rapid dissolution in blood
Magnetic susceptibility
Explanation - Nerve conduits must be flexible enough to follow nerve pathways yet strong enough to maintain a lumen for regeneration.
Correct answer is: High tensile strength and flexibility
Q.67 Which of the following is a common use of bioactive glass in dental applications?
As a filler in composite restorations to promote remineralization
To make orthodontic brackets magnetic
To provide a biodegradable scaffold for gum tissue
As a permanent metal crown material
Explanation - Bioactive glass releases calcium and phosphate ions that help re‑mineralize tooth structure.
Correct answer is: As a filler in composite restorations to promote remineralization
Q.68 Which type of biomaterial is typically used for the inner lining of a synthetic heart valve to reduce thrombogenicity?
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Aluminum foil
Silicon carbide
Stainless steel
Explanation - PTFE is chemically inert and has low platelet adhesion, making it suitable for blood‑contacting surfaces.
Correct answer is: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Q.69 Why are conductive hydrogels being explored for use in cardiac patches?
They can conduct electrical signals to synchronize heart muscle contraction
They are highly magnetic
They dissolve in a few minutes
They are opaque to ultrasound
Explanation - Conductive hydrogels can bridge damaged myocardium, allowing electrical propagation and improving cardiac function.
Correct answer is: They can conduct electrical signals to synchronize heart muscle contraction
Q.70 Which biomaterial is commonly used for the production of bone cement in joint replacement surgeries?
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Silicone oil
Titanium mesh
Collagen gel
Explanation - PMMA provides a strong, biocompatible interface between bone and prosthetic components.
Correct answer is: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Q.71 Which property is most important for a biomaterial used in an artificial urinary sphincter?
High tensile strength and biocompatibility
Optical transparency
Rapid biodegradability
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - The device must endure repeated mechanical stress while remaining non‑reactive in the body.
Correct answer is: High tensile strength and biocompatibility
Q.72 Which biomaterial is considered bioactive and is often used in maxillofacial bone reconstruction?
Hydroxyapatite (HA) granules
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Silicone rubber
Stainless steel
Explanation - HA granules support bone ingrowth and integrate directly with surrounding bone tissue.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite (HA) granules
Q.73 What is the main purpose of incorporating a drug‑eluting polymer coating on a coronary stent?
To increase the stent's mechanical strength
To release antiproliferative drugs that prevent restenosis
To make the stent visible under MRI
To cause rapid stent degradation
Explanation - The polymer slowly releases medication that inhibits smooth‑muscle cell proliferation, reducing vessel re‑narrowing.
Correct answer is: To release antiproliferative drugs that prevent restenosis
Q.74 Which biomaterial is commonly used as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering due to its high water content and similarity to native cartilage matrix?
Alginate hydrogel
Alumina ceramic
Stainless steel mesh
Polycarbonate
Explanation - Alginate forms highly hydrated gels that mimic the extracellular environment of cartilage.
Correct answer is: Alginate hydrogel
Q.75 Which characteristic is essential for a biomaterial used as a cochlear implant electrode to minimize tissue damage?
Flexibility and smooth surface finish
High hardness
Magnetic susceptibility
Rapid biodegradability
Explanation - A flexible, smooth electrode reduces trauma to delicate cochlear structures during insertion.
Correct answer is: Flexibility and smooth surface finish
Q.76 What is the primary advantage of using a composite of carbon fiber and polymer for a load‑bearing orthopedic implant?
It becomes electrically conductive, enabling nerve stimulation
It provides high strength‑to‑weight ratio and radiolucency
It dissolves quickly after implantation
It is magnetic for easy retrieval
Explanation - Carbon fiber composites are strong yet lightweight, and they do not interfere with X‑ray imaging.
Correct answer is: It provides high strength‑to‑weight ratio and radiolucency
Q.77 Which of the following biomaterials is most suitable for a temporary, absorbable suture that retains strength for about 2‑3 weeks?
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Titanium alloy wire
Silicone filament
Gold wire
Explanation - PGA maintains tensile strength for a few weeks before hydrolytic degradation, ideal for short‑term suturing.
Correct answer is: Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Q.78 Which biomaterial class is most appropriate for constructing a bio‑resorbable vascular scaffold (BVS)?
Biodegradable polymer (e.g., PLLA)
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Alumina ceramic
Explanation - Poly‑L‑lactic acid (PLLA) provides temporary support and then degrades, eliminating long‑term foreign material.
Correct answer is: Biodegradable polymer (e.g., PLLA)
Q.79 What is the main benefit of using a hydrogel coating on a neural electrode array?
It improves electrical conductivity
It reduces mechanical mismatch and inflammation
It makes the electrode magnetic
It causes rapid degradation
Explanation - Hydrogels soften the interface, decreasing tissue irritation and improving chronic implant performance.
Correct answer is: It reduces mechanical mismatch and inflammation
Q.80 Which type of biomaterial would be least appropriate for a permanent hip joint bearing surface?
Highly porous biodegradable polymer
Ultra‑high‑molecular‑weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Ceramic (alumina‑zirconia)
Cobalt‑chromium alloy
Explanation - A biodegradable polymer would lose strength over time, unsuitable for a permanent load‑bearing surface.
Correct answer is: Highly porous biodegradable polymer
Q.81 Which property of a biomaterial is most critical for use in a blood‑contacting device such as a heart valve?
Low thrombogenicity
High optical transparency
Rapid biodegradation
Magnetic responsiveness
Explanation - Materials must minimize clot formation to ensure safe blood flow through the device.
Correct answer is: Low thrombogenicity
Q.82 What is the primary reason for using a silicate‑based bioactive glass in bone defect repair?
It releases silicon ions that stimulate osteoblast activity
It conducts electricity
It is highly magnetic
It degrades within hours
Explanation - Silicon ions from bioactive glass promote bone cell proliferation and matrix formation.
Correct answer is: It releases silicon ions that stimulate osteoblast activity
Q.83 Which biomaterial is commonly employed as a scaffold for engineering cardiac patches due to its elastic properties?
Elastomeric polyurethane
Brittle alumina ceramic
Rigid stainless steel
Glass fiber
Explanation - Polyurethanes can be formulated to match the compliance of cardiac tissue, supporting contraction.
Correct answer is: Elastomeric polyurethane
Q.84 Which of the following is a primary advantage of using 3‑D printed patient‑specific ceramic implants?
They are biodegradable within weeks
They can be designed to perfectly match the patient’s anatomy
They become electrically conductive after implantation
They are magnetic
Explanation - Additive manufacturing allows creation of custom-shaped ceramic implants that fit complex bone defects.
Correct answer is: They can be designed to perfectly match the patient’s anatomy
Q.85 Which biomaterial is most often used for the inner surface of an intra‑aortic balloon pump catheter to reduce friction?
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Aluminum foil
Titanium alloy
Hydroxyapatite
Explanation - PTFE has a low coefficient of friction, minimizing wear and hemolysis during balloon inflation.
Correct answer is: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Q.86 Which biomaterial property is essential for a scaffold designed to support liver tissue regeneration?
High porosity and biocompatibility with hepatocytes
Electrical conductivity
Magnetic susceptibility
Rapid degradation within 24 hours
Explanation - Liver cells require a highly porous environment to receive nutrients and form functional tissue.
Correct answer is: High porosity and biocompatibility with hepatocytes
Q.87 Which of the following is a typical use of a biodegradable polymer in ophthalmology?
Sustained‑release drug‑eluting intravitreal implant
Permanent intra‑ocular lens
Metallic retinal prosthesis
Ceramic corneal scaffold
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers can release medication over months and then dissolve, eliminating the need for removal.
Correct answer is: Sustained‑release drug‑eluting intravitreal implant
Q.88 Why is titanium alloy preferred over stainless steel for long‑term dental implants?
Titanium has a lower elastic modulus, reducing stress shielding
Titanium is magnetic
Stainless steel is biodegradable
Titanium is opaque to X‑rays
Explanation - A lower modulus more closely matches bone, minimizing bone loss around the implant.
Correct answer is: Titanium has a lower elastic modulus, reducing stress shielding
Q.89 Which biomaterial is commonly used for the outer coating of a deep‑brain stimulation (DBS) electrode?
Silicone rubber
Aluminium foil
Gold leaf
Hydroxyapatite
Explanation - Silicone provides a flexible, biocompatible barrier that protects the electrode from tissue fluids.
Correct answer is: Silicone rubber
Q.90 What is the main advantage of using a porous titanium alloy for spinal fusion cages?
Facilitates bone ingrowth while maintaining mechanical strength
Makes the cage magnetic for MRI compatibility
Allows the cage to dissolve after fusion
Increases electrical conductivity of the spine
Explanation - Porosity provides pathways for bone tissue to infiltrate, promoting fusion while preserving load‑bearing capacity.
Correct answer is: Facilitates bone ingrowth while maintaining mechanical strength
Q.91 Which type of biomaterial would be most appropriate for a permanent intra‑ocular lens that must be clear and flexible?
Silicone elastomer
Aluminium oxide ceramic
Titanium alloy
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Explanation - Silicone is optically clear, flexible, and biocompatible, meeting the requirements of an intra‑ocular lens.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer
Q.92 Which property is essential for a biomaterial used in an artificial pancreas to protect encapsulated cells from the immune system?
Selective permeability to nutrients and insulin while blocking immune cells
Magnetic properties
Rapid biodegradation
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - A semi‑permeable membrane allows exchange of small molecules but prevents immune attack on the encapsulated cells.
Correct answer is: Selective permeability to nutrients and insulin while blocking immune cells
Q.93 Which biomaterial is often used as a filler in bone cement to improve radiopacity?
Barium sulfate
Silicone oil
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Collagen
Explanation - Barium sulfate is radiopaque, allowing clinicians to visualize the cement under X‑ray during surgery.
Correct answer is: Barium sulfate
Q.94 What is the primary reason for coating a neural probe with a thin layer of parylene‑C?
To provide a biocompatible, moisture‑resistant insulating layer
To make the probe magnetic
To increase electrical conductivity
To cause rapid degradation
Explanation - Parylene‑C is a conformal coating that protects electronic components from bodily fluids while remaining biocompatible.
Correct answer is: To provide a biocompatible, moisture‑resistant insulating layer
Q.95 Which biomaterial is typically used for the fabrication of a prosthetic hand's outer skin to mimic softness and durability?
Silicone elastomer
Alumina ceramic
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Explanation - Silicone can be pigmented and molded to replicate the look and feel of human skin while remaining durable.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer
Q.96 Which of the following biomaterials is considered a good candidate for a biodegradable stent in pediatric patients?
Poly‑L‑lactic acid (PLLA)
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Gold
Explanation - PLLA provides temporary vessel support and degrades over time, avoiding the need for permanent metal implants in growing children.
Correct answer is: Poly‑L‑lactic acid (PLLA)
Q.97 Which property is most important for a material used as an artificial intervertebral disc core?
Viscoelasticity that mimics natural disc behavior
High electrical conductivity
Magnetic susceptibility
Rapid biodegradability
Explanation - The core must absorb shocks and allow controlled motion, requiring viscoelastic properties similar to the native nucleus pulposus.
Correct answer is: Viscoelasticity that mimics natural disc behavior
Q.98 Which biomaterial is most commonly used as a scaffold for engineering skin grafts?
Collagen matrix
Alumina ceramic
Stainless steel mesh
Titanium alloy
Explanation - Collagen provides a natural extracellular matrix that supports keratinocyte attachment and proliferation.
Correct answer is: Collagen matrix
Q.99 What advantage does a magnesium‑based alloy provide for a bio‑resorbable orthopedic screw?
It gradually degrades, eliminating the need for removal surgery
It is permanently inert and never degrades
It is highly magnetic, aiding removal with a magnet
It instantly dissolves after implantation
Explanation - Magnesium alloys corrode at a controlled rate, providing temporary fixation and then resorbing safely.
Correct answer is: It gradually degrades, eliminating the need for removal surgery
Q.100 Which biomaterial is typically used for the construction of a flexible, stretchable electrode array for epidermal electrophysiology?
Conductive silicone (e.g., PEDOT:PSS‑filled silicone)
Aluminum foil
Stainless steel sheet
Ceramic tile
Explanation - Conductive silicone blends retain elasticity while allowing electrical signal transmission on the skin surface.
Correct answer is: Conductive silicone (e.g., PEDOT:PSS‑filled silicone)
Q.101 Which biomaterial property is essential for a material used in a prosthetic heart valve leaflets to ensure durability?
High fatigue resistance and low wear rate
Rapid biodegradability
Magnetic susceptibility
High electrical conductivity
Explanation - Valve leaflets open and close millions of times; they must resist fatigue and wear to avoid failure.
Correct answer is: High fatigue resistance and low wear rate
Q.102 Which biomaterial is frequently used as a filler in composite bone cements to improve osteointegration?
Hydroxyapatite particles
Silicone oil
Aluminum powder
Gold nanoparticles
Explanation - HA particles enhance the bioactivity of bone cement, encouraging bone bonding at the interface.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite particles
Q.103 What is the primary reason for using a non‑degradable polymer such as PTFE in a vascular graft?
To provide long‑term mechanical stability without degradation
To quickly dissolve after healing
To conduct electricity
To make the graft magnetic
Explanation - PTFE remains stable for decades, maintaining graft patency without losing integrity.
Correct answer is: To provide long‑term mechanical stability without degradation
Q.104 Which type of biomaterial is most suitable for a bio‑resorbable scaffold that must maintain its shape for at least 6 months before degrading?
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel
Collagen sponge
Explanation - PCL degrades slowly (over months to years) while retaining mechanical integrity, making it ideal for long‑term scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Q.105 Which biomaterial is commonly employed as an anti‑reflux valve in a urinary catheter to prevent backflow?
Silicone elastomer with a one‑way valve design
Stainless steel mesh
Aluminium foil
Hydroxyapatite coating
Explanation - Silicone can be molded into flexible valve structures that open in one direction and close to prevent reflux.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer with a one‑way valve design
Q.106 Which biomaterial property is crucial for a material used in a cochlear implant that will be in direct contact with perilymph fluid?
Chemical stability in aqueous environments
Magnetic susceptibility
Rapid biodegradability
High optical opacity
Explanation - The material must resist hydrolysis and maintain integrity while immersed in bodily fluids.
Correct answer is: Chemical stability in aqueous environments
Q.107 What is the main benefit of using a bioactive glass‑ceramic composite for maxillofacial reconstruction?
It combines structural support with ion release that stimulates bone regeneration
It becomes magnetic for imaging
It dissolves within a week
It conducts electricity for neural stimulation
Explanation - The composite offers mechanical strength while releasing therapeutic ions that enhance bone healing.
Correct answer is: It combines structural support with ion release that stimulates bone regeneration
Q.108 Which biomaterial is most appropriate for a temporary, absorbable barrier membrane used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for periodontal therapy?
Collagen membrane
Stainless steel mesh
Alumina ceramic plate
Polycarbonate sheet
Explanation - Collagen membranes are resorbable, biocompatible, and prevent soft tissue invasion while allowing bone regeneration.
Correct answer is: Collagen membrane
Q.109 Which of the following biomaterials would be least suitable for a high‑frequency ultrasonic transducer used in medical imaging?
PZT (lead zirconate titanate) ceramic
Silicone rubber
Aluminum nitride ceramic
Lithium niobate crystal
Explanation - Silicone has low acoustic impedance and poor piezoelectric properties, making it unsuitable for efficient ultrasonic transduction.
Correct answer is: Silicone rubber
Q.110 What is the primary purpose of using a titanium alloy cage filled with autologous bone graft for spinal fusion?
To provide immediate mechanical support and a scaffold for new bone growth
To create a magnetic field for imaging
To dissolve after 6 months
To conduct electricity across the vertebrae
Explanation - The cage maintains disc height and stability while the autograft promotes fusion through osteogenesis.
Correct answer is: To provide immediate mechanical support and a scaffold for new bone growth
Q.111 Which biomaterial property is essential for a scaffold used in peripheral nerve regeneration to guide axonal growth?
Aligned micro‑topography (e.g., nanofibers) and suitable mechanical flexibility
High electrical conductivity
Rapid degradation within days
Magnetic susceptibility
Explanation - Aligned fibers provide physical cues that direct axon extension while allowing the conduit to flex with surrounding tissue.
Correct answer is: Aligned micro‑topography (e.g., nanofibers) and suitable mechanical flexibility
Q.112 Which biomaterial is most commonly used for a permanent, load‑bearing knee joint prosthesis tibial insert?
Ultra‑high‑molecular‑weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Silicone oil
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Collagen sponge
Explanation - UHMWPE offers excellent wear resistance and low friction, ideal for articulating surfaces in knee prostheses.
Correct answer is: Ultra‑high‑molecular‑weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Q.113 Why is a hydroxyapatite coating applied to a metallic orthopedic implant?
To enhance bone bonding and reduce micromotion
To increase the implant's magnetic properties
To make the implant biodegradable
To improve electrical conductivity
Explanation - HA coating creates a bioactive surface that encourages direct bone attachment, improving implant stability.
Correct answer is: To enhance bone bonding and reduce micromotion
Q.114 Which biomaterial is typically used to fabricate a soft, stretchable interface for a wearable EMG (electromyography) sensor?
Silicone elastomer with embedded conductive nanowires
Stainless steel sheet
Alumina ceramic tile
Titanium alloy plate
Explanation - The composite remains soft and conformal to skin while providing the electrical pathways needed for EMG signal acquisition.
Correct answer is: Silicone elastomer with embedded conductive nanowires
Q.115 Which characteristic is essential for a biomaterial used as a barrier in a breast reconstruction implant to prevent capsular contracture?
Low inflammatory response and smooth surface texture
High electrical conductivity
Rapid biodegradability
Magnetic susceptibility
Explanation - A smooth, biocompatible surface reduces fibrous capsule formation around the implant.
Correct answer is: Low inflammatory response and smooth surface texture
Q.116 Which biomaterial is most suitable for an absorbable hemostatic sponge used during surgery?
Gelatin sponge
Titanium mesh
Alumina ceramic
Stainless steel
Explanation - Gelatin is absorbable, biocompatible, and can promote clot formation by providing a physical matrix.
Correct answer is: Gelatin sponge
Q.117 What is the main benefit of using a porous polymeric scaffold impregnated with growth factors for bone regeneration?
Sustained release of osteogenic signals combined with a structure that supports cell infiltration
Increased electrical conductivity
Magnetic properties for imaging
Rapid degradation within hours
Explanation - Growth factors guide stem cell differentiation, while the porous scaffold allows tissue ingrowth and gradual resorption.
Correct answer is: Sustained release of osteogenic signals combined with a structure that supports cell infiltration
Q.118 Which biomaterial is often selected for the fabrication of a prosthetic eye (ocular prosthesis) shell?
Medical‑grade silicone
Aluminum alloy
Stainless steel
Hydroxyapatite
Explanation - Silicone can be pigmented and molded to closely resemble the natural eye while being biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Medical‑grade silicone
Q.119 Which property is most important for a polymer used as an encapsulant for implantable microelectronics?
Low water vapor permeability and long‑term chemical stability
High magnetic susceptibility
Rapid biodegradability
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - The encapsulant must protect electronics from moisture and body fluids over many years.
Correct answer is: Low water vapor permeability and long‑term chemical stability
Q.120 What advantage does a porous titanium‑tantalum alloy provide for large bone defect reconstruction?
High porosity mimics cancellous bone, supporting vascularization and load transfer
It becomes magnetic for MRI
It dissolves quickly after implantation
It conducts electricity for nerve stimulation
Explanation - The open structure encourages bone ingrowth while providing sufficient mechanical strength for load‑bearing applications.
Correct answer is: High porosity mimics cancellous bone, supporting vascularization and load transfer
Q.121 Which biomaterial is typically used for a permanent, load‑bearing lumbar interbody fusion cage?
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Silicone rubber
Collagen sponge
Explanation - PEEK offers mechanical strength comparable to bone, radiolucency, and biocompatibility for permanent spinal implants.
Correct answer is: Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Q.122 Which biomaterial is used as a biodegradable carrier for delivering growth factors in cartilage repair?
Chitosan‑based hydrogel
Stainless steel mesh
Alumina ceramic
Gold nanoparticles
Explanation - Chitosan hydrogels can encapsulate growth factors and degrade in sync with new cartilage formation.
Correct answer is: Chitosan‑based hydrogel
Q.123 What is the main reason for using a polymeric material like polyurethane in the fabrication of an artificial bladder?
Its flexibility and ability to expand and contract repeatedly
Its high electrical conductivity
Its rapid biodegradability
Its magnetic properties
Explanation - The bladder must withstand cyclic filling and emptying; polyurethane provides the needed elasticity and durability.
Correct answer is: Its flexibility and ability to expand and contract repeatedly
Q.124 Which biomaterial is typically employed as a coating for neural electrodes to reduce gliosis (scar formation) in the brain?
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel
Aluminum foil
Stainless steel
Titanium alloy
Explanation - PEG creates a non‑fouling surface that minimizes protein adsorption and subsequent glial scar formation.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel
Q.125 Which biomaterial is most appropriate for a permanent, load‑bearing knee replacement tibial base plate?
Cobalt‑chromium alloy
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Silicone rubber
Collagen sponge
Explanation - Cobalt‑chromium provides high wear resistance and strength necessary for long‑term knee joint function.
Correct answer is: Cobalt‑chromium alloy
Q.126 What is the principal advantage of using a bioactive glass coating on a metallic orthopedic implant?
It enhances osseointegration by forming a bond with bone tissue
It makes the implant magnetic for MRI
It causes rapid implant dissolution
It increases electrical conductivity
Explanation - Bioactive glass releases ions that stimulate bone formation and creates a chemical bond between implant and bone.
Correct answer is: It enhances osseointegration by forming a bond with bone tissue
Q.127 Which biomaterial type is most suitable for a long‑term, implantable glucose sensor that must allow diffusion of glucose but prevent immune cell infiltration?
Semi‑permeable polymer membrane (e.g., polyurethane)
Aluminum foil
Stainless steel plate
Silicon carbide
Explanation - A semi‑permeable membrane permits small molecules like glucose while blocking larger immune cells, ensuring sensor function.
Correct answer is: Semi‑permeable polymer membrane (e.g., polyurethane)
Q.128 Which property is crucial for a material used as a synthetic meniscus implant?
Viscoelasticity that mimics natural meniscal tissue
High electrical conductivity
Magnetic susceptibility
Rapid biodegradability
Explanation - The meniscus must absorb shock and distribute load; viscoelastic materials replicate these mechanical behaviors.
Correct answer is: Viscoelasticity that mimics natural meniscal tissue
Q.129 Which biomaterial is commonly used for the construction of a flexible, implantable antenna for wireless communication with biomedical devices?
Conductive polymer (e.g., PEDOT:PSS) on a flexible substrate
Alumina ceramic plate
Stainless steel sheet
Hydroxyapatite block
Explanation - Conductive polymers can be patterned on flexible substrates to create antennas that conform to body tissues while maintaining signal integrity.
Correct answer is: Conductive polymer (e.g., PEDOT:PSS) on a flexible substrate
Q.130 What is the main reason for using a highly porous ceramic (e.g., calcium phosphate) as a bone graft substitute?
It provides a scaffold that supports bone ingrowth and vascularization
It conducts electricity to stimulate bone formation
It degrades within a few days
It is magnetic for imaging
Explanation - Porous ceramics mimic the architecture of cancellous bone, allowing cells and blood vessels to infiltrate and form new bone.
Correct answer is: It provides a scaffold that supports bone ingrowth and vascularization
Q.131 Which biomaterial is most suitable for a flexible, stretchable strain sensor used in a wearable exoskeleton?
Carbon nanotube‑reinforced silicone elastomer
Stainless steel wire
Aluminum foil
Ceramic tile
Explanation - The composite combines elasticity with high gauge factor sensitivity, enabling accurate strain measurement on moving joints.
Correct answer is: Carbon nanotube‑reinforced silicone elastomer