Q.1 Which polymer is most commonly used as a substrate for flexible bioelectronic devices due to its excellent dielectric properties?
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyimide (PI)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Explanation - Polyimide possesses high dielectric strength, thermal stability, and flexibility, making it ideal for flexible bioelectronics.
Correct answer is: Polyimide (PI)
Q.2 What is the primary advantage of using conductive polymers like polypyrrole in neural interfaces?
They are biodegradable within hours.
They provide a soft mechanical match to neural tissue.
They have higher electrical conductivity than metals.
They are completely inert to body fluids.
Explanation - Conductive polymers are softer than metals, reducing mechanical mismatch and chronic inflammation in neural implants.
Correct answer is: They provide a soft mechanical match to neural tissue.
Q.3 Which degradation mechanism is most characteristic of poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA) in physiological conditions?
Oxidative chain scission
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Thermal degradation
Hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds
Explanation - PLGA degrades primarily through hydrolysis of its ester linkages, leading to lactic and glycolic acids.
Correct answer is: Hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds
Q.4 In a polymeric biosensor, which property is most critical for ensuring rapid analyte diffusion to the sensing element?
High glass transition temperature (Tg)
Low water uptake
High porosity
High crystallinity
Explanation - Porous polymer matrices allow faster diffusion of analytes, improving sensor response time.
Correct answer is: High porosity
Q.5 Which of the following polymers is inherently piezoelectric and can be used for self‑powered implantable devices?
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Explanation - PVDF exhibits strong piezoelectric properties, converting mechanical stress into electrical signals, useful for energy harvesting.
Correct answer is: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Q.6 When designing a polymeric coating for an implantable electrode, which surface property most influences protein adsorption?
Surface roughness
Electrical conductivity
Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance
Color of the polymer
Explanation - Protein adsorption is highly dependent on the wettability of the surface; a balanced hydrophilic surface reduces unwanted protein binding.
Correct answer is: Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance
Q.7 Which polymerization method allows the formation of a cross‑linked network suitable for shape‑memory biomedical devices?
Free‑radical polymerization
Ring‑opening polymerization
Photopolymerization (UV curing)
Anionic polymerization
Explanation - UV‑initiated photopolymerization can quickly create densely cross‑linked polymer networks that exhibit shape‑memory behavior.
Correct answer is: Photopolymerization (UV curing)
Q.8 In the context of polymeric biomaterials, what does the term 'biocompatibility' primarily refer to?
Ability of a polymer to conduct electricity
Resistance of the polymer to mechanical wear
The polymer's capacity to perform with an appropriate host response
The polymer's degradation rate in water
Explanation - Biocompatibility means the material does not elicit adverse reactions and functions as intended within the body.
Correct answer is: The polymer's capacity to perform with an appropriate host response
Q.9 Which polymer is often blended with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to improve its mechanical strength while maintaining hydrophilicity for drug‑delivery applications?
Polystyrene (PS)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Explanation - PCL provides mechanical robustness, and when blended with PEG, the composite remains hydrophilic and suitable for controlled drug release.
Correct answer is: Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Q.10 Which analytical technique is most appropriate for measuring the electrical conductivity of a thin polymer film used in a bio‑sensor?
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Four‑point probe method
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
Explanation - The four‑point probe eliminates contact resistance, giving accurate conductivity measurements for thin films.
Correct answer is: Four‑point probe method
Q.11 What is the main reason that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is often used to 'stealthify' polymeric nanoparticles for systemic drug delivery?
It provides magnetic properties
It enhances cellular uptake
It creates a hydration layer that reduces protein adsorption
It increases the particle's electrical conductivity
Explanation - PEG chains form a water‑rich shell that minimizes opsonization, extending circulation time.
Correct answer is: It creates a hydration layer that reduces protein adsorption
Q.12 Which of the following statements best describes the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer?
The temperature at which the polymer melts completely.
The temperature at which a polymer becomes electrically conductive.
The temperature where the amorphous regions transition from a glassy to a rubbery state.
The temperature at which polymer chains chemically degrade.
Explanation - Tg marks the onset of segmental motion in the amorphous phase, changing mechanical properties.
Correct answer is: The temperature where the amorphous regions transition from a glassy to a rubbery state.
Q.13 In polymeric biomaterials, what effect does increasing the degree of crystallinity generally have on the material's degradation rate in the body?
It speeds up degradation.
It slows down degradation.
It has no effect on degradation.
It makes the polymer soluble in water.
Explanation - Higher crystallinity reduces water uptake and hydrolysis, leading to slower degradation.
Correct answer is: It slows down degradation.
Q.14 Which polymer is known for its high ionic conductivity when doped with a suitable salt, making it useful for solid‑state electrolytes in bio‑batteries?
Polyethylene (PE)
Poly(vinylidene fluoride‑co‑hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‑HFP)
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - PEO can solvate lithium or other ions, providing high ionic conductivity while remaining flexible.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Q.15 What is the primary purpose of adding a plasticizer to a polymeric biomaterial intended for soft tissue implants?
To increase the polymer's electrical conductivity.
To raise the polymer's glass transition temperature.
To reduce the polymer's brittleness and increase flexibility.
To improve the polymer's thermal resistance.
Explanation - Plasticizers lower Tg and increase chain mobility, making the material softer and more compliant.
Correct answer is: To reduce the polymer's brittleness and increase flexibility.
Q.16 Which polymeric material is widely used for creating biodegradable sutures due to its predictable hydrolytic degradation and good tensile strength?
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - PGA hydrolyzes predictably in vivo, providing sufficient strength initially and then safely degrading.
Correct answer is: Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Q.17 When a conductive polymer such as PEDOT:PSS is used as a coating on an electrode, which property primarily determines its ability to lower electrode impedance?
Its optical transparency
Its bulk electrical conductivity
Its surface roughness and effective contact area
Its melting point
Explanation - A rough, porous PEDOT:PSS coating increases the effective surface area, reducing impedance more than bulk conductivity alone.
Correct answer is: Its surface roughness and effective contact area
Q.18 Which polymerization technique is most suitable for fabricating micro‑structured polymeric scaffolds via stereolithography (SLA) for tissue engineering?
Free‑radical bulk polymerization
Ring‑opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)
Photopolymerization of acrylate resins
Condensation polymerization
Explanation - SLA relies on layer‑by‑layer UV curing of photosensitive acrylate monomers to create precise 3D structures.
Correct answer is: Photopolymerization of acrylate resins
Q.19 In the context of polymeric biomaterials for electrophysiology, what does the term 'charge injection capacity' refer to?
The maximum voltage a polymer can withstand before breakdown.
The amount of electric charge a polymeric electrode can deliver without causing irreversible electrochemical reactions.
The speed at which electrons move through the polymer.
The polymer's ability to store mechanical energy.
Explanation - High charge injection capacity ensures safe stimulation by preventing harmful faradaic processes.
Correct answer is: The amount of electric charge a polymeric electrode can deliver without causing irreversible electrochemical reactions.
Q.20 Which of the following polymers is known for its ability to form a self‑assembled micelle that can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs for targeted delivery?
Poly(ethylene glycol)-b‑poly(lactic acid) (PEG‑PLA)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - Amphiphilic block copolymers like PEG‑PLA self‑assemble into micelles with a hydrophobic core for drug loading.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene glycol)-b‑poly(lactic acid) (PEG‑PLA)
Q.21 What is the most common method to assess the cytotoxicity of a newly synthesized polymeric biomaterial?
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
MTT assay (cell metabolic activity)
Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Explanation - The MTT assay quantifies cell viability after exposure to the material, indicating cytotoxic effects.
Correct answer is: MTT assay (cell metabolic activity)
Q.22 Which polymer exhibits shape‑memory behavior that can be triggered by body temperature, making it suitable for minimally invasive implants?
Polypropylene (PP)
Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Explanation - PNIPAM has a lower critical solution temperature near 32 °C; it changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, enabling shape recovery at body temperature.
Correct answer is: Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Q.23 When a polymeric implant is designed to release an anti‑inflammatory drug over 30 days, which parameter is most critical to control?
The polymer's dielectric constant
The polymer's molecular weight distribution
The polymer's degradation rate
The polymer's color
Explanation - Controlled degradation determines the release kinetics of the encapsulated drug.
Correct answer is: The polymer's degradation rate
Q.24 In polymeric bio‑electronics, what is the purpose of incorporating a 'bio‑inert' layer such as parylene‑C over a conductive polymer?
To increase the electrical conductivity
To improve the polymer's mechanical strength
To protect the conductive polymer from bio‑fouling and corrosion
To make the device biodegradable
Explanation - Parylene‑C forms an impermeable barrier, preventing protein adsorption and moisture ingress that could degrade performance.
Correct answer is: To protect the conductive polymer from bio‑fouling and corrosion
Q.25 Which polymer is best suited for fabricating a biodegradable nerve guidance conduit that requires both flexibility and moderate stiffness?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)
Explanation - PGS is an elastomeric, biodegradable polymer with tunable mechanical properties ideal for nerve conduits.
Correct answer is: Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)
Q.26 What is the main benefit of using a block copolymer such as poly(ethylene oxide)-b‑poly(propylene oxide) (PEO‑PPO) in the formulation of a polymeric hydrogel for ocular drug delivery?
It provides high optical transparency and low viscosity.
It makes the hydrogel conductive to ions.
It allows temperature‑responsive sol‑gel transition at eye surface temperature.
It renders the hydrogel completely non‑degradable.
Explanation - PEO‑PPO exhibits thermoresponsive behavior, forming a gel at physiological temperature, which is advantageous for ocular applications.
Correct answer is: It allows temperature‑responsive sol‑gel transition at eye surface temperature.
Q.27 Which of the following techniques can directly visualize the nanoscale morphology of a polymeric biomaterial surface?
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
Ultraviolet‑Visible Spectroscopy (UV‑Vis)
Explanation - AFM provides topographical images at nanometer resolution, revealing surface roughness and features.
Correct answer is: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Q.28 In a polymeric drug‑delivery system, why is it important to match the polymer's degradation time with the therapeutic window of the drug?
To ensure the polymer remains electrically conductive for the entire therapy.
To avoid premature release or prolonged exposure that could cause toxicity or reduced efficacy.
To make the polymer visible under MRI.
To keep the polymer's color consistent throughout the treatment.
Explanation - Synchronizing degradation with drug release maximizes therapeutic effect and minimizes side effects.
Correct answer is: To avoid premature release or prolonged exposure that could cause toxicity or reduced efficacy.
Q.29 Which polymeric material is commonly used as a dielectric layer in organic field‑effect transistors (OFETs) for bio‑sensing applications?
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - PMMA offers high dielectric strength and smooth surfaces, essential for OFET performance.
Correct answer is: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Q.30 What is the primary reason that poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered a 'bio‑derived' polymer?
It is synthesized from petroleum.
It is obtained from renewable resources like corn starch or sugarcane.
It is produced by bacteria in the human gut.
It is generated from recycled plastic waste.
Explanation - PLA is made from lactic acid derived from fermenting plant sugars, making it renewable.
Correct answer is: It is obtained from renewable resources like corn starch or sugarcane.
Q.31 Which property of a polymeric electrode coating most directly influences its long‑term stability in a physiological environment?
Optical reflectivity
Mechanical adhesion to the underlying metal
Thermal conductivity
Magnetic susceptibility
Explanation - Strong adhesion prevents delamination, which could expose the metal and cause failure or adverse reactions.
Correct answer is: Mechanical adhesion to the underlying metal
Q.32 In polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, why is hydroxyapatite often incorporated into the polymer matrix?
To increase electrical conductivity
To provide osteoconductive properties and improve mechanical stiffness
To make the scaffold biodegradable within hours
To render the scaffold transparent to X‑rays
Explanation - Hydroxyapatite mimics bone mineral, encouraging bone cell attachment and enhancing scaffold rigidity.
Correct answer is: To provide osteoconductive properties and improve mechanical stiffness
Q.33 Which polymer exhibits a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) when doped, making it useful for temperature‑sensing in biomedical devices?
Polyaniline (PANI)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - Doped PANI shows NTCR behavior, where resistance decreases with rising temperature, suitable for thermistors.
Correct answer is: Polyaniline (PANI)
Q.34 When a polymeric biomaterial is sterilized by gamma radiation, which of the following effects is most likely?
Increase in molecular weight due to cross‑linking
Decrease in crystallinity
Formation of free radicals leading to chain scission or cross‑linking
Immediate melting of the polymer
Explanation - Gamma rays generate radicals that can break or cross‑link polymer chains, altering properties.
Correct answer is: Formation of free radicals leading to chain scission or cross‑linking
Q.35 Which polymer is intrinsically fluorescent and can be used for real‑time imaging of polymeric scaffolds in vivo?
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyfluorene (PF)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - Polyfluorene chains emit strong blue fluorescence, enabling visualization without additional labels.
Correct answer is: Polyfluorene (PF)
Q.36 What is the main advantage of using a 'layer‑by‑layer' (LbL) assembly technique to construct polymeric coatings on biomedical devices?
It creates a single thick layer quickly.
It allows precise control over thickness and composition at the nanometer scale.
It requires no solvents.
It makes the coating electrically conductive automatically.
Explanation - LbL builds up multilayer films with nanometer precision, enabling tunable properties.
Correct answer is: It allows precise control over thickness and composition at the nanometer scale.
Q.37 Which polymer is most frequently used as a matrix for encapsulating living cells in a bio‑electronic interface due to its high water content and permeability?
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - PEG hydrogels are highly hydrated, allowing diffusion of nutrients and waste while protecting cells.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel
Q.38 In the context of polymeric biomaterials, what does the term 'hydrogel' specifically refer to?
A polymer that dissolves completely in water.
A cross‑linked network of hydrophilic polymers that can retain large amounts of water.
A polymer that conducts electricity in aqueous solutions.
A polymer that becomes rigid upon contact with water.
Explanation - Hydrogels are swollen, three‑dimensional networks that mimic soft tissue mechanics.
Correct answer is: A cross‑linked network of hydrophilic polymers that can retain large amounts of water.
Q.39 Which polymeric material exhibits the highest Young's modulus among the options, making it suitable for load‑bearing orthopedic implants?
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Explanation - PEEK has a high modulus (~3–4 GPa) comparable to cortical bone, suitable for load‑bearing applications.
Correct answer is: Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Q.40 When designing a polymeric micro‑electrode array for retinal stimulation, why is a low water uptake property desirable?
To increase the electrical conductivity of the polymer.
To prevent swelling that could alter electrode spacing and damage delicate retinal tissue.
To make the polymer biodegradable within days.
To enhance the polymer's optical transparency.
Explanation - Swelling can shift electrode positions, compromising stimulation precision and causing mechanical injury.
Correct answer is: To prevent swelling that could alter electrode spacing and damage delicate retinal tissue.
Q.41 Which polymer is often used as a sacrificial layer in microfabrication of polymeric bio‑MEMS devices because it can be easily removed by a solvent?
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Polyimide (PI)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PMMA dissolves readily in acetone or other solvents, allowing its removal after device fabrication.
Correct answer is: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Q.42 Which of the following polymers can undergo a reversible sol‑gel transition at physiological temperature, making it useful for injectable scaffolds?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - PNIPAM exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) near body temperature, enabling injectable gel formation.
Correct answer is: Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Q.43 What is the primary effect of increasing the cross‑link density in a polymeric hydrogel used for cartilage repair?
Decrease in mechanical strength
Increase in degradation rate
Increase in swelling ratio
Increase in mechanical stiffness and reduced swelling
Explanation - Higher cross‑link density restricts polymer chain mobility, leading to a stiffer gel with lower water uptake.
Correct answer is: Increase in mechanical stiffness and reduced swelling
Q.44 Which polymer is most commonly employed as a carrier for gene delivery due to its cationic nature and ability to form complexes with DNA?
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethylenimine (PEI)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - PEI's positively charged amine groups condense DNA into nanoparticles, facilitating cellular uptake.
Correct answer is: Polyethylenimine (PEI)
Q.45 When measuring the surface charge (ζ‑potential) of a polymeric nanoparticle in a physiological buffer, what information does a high absolute ζ‑potential provide?
The particle is highly conductive.
The particle will rapidly aggregate.
The particle has good colloidal stability due to electrostatic repulsion.
The particle is magnetic.
Explanation - High magnitude ζ‑potential (positive or negative) prevents aggregation by repelling like‑charged particles.
Correct answer is: The particle has good colloidal stability due to electrostatic repulsion.
Q.46 Which polymeric material is often used as a 'soft' encapsulation layer for stretchable electronics because of its low Young's modulus and excellent biocompatibility?
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PDMS is an elastomer with a low modulus (~1 MPa) and high biocompatibility, suitable for soft encapsulation.
Correct answer is: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Q.47 In the design of a polymeric bio‑fuel cell, which property of the polymer membrane is most crucial for achieving high power density?
High water permeability
Low proton conductivity
High proton conductivity and low fuel crossover
High optical transparency
Explanation - Efficient proton transport while preventing fuel leakage maximizes cell performance.
Correct answer is: High proton conductivity and low fuel crossover
Q.48 Which polymer can be electrospun into nanofibrous mats that mimic the extracellular matrix for tissue engineering applications?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Explanation - PLA can be processed by electrospinning to create nanofibers with appropriate diameter and biodegradability.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Q.49 What is the main reason for using a block copolymer such as poly(styrene‑b‑butadiene‑b‑styrene) (SBS) in the formulation of a flexible polymeric electrode?
SBS provides high electrical conductivity.
SBS offers a combination of rigidity (styrene blocks) and elasticity (butadiene blocks).
SBS is biodegradable within days.
SBS is transparent to X‑ray imaging.
Explanation - The triblock architecture yields a material that can stretch while maintaining shape, suitable for flexible electrodes.
Correct answer is: SBS offers a combination of rigidity (styrene blocks) and elasticity (butadiene blocks).
Q.50 Which analytical method can determine the molecular weight distribution of a polymer intended for biomedical use?
Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
X‑ray diffraction (XRD)
Explanation - GPC separates polymer chains by size, providing number‑average and weight‑average molecular weights.
Correct answer is: Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)
Q.51 When a polymeric biomaterial is subjected to cyclic mechanical loading in the body, which property is most indicative of its fatigue resistance?
Glass transition temperature (Tg)
Elongation at break
Fatigue life (number of cycles to failure)
Optical clarity
Explanation - Fatigue life directly measures how many load cycles a material can endure before cracking.
Correct answer is: Fatigue life (number of cycles to failure)
Q.52 Which polymeric material is often blended with carbon nanotubes to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of a neural interface?
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Poly(3,4‑ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
Explanation - PEDOT provides a conductive matrix that synergistically enhances the composite's performance with CNTs.
Correct answer is: Poly(3,4‑ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
Q.53 For a polymeric implant that must be visible under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which modification is most appropriate?
Incorporate paramagnetic gadolinium chelates into the polymer matrix.
Add fluorescent dyes to the polymer.
Increase the polymer's crystallinity.
Use a highly conductive metal filler.
Explanation - Gadolinium shortens T1 relaxation time, enhancing MRI contrast of the implant.
Correct answer is: Incorporate paramagnetic gadolinium chelates into the polymer matrix.
Q.54 Which polymer is known for its high permeability to gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, making it suitable for wound‑dressing applications?
Polyurethane (PU)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - PU membranes allow gas exchange while maintaining a moist wound environment.
Correct answer is: Polyurethane (PU)
Q.55 What is the primary function of a 'bio‑resorbable' polymeric stent in cardiovascular applications?
To provide permanent mechanical support indefinitely.
To deliver electrical stimulation to the vessel wall.
To temporarily support the vessel and then dissolve, eliminating long‑term foreign material.
To act as a drug reservoir that never degrades.
Explanation - Bio‑resorbable stents degrade after healing, reducing chronic inflammation and restenosis risk.
Correct answer is: To temporarily support the vessel and then dissolve, eliminating long‑term foreign material.
Q.56 Which of the following polymer properties most directly influences the diffusion rate of ions through a polymer electrolyte membrane?
Optical transparency
Free volume and segmental mobility
Young's modulus
Surface roughness
Explanation - Higher free volume and chain mobility create pathways for ion transport.
Correct answer is: Free volume and segmental mobility
Q.57 When a polymeric scaffold is intended for cartilage regeneration, why is it advantageous to have a high water content?
It increases the scaffold's electrical conductivity.
It mimics the native cartilage extracellular matrix, which is rich in water.
It makes the scaffold opaque for imaging.
It accelerates scaffold degradation.
Explanation - Cartilage is ~70–80% water; a hydrated scaffold provides similar mechanical and biochemical cues.
Correct answer is: It mimics the native cartilage extracellular matrix, which is rich in water.
Q.58 Which polymeric material can be functionalized with RGD peptides to promote cell adhesion on a biomedical device?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Explanation - PEG can be end‑functionalized with bioactive ligands like RGD to enhance cell attachment while remaining otherwise inert.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Q.59 Which polymeric material is most suitable for constructing a biodegradable electronic transient device that dissolves in water within minutes?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Explanation - PVA is water‑soluble and can be formulated to dissolve rapidly, ideal for transient electronics.
Correct answer is: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Q.60 In polymeric biomaterials, what does the term 'hydrophobic collapse' refer to?
The sudden loss of mechanical strength at high temperature.
The transition of a polymer from a hydrated expanded state to a compact state in aqueous solution.
The polymer becoming electrically conductive.
The polymer degrading via hydrolysis.
Explanation - Hydrophobic collapse occurs when hydrophobic segments aggregate to minimize water contact, affecting polymer conformation.
Correct answer is: The transition of a polymer from a hydrated expanded state to a compact state in aqueous solution.
Q.61 Which polymer is most commonly used as a carrier for the controlled release of growth factors in bone regeneration?
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PLGA's degradation rate can be tuned to release encapsulated growth factors over weeks to months.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Q.62 What is the most significant advantage of using a conductive polymer like PEDOT:PSS over metallic gold for surface electrodes in chronic neural implants?
Higher electrical conductivity
Superior mechanical compliance with tissue
Lower cost of material
Better optical properties
Explanation - Conductive polymers are softer, reducing mechanical mismatch and chronic inflammation compared to stiff metals.
Correct answer is: Superior mechanical compliance with tissue
Q.63 In polymeric bio‑electronics, the term 'impedance spectroscopy' is used to:
Measure the optical absorption of the polymer.
Determine the mechanical hardness of the polymer.
Characterize the frequency‑dependent electrical impedance of the interface.
Assess the polymer's biodegradation rate.
Explanation - Impedance spectroscopy provides insight into resistive and capacitive elements of the electrode‑tissue interface.
Correct answer is: Characterize the frequency‑dependent electrical impedance of the interface.
Q.64 Which polymeric material is widely used as a scaffold for 3‑D printing of patient‑specific bone implants due to its high strength and radiopacity?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with hydroxyapatite
Polyethylene (PE)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PLA provides printable strength, while hydroxyapatite adds radiopacity and osteoconductivity.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with hydroxyapatite
Q.65 What is the primary cause of 'creep' in polymeric biomaterials implanted in load‑bearing sites?
Rapid hydrolysis of polymer chains.
Time‑dependent viscoelastic deformation under constant load.
Electrical discharge through the material.
Thermal expansion due to body temperature.
Explanation - Creep describes gradual deformation of a viscoelastic polymer when subjected to sustained stress.
Correct answer is: Time‑dependent viscoelastic deformation under constant load.
Q.66 Which polymer is characterized by a rapid, reversible swelling response to changes in pH, making it suitable for pH‑responsive drug delivery systems?
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PAA contains ionizable carboxyl groups that swell in neutral to basic pH, enabling pH‑triggered release.
Correct answer is: Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
Q.67 When a polymeric electrode is coated with a thin layer of gold nanowires, what is the expected effect on its electrochemical performance?
Increased mechanical rigidity
Reduced charge storage capacity
Enhanced surface area and lowered impedance
Decreased biocompatibility
Explanation - Gold nanowires provide a high surface area, improving charge transfer and reducing electrode impedance.
Correct answer is: Enhanced surface area and lowered impedance
Q.68 Which polymeric material is known for its ability to undergo self‑healing at physiological temperature after being mechanically damaged?
Poly(urea‑urethane) (PUU) with reversible hydrogen‑bonding domains
Polyethylene (PE)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - Reversible supramolecular interactions enable PUU to autonomously repair microcracks at body temperature.
Correct answer is: Poly(urea‑urethane) (PUU) with reversible hydrogen‑bonding domains
Q.69 In the context of polymeric biomaterials, what does 'bio‑erosion' refer to?
Physical wear due to mechanical forces.
Chemical breakdown caused by oxidation.
Gradual loss of material due to enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation in the body.
Abrupt fracture of the polymer.
Explanation - Bio‑erosion describes the slow degradation of a polymer via biological processes, leading to mass loss over time.
Correct answer is: Gradual loss of material due to enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation in the body.
Q.70 Which polymer is commonly employed as a matrix for flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) used in wearable medical devices?
Polyimide (PI)
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - Polyimide offers high thermal stability, flexibility, and excellent dielectric properties needed for FPCBs.
Correct answer is: Polyimide (PI)
Q.71 Which polymeric biomaterial exhibits the highest ionic conductivity when doped with a lithium salt, making it a candidate for solid‑state batteries in implantable devices?
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
Explanation - PEO coordinates lithium ions efficiently, providing high ionic conductivity while remaining flexible.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Q.72 When designing a polymeric coating for an implant that will be exposed to blood, which surface characteristic is most important to minimize thrombosis?
High surface roughness
Hydrophobic surface energy
Hydrophilic, non‑protein‑adsorbing surface
Metallic sheen
Explanation - A hydrophilic, low‑fouling surface reduces platelet adhesion and clot formation.
Correct answer is: Hydrophilic, non‑protein‑adsorbing surface
Q.73 What is the primary function of a 'sacrificial' polymer layer in the fabrication of microfluidic devices for cell culture?
To act as the final functional channel wall.
To be later removed, leaving behind hollow channels.
To provide electrical conductivity.
To increase the device's mechanical strength.
Explanation - Sacrificial layers are dissolved after assembly, creating microchannels for fluid flow.
Correct answer is: To be later removed, leaving behind hollow channels.
Q.74 Which polymer is best suited for a biodegradable stent that requires a high initial radial strength and slow degradation over 2‑3 years?
Poly(L‑lactide) (PLLA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Explanation - PLLA provides high strength and degrades slowly, matching the timeline for vascular healing.
Correct answer is: Poly(L‑lactide) (PLLA)
Q.75 Which property of a polymeric biosensor coating directly influences its limit of detection for a target analyte?
Thickness of the coating
Surface area and binding site density
Color of the polymer
Electrical resistivity of the coating
Explanation - Higher surface area and more active sites increase analyte capture, lowering detection limits.
Correct answer is: Surface area and binding site density
Q.76 Which polymer is commonly used as a matrix for shape‑memory sutures that can be tightened with body temperature?
Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PNIPAM contracts near 32 °C, allowing sutures to self‑tighten after placement.
Correct answer is: Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Q.77 What advantage does a 'conductive hydrogel' provide over a traditional metallic electrode in a bio‑electronic interface?
Higher stiffness
Better mechanical compliance and reduced tissue irritation
Increased corrosion resistance
Lower manufacturing cost
Explanation - Conductive hydrogels match the softness of tissue, minimizing inflammatory response while maintaining conductivity.
Correct answer is: Better mechanical compliance and reduced tissue irritation
Q.78 Which polymer is often used in the form of nanofibers for wound dressings due to its excellent oxygen permeability and moisture retention?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Polyurethane (PU)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Explanation - PU nanofibers provide a breathable yet moist environment conducive to wound healing.
Correct answer is: Polyurethane (PU)
Q.79 When a polymeric implant is intended for long‑term neural recording, which property is most critical for maintaining signal quality over months?
High optical transparency
Low water uptake
Stable impedance and minimal inflammatory response
High thermal conductivity
Explanation - Consistent electrical properties and biocompatibility ensure reliable long‑term recordings.
Correct answer is: Stable impedance and minimal inflammatory response
Q.80 Which polymeric material can be easily functionalized with thiol groups to enable strong attachment to gold surfaces in biosensor fabrication?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polystyrene (PS)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Explanation - Thiol‑terminated PEG forms strong Au–S bonds, providing a stable, bio‑inert interface.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Q.81 Which polymer exhibits the highest degree of crystallinity among the following, leading to slower degradation in physiological conditions?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)
Explanation - PLA is semi‑crystalline, and its crystalline regions resist water penetration, slowing hydrolysis.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Q.82 In polymeric bio‑electronics, what is the purpose of using a 'self‑assembled monolayer' (SAM) of alkanethiols on a gold electrode?
To increase the electrode's bulk conductivity.
To create a well‑ordered, functionalized surface for biomolecule immobilization.
To make the electrode magnetic.
To render the electrode biodegradable.
Explanation - SAMs provide a uniform, chemically defined interface for attaching receptors or antibodies.
Correct answer is: To create a well‑ordered, functionalized surface for biomolecule immobilization.
Q.83 Which polymeric material is known for its excellent barrier properties against water vapor, making it suitable for protecting moisture‑sensitive electronics in implantable devices?
Polyimide (PI)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Explanation - Polyimide forms dense films with low water vapor transmission rates, protecting electronics from moisture.
Correct answer is: Polyimide (PI)
Q.84 What is the main benefit of using a polymeric composite containing both biodegradable polymer and bioactive glass particles for bone tissue engineering?
Increased electrical conductivity
Enhanced osteogenic activity and mechanical strength
Reduced cost of manufacturing
Improved optical clarity
Explanation - Bioactive glass releases ions that stimulate bone growth while reinforcing the polymer matrix.
Correct answer is: Enhanced osteogenic activity and mechanical strength
Q.85 Which polymer can be photopolymerized at wavelengths compatible with standard 405 nm UV LEDs, making it suitable for rapid prototyping of polymeric micro‑devices?
Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‑DA)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - PEG‑DA contains acrylate groups that polymerize efficiently under 405 nm light, enabling fast curing.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‑DA)
Q.86 In the context of polymeric biomaterials, what does 'hydrophilic‑lipophilic balance' (HLB) refer to?
The ratio of electrical conductivity to thermal conductivity.
The balance between water‑loving and oil‑loving segments in a polymer, influencing solubility and self‑assembly.
The proportion of crystalline to amorphous regions.
The mechanical hardness of the polymer.
Explanation - HLB determines how polymers interact with aqueous or lipid environments, crucial for drug delivery and micelle formation.
Correct answer is: The balance between water‑loving and oil‑loving segments in a polymer, influencing solubility and self‑assembly.
Q.87 Which polymer is typically used as a biodegradable insulating layer in transient electronic circuits that dissolve in bodily fluids within weeks?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Explanation - PVA is water‑soluble and can serve as a temporary insulator that disappears after the device completes its function.
Correct answer is: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Q.88 What is the primary role of a 'buffer layer' of silicone elastomer in a polymeric implant that contains a metallic electrode?
To increase the implant's electrical conductivity.
To provide a soft, compliant interface that reduces mechanical mismatch.
To make the implant magnetic.
To accelerate polymer degradation.
Explanation - Silicone elastomers cushion the rigid metal, improving tissue compatibility and comfort.
Correct answer is: To provide a soft, compliant interface that reduces mechanical mismatch.
Q.89 Which polymeric material is commonly employed as a 'smart' coating that releases nitric oxide (NO) in response to physiological stimuli to prevent bacterial adhesion?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized with diazeniumdiolate groups
Polystyrene (PS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Explanation - Diazeniumdiolate‑modified PEG releases NO under physiological conditions, providing antimicrobial activity.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized with diazeniumdiolate groups
Q.90 In polymeric biomaterials, the term 'bio‑inert' is best described as:
A material that actively promotes cell growth.
A material that does not interact with the biological environment, eliciting minimal response.
A material that rapidly degrades in the body.
A material that conducts electricity.
Explanation - Bio‑inert materials are designed to be neutral, avoiding immune activation or tissue integration.
Correct answer is: A material that does not interact with the biological environment, eliciting minimal response.
Q.91 Which polymer exhibits the highest degree of elasticity (lowest Young's modulus) among the options, making it suitable for soft tissue interfacing?
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PDMS has a very low Young's modulus (~1 MPa), matching the softness of many tissues.
Correct answer is: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
Q.92 When a polymeric scaffold is intended for cartilage repair, which mechanical property is most critical to replicate?
High tensile strength
High compressive modulus
High electrical conductivity
High optical clarity
Explanation - Cartilage primarily experiences compressive loads; thus, scaffolds must resist compression.
Correct answer is: High compressive modulus
Q.93 Which polymer can be functionalized with catechol groups to mimic mussel adhesion, improving its attachment to wet tissues?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Explanation - Catechol‑modified PEG adheres strongly to wet surfaces, inspired by mussel foot proteins.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Q.94 What is the primary advantage of using a polymeric matrix with a gradient of stiffness for interfacial tissue engineering (e.g., bone‑muscle interface)?
It simplifies manufacturing.
It creates a seamless mechanical transition that reduces stress concentration.
It enhances electrical conductivity throughout the construct.
It accelerates polymer degradation.
Explanation - A stiffness gradient mimics natural tissue transitions, improving integration and load transfer.
Correct answer is: It creates a seamless mechanical transition that reduces stress concentration.
Q.95 Which polymer is most appropriate for a biodegradable optical fiber intended for transient phototherapy inside the body?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PLA can be drawn into transparent fibers and degrades safely in vivo, making it suitable for transient optical delivery.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Q.96 Which polymeric material is commonly employed as a conductive filler in silicone elastomers to create stretchable electrodes?
Carbon black
Silicon carbide
Aluminum foil
Gold nanoparticles
Explanation - Carbon black disperses well in silicone, providing conductivity while retaining stretchability.
Correct answer is: Carbon black
Q.97 In the context of polymeric biomaterials, what does the term 'hydrolytic stability' refer to?
Resistance to oxidation by reactive oxygen species.
Resistance to degradation via water‑mediated bond cleavage.
Ability to conduct electricity in aqueous environments.
Capacity to absorb large amounts of water without swelling.
Explanation - Hydrolytic stability indicates how well a polymer withstands water‑induced chemical breakdown.
Correct answer is: Resistance to degradation via water‑mediated bond cleavage.
Q.98 Which polymer is most suitable for an implantable pressure sensor that requires high dielectric constant and flexibility?
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PVDF has a high dielectric constant and is flexible, ideal for capacitive pressure sensing.
Correct answer is: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)
Q.99 What is the main effect of adding a small amount (≤5 wt%) of graphene to a polymeric matrix used for neural electrodes?
Decreases mechanical strength
Increases optical transparency
Improves electrical conductivity without significantly compromising flexibility
Makes the polymer biodegradable
Explanation - Graphene forms conductive pathways at low loadings, enhancing conductivity while preserving polymer flexibility.
Correct answer is: Improves electrical conductivity without significantly compromising flexibility
Q.100 Which polymeric material is used as a sacrificial layer that can be removed by exposure to a basic aqueous solution (e.g., NaOH) during microfabrication?
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Polyimide (PI)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PMMA dissolves readily in alkaline solutions, allowing selective removal after patterning.
Correct answer is: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Q.101 Which polymer is most commonly employed as a carrier for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) due to its ability to form stable complexes and protect nucleic acids from degradation?
Polyethylenimine (PEI)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyethylene (PE)
Explanation - PEI's cationic nature condenses siRNA into nanoparticles, shielding it from nucleases.
Correct answer is: Polyethylenimine (PEI)
Q.102 When designing a polymeric implant that must be radiopaque for X‑ray imaging, which additive is commonly incorporated?
Barium sulfate nanoparticles
Silica (SiO₂) particles
Carbon black
Gold nanorods
Explanation - Barium sulfate provides high X‑ray attenuation, rendering the polymer visible under radiography.
Correct answer is: Barium sulfate nanoparticles
Q.103 Which polymeric material is best suited for a biodegradable micro‑battery that must provide short‑term power (<1 week) for an implantable sensor?
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PLGA's fast hydrolysis can be leveraged to release stored electrochemical energy over a short period.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Q.104 What is the primary purpose of grafting zwitterionic groups onto a polymeric surface intended for long‑term blood contact?
Increase electrical conductivity
Enhance hydrophobicity
Create a super‑hydrophilic, non‑fouling surface that reduces protein adsorption and thrombosis
Promote rapid degradation
Explanation - Zwitterionic groups form strong hydration layers, resisting fouling and clot formation.
Correct answer is: Create a super‑hydrophilic, non‑fouling surface that reduces protein adsorption and thrombosis
Q.105 Which polymeric biomaterial is commonly employed as a coating for orthopedic screws to promote osseointegration?
Hydroxyapatite‑filled polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Explanation - PEEK provides mechanical strength, while hydroxyapatite enhances bone bonding.
Correct answer is: Hydroxyapatite‑filled polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Q.106 Which polymer exhibits a reversible sol‑gel transition in response to temperature changes, enabling injectable scaffolds that solidify at body temperature?
Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - PNIPAM's lower critical solution temperature (~32 °C) causes it to gel upon warming to body temperature.
Correct answer is: Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)
Q.107 Which polymer is most suitable for fabricating a biodegradable, flexible electronic patch that conforms to the skin and dissolves after a week?
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Poly(3‑hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
Poly(ε‑caprolactone) (PCL)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Explanation - PVA is water‑soluble, flexible, and can be patterned into thin electronic patches that dissolve in days.
Correct answer is: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Q.108 When a polymeric coating is intended to release nitric oxide (NO) in a controlled manner, which functional group is typically incorporated into the polymer backbone?
Diazeniumdiolate (NONOate) groups
Acrylate groups
Siloxane groups
Carboxylate groups
Explanation - NONOate groups decompose under physiological conditions, releasing NO steadily.
Correct answer is: Diazeniumdiolate (NONOate) groups
Q.109 What is the main reason for using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the surface modification of polymeric drug‑delivery nanoparticles?
To increase electrical conductivity
To enhance magnetic properties
To create a steric barrier that reduces opsonization and prolongs circulation time
To make the particles visible under ultrasound
Explanation - PEG chains hinder protein binding, decreasing clearance by the immune system.
Correct answer is: To create a steric barrier that reduces opsonization and prolongs circulation time
Q.110 Which polymer is known for its high resistance to hydrolytic degradation, making it suitable for permanent cardiac pacemaker leads?
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polylactic‑co‑glycolic acid (PLGA)
Explanation - PEEK is chemically inert and highly resistant to hydrolysis, suitable for long‑term implants.
Correct answer is: Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Q.111 In polymeric biosensors, why is a high surface‑to‑volume ratio advantageous?
It reduces the sensor's electrical resistance.
It increases the amount of active sites for analyte interaction, improving sensitivity.
It makes the sensor more rigid.
It enhances the sensor's optical properties.
Explanation - More surface area allows greater analyte capture per unit volume, boosting sensor response.
Correct answer is: It increases the amount of active sites for analyte interaction, improving sensitivity.
Q.112 Which polymeric material is commonly used to fabricate flexible, transparent electrodes for retinal prostheses due to its combined optical clarity and conductivity?
PEDOT:PSS on a PET substrate
Polyethylene (PE) with silver particles
Polystyrene (PS) with carbon nanotubes
Polypropylene (PP) with gold coating
Explanation - PEDOT:PSS provides conductivity while PET offers optical transparency and flexibility.
Correct answer is: PEDOT:PSS on a PET substrate
Q.113 What property of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels makes them suitable for encapsulating living cells in bio‑electronic devices?
High electrical conductivity
Low water content
High water content and permeability to nutrients
Intrinsic magnetism
Explanation - PEG hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, allowing diffusion of nutrients, gases, and waste.
Correct answer is: High water content and permeability to nutrients
Q.114 Which polymer is most appropriate for a biodegradable polymeric catheter that must maintain mechanical integrity for at least 6 weeks before degrading?
Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA) with a 75:25 LA:GA ratio
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Explanation - Higher lactic acid content slows PLGA degradation, providing the needed mechanical support duration.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA) with a 75:25 LA:GA ratio