Q.1 What is the primary function of nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering?
Electrical insulation
Drug delivery
Structural support
Temperature regulation
Explanation - Nanobiomaterials provide a nanoscale scaffold that mimics the extracellular matrix, facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Correct answer is: Structural support
Q.2 Which nanomaterial is commonly used to enhance the electrical conductivity of tissue scaffolds?
Gold nanoparticles
Silica nanoparticles
Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles
Magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles
Explanation - Gold nanoparticles possess excellent electrical conductivity and biocompatibility, making them suitable for conductive scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Gold nanoparticles
Q.3 The term 'biocompatibility' refers to:
The ability of a material to conduct electricity
The resistance of a material to corrosion
The ability of a material to integrate without provoking an immune response
The mechanical strength of a material
Explanation - Biocompatibility describes how well a material interacts with biological systems without eliciting adverse reactions.
Correct answer is: The ability of a material to integrate without provoking an immune response
Q.4 Which technique is often used to functionalize the surface of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery?
Centrifugation
Sonication
PEGylation
Annealing
Explanation - PEGylation attaches polyethylene glycol chains to nanoparticles, improving circulation time and reducing immunogenicity.
Correct answer is: PEGylation
Q.5 A common drawback of using silver nanoparticles in biomedical applications is:
Low mechanical strength
High electrical resistance
Potential cytotoxicity
Poor thermal stability
Explanation - Silver nanoparticles can release Ag+ ions, which may be toxic to healthy cells at high concentrations.
Correct answer is: Potential cytotoxicity
Q.6 In electrospinning, the fiber diameter is primarily influenced by:
Voltage applied
Collector distance
Solution viscosity
Ambient temperature
Explanation - Higher viscosity leads to thicker fibers; other parameters also influence diameter but viscosity is key.
Correct answer is: Solution viscosity
Q.7 What does the term 'nanocomposite' refer to in biomaterial science?
A material made entirely of nanomaterials
A composite that incorporates nanosized fillers into a bulk matrix
A composite with only nano-sized pores
A material synthesized at the nanoscale only
Explanation - Nanocomposites combine a macro-scale matrix with nano-scale reinforcements to enhance properties.
Correct answer is: A composite that incorporates nanosized fillers into a bulk matrix
Q.8 Which property is NOT typically enhanced by adding hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to a polymer scaffold?
Bioactivity
Mechanical strength
Electrical conductivity
Calcium ion release
Explanation - Hydroxyapatite improves bioactivity and mechanical properties but does not significantly increase conductivity.
Correct answer is: Electrical conductivity
Q.9 Which of the following is a common method to reduce the size of polymeric nanoparticles?
Ultrasonication
Thermal curing
Annealing
Chemical etching
Explanation - Ultrasonication breaks up larger particles into nanoscale sizes by generating cavitation bubbles.
Correct answer is: Ultrasonication
Q.10 The 'release kinetics' of a drug from a nanobiomaterial refers to:
The rate at which the drug is absorbed by the body
The rate at which the drug diffuses out of the material
The rate of material degradation
The rate of immune response initiation
Explanation - Release kinetics describes how a drug is released over time from its carrier.
Correct answer is: The rate at which the drug diffuses out of the material
Q.11 Which nanomaterial is known for its piezoelectric properties useful in bioelectronics?
Barium titanate nanoparticles
Silicon quantum dots
Graphene oxide sheets
Titanium dioxide nanotubes
Explanation - Barium titanate exhibits strong piezoelectricity, enabling conversion of mechanical energy into electrical signals in bioelectronics.
Correct answer is: Barium titanate nanoparticles
Q.12 In the context of nanobiomaterials, 'biofouling' refers to:
The accumulation of biological material on a surface
The breakdown of a material by enzymes
The absorption of light by biological tissue
The integration of a material into living tissue
Explanation - Biofouling is the unwanted adhesion of proteins, cells, or microorganisms on material surfaces.
Correct answer is: The accumulation of biological material on a surface
Q.13 What is the main advantage of using biodegradable polymers in drug-loaded nanoparticles?
They can be reused multiple times
They avoid the need for surgical removal
They can conduct electricity efficiently
They enhance mechanical strength indefinitely
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers degrade in the body, releasing the drug and eliminating the need for extraction.
Correct answer is: They avoid the need for surgical removal
Q.14 Which technique is commonly employed to visualize nanobiomaterials inside cells?
X-ray crystallography
Confocal fluorescence microscopy
Ultramicroscopy
Neutron scattering
Explanation - Fluorescent labeling allows confocal microscopy to track nanoparticles within cellular compartments.
Correct answer is: Confocal fluorescence microscopy
Q.15 The 'size effect' in nanomaterials leads to:
A decrease in surface area
An increase in melting point
Unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties
No change in any property
Explanation - At the nanoscale, quantum confinement and surface effects alter material properties significantly.
Correct answer is: Unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties
Q.16 Which of the following is NOT a typical application of nanobiomaterials?
Targeted cancer therapy
Electrical insulation in high voltage cables
Wound healing scaffolds
Biosensing platforms
Explanation - While nanomaterials can improve insulation, they are not specifically classified as nanobiomaterials used in biomedical contexts.
Correct answer is: Electrical insulation in high voltage cables
Q.17 What role does surface charge play in nanoparticle-cell interaction?
It determines the color of the nanoparticles
It influences the nanoparticles' buoyancy in water
It affects the binding affinity to cell membranes
It changes the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles
Explanation - Cell membranes are negatively charged, so positively charged nanoparticles tend to bind more strongly.
Correct answer is: It affects the binding affinity to cell membranes
Q.18 Which nanomaterial is frequently incorporated into hydrogels to improve their mechanical properties?
Graphene oxide
Polystyrene
Copper sulfide
Calcium carbonate
Explanation - Graphene oxide provides reinforcement, increasing stiffness and toughness of hydrogels.
Correct answer is: Graphene oxide
Q.19 In the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles, the template molecules are removed by:
High-temperature calcination
Solvent extraction
UV irradiation
Cold plasma
Explanation - Calcination burns off the template, leaving behind a mesoporous structure.
Correct answer is: High-temperature calcination
Q.20 Which property of magnetic nanoparticles is exploited for MRI contrast enhancement?
Superparamagnetism
Ferroelectricity
Electrical conductivity
Photoluminescence
Explanation - Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles alter local magnetic fields, enhancing MRI contrast.
Correct answer is: Superparamagnetism
Q.21 The term 'hydrogel' refers to:
A polymer with high surface area
A network of polymer chains that can absorb large amounts of water
A type of lipid bilayer
A crystalline metal alloy
Explanation - Hydrogels are highly hydrated polymeric materials used as scaffolds.
Correct answer is: A network of polymer chains that can absorb large amounts of water
Q.22 Which nanomaterial is known for its inherent anti-bacterial properties?
Gold nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Silicon quantum dots
Explanation - Silver ions disrupt bacterial cell walls, providing antibacterial effects.
Correct answer is: Silver nanoparticles
Q.23 In tissue engineering, why is pore size of a scaffold crucial?
It determines electrical conductivity
It affects nutrient diffusion and cell infiltration
It changes the color of the scaffold
It controls the scaffold's density only
Explanation - Optimal pore size supports cell migration, vascularization, and nutrient supply.
Correct answer is: It affects nutrient diffusion and cell infiltration
Q.24 Which polymer is often used for making biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds via electrospinning?
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polystyrene
Explanation - PLGA is biocompatible, biodegradable, and electrospinnable for scaffolds.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Q.25 What does 'bioprinting' primarily involve?
Printing with metallic inks
3D printing of living cells within a supportive matrix
Printing of polymeric microstructures
Laser ablation of tissue
Explanation - Bioprinting uses bioinks containing cells to fabricate complex tissue architectures.
Correct answer is: 3D printing of living cells within a supportive matrix
Q.26 Which of these is an example of a 'smart' nanobiomaterial?
A passive drug-loaded polymer bead
A temperature-responsive hydrogel
A static bone cement
A non-functionalized titanium mesh
Explanation - Smart materials respond to stimuli, such as temperature, to release drugs or change shape.
Correct answer is: A temperature-responsive hydrogel
Q.27 The 'Debye length' in a nanoparticle suspension describes:
The diffusion rate of particles
The thickness of the electrical double layer
The viscosity of the suspension
The particle size distribution
Explanation - Debye length indicates how far electrostatic interactions extend in a medium.
Correct answer is: The thickness of the electrical double layer
Q.28 What is a common method to create a hydrogel with gradient stiffness?
Layer-by-layer deposition of polymers
Uniform crosslinking throughout
Applying a temperature gradient during gelation
Using a single polymer type
Explanation - Sequential layering with varying crosslink densities produces stiffness gradients.
Correct answer is: Layer-by-layer deposition of polymers
Q.29 Which parameter is NOT directly controlled during the fabrication of nanoparticles by emulsion polymerization?
Monomer concentration
Surfactant concentration
Ambient temperature
Magnetic field strength
Explanation - Emulsion polymerization relies on monomer, surfactant, and temperature; magnetic fields are unrelated.
Correct answer is: Magnetic field strength
Q.30 Which property of carbon nanotubes contributes to their use in neural electrodes?
High optical transmittance
Excellent mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity
Intrinsic fluorescence
Strong magnetic susceptibility
Explanation - CNTs combine flexibility and conductivity, enabling high-fidelity neural signal recording.
Correct answer is: Excellent mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity
Q.31 The term 'nanoscale' typically refers to sizes:
10-100 micrometers
10-100 nanometers
1-10 micrometers
1-10 nanometers
Explanation - Nanoscience focuses on structures with dimensions on the order of nanometers.
Correct answer is: 10-100 nanometers
Q.32 Which technique can be used to measure the size of nanoparticles in a suspension?
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Explanation - DLS analyzes light scattering fluctuations to determine particle size distributions.
Correct answer is: Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Q.33 What does the term 'self-assembly' describe in nanobiomaterials?
The manufacturing of nanomaterials in a factory
The spontaneous organization of molecules into ordered structures
The breakdown of polymers into monomers
The manual assembly of nanobots
Explanation - Self-assembly leverages chemical interactions to create nanostructures without external guidance.
Correct answer is: The spontaneous organization of molecules into ordered structures
Q.34 Which of the following is a primary safety concern when handling nanoparticles?
They can easily combust in air
They have no toxicity concerns
They can become airborne and inhaled, causing pulmonary issues
They cause permanent structural damage to equipment
Explanation - Nanoparticles can disperse as fine aerosols, posing respiratory health risks.
Correct answer is: They can become airborne and inhaled, causing pulmonary issues
Q.35 In the context of drug delivery, what is meant by 'controlled release'?
Immediate release upon contact with bodily fluids
Release of the drug over a predetermined period
No release of the drug
Release only under external stimuli
Explanation - Controlled release systems aim to maintain therapeutic drug levels over time.
Correct answer is: Release of the drug over a predetermined period
Q.36 Which of the following best describes a 'biodegradable polymer'?
A polymer that can conduct electricity
A polymer that can be broken down by biological processes
A polymer that is immune to degradation
A polymer used only in aerospace applications
Explanation - Biodegradable polymers degrade into harmless byproducts within the body.
Correct answer is: A polymer that can be broken down by biological processes
Q.37 Which material is NOT typically used as a biodegradable scaffold in bone tissue engineering?
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Chitosan
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Explanation - PET is not biodegradable and is usually used as a rigid polymer.
Correct answer is: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Q.38 The 'zeta potential' of a nanoparticle indicates:
Its magnetic susceptibility
Its electrical potential at the slipping plane
Its thermal conductivity
Its optical absorption intensity
Explanation - Zeta potential predicts colloidal stability and interactions with charged species.
Correct answer is: Its electrical potential at the slipping plane
Q.39 What is the primary benefit of using lipid-based nanoparticles for gene delivery?
High electrical conductivity
Biodegradability and ability to fuse with cell membranes
Inherent fluorescence for imaging
Exceptional mechanical rigidity
Explanation - Lipid nanoparticles protect nucleic acids and facilitate endocytosis.
Correct answer is: Biodegradability and ability to fuse with cell membranes
Q.40 Which technique is commonly used to align nanofibers within a scaffold to mimic natural tissue architecture?
Random spinning
Electrospinning with a rotating collector
Chemical vapor deposition
Sputter deposition
Explanation - A rotating mandrel aligns fibers along its axis, creating anisotropic structures.
Correct answer is: Electrospinning with a rotating collector
Q.41 In nanobiomaterial research, 'in vitro' studies refer to:
Studies performed inside living organisms
Studies performed in a laboratory setting outside of living organisms
Studies performed in vivo
Studies conducted in the atmosphere
Explanation - In vitro means 'in glass', i.e., experiments conducted in controlled lab environments.
Correct answer is: Studies performed in a laboratory setting outside of living organisms
Q.42 Which property of graphene makes it attractive for biomedical sensors?
Its high thermal conductivity
Its high electrical conductivity and large surface area
Its optical transparency
Its magnetic resonance
Explanation - Graphene's conductivity enables sensitive detection, while its surface area allows functionalization.
Correct answer is: Its high electrical conductivity and large surface area
Q.43 Which of the following is a key challenge in translating nanobiomaterials from bench to bedside?
Large-scale synthesis reproducibility
High cost of raw materials only
Absence of any regulatory framework
No need for biocompatibility testing
Explanation - Manufacturing consistency at scale is critical for clinical translation.
Correct answer is: Large-scale synthesis reproducibility
Q.44 A 'hydrogel' can be considered a:
Dense solid material
Soft, water-swollen polymer network
Metallic alloy
Ceramic composite
Explanation - Hydrogels retain large amounts of water while maintaining a 3D polymeric matrix.
Correct answer is: Soft, water-swollen polymer network
Q.45 What is the typical size range for a quantum dot?
1-10 nm
10-100 nm
100-500 nm
500 nm - 1 µm
Explanation - Quantum dots are usually a few nanometers in diameter, enabling quantum confinement effects.
Correct answer is: 1-10 nm
Q.46 Why is PEGylation used on nanoparticles?
To increase their magnetic properties
To improve their solubility and reduce opsonization
To make them fluorescent
To decrease their size dramatically
Explanation - PEG forms a hydrophilic shield, reducing protein adsorption and clearance.
Correct answer is: To improve their solubility and reduce opsonization
Q.47 Which of the following is a commonly used biodegradable polymer in medical implants?
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polystyrene
Explanation - PLA degrades into lactic acid and is widely used for temporary implants.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Q.48 What is the primary reason for incorporating calcium phosphates into bone scaffolds?
To increase electrical conductivity
To mimic natural bone mineral composition and support osteoconduction
To reduce scaffold porosity
To make the scaffold magnetic
Explanation - Calcium phosphates provide a bioactive surface that promotes bone growth.
Correct answer is: To mimic natural bone mineral composition and support osteoconduction
Q.49 In the context of nanobiomaterials, what does 'biofunctionalization' refer to?
Adding metallic coatings
Coating with biological molecules like peptides or antibodies
Increasing mechanical stiffness
Changing the particle size
Explanation - Biofunctionalization imparts specific biological interactions, such as targeting.
Correct answer is: Coating with biological molecules like peptides or antibodies
Q.50 Which imaging technique can track the biodistribution of quantum dots in vivo?
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Fluorescence imaging
Ultrasound
Explanation - Quantum dots emit fluorescence, enabling optical imaging of their location.
Correct answer is: Fluorescence imaging
Q.51 What is the main benefit of using a hydrogel as a drug depot?
It dissolves instantly in the bloodstream
It can provide sustained, localized drug release
It is rigid and provides structural support
It conducts electricity to stimulate cells
Explanation - Hydrogels swell and gradually release encapsulated drugs over time.
Correct answer is: It can provide sustained, localized drug release
Q.52 Which of the following is a disadvantage of using metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery?
They are highly conductive
They may induce oxidative stress
They cannot be surface-functionalized
They are always biodegradable
Explanation - Metal nanoparticles can generate reactive oxygen species, leading to cytotoxicity.
Correct answer is: They may induce oxidative stress
Q.53 What does 'surface plasmon resonance' (SPR) refer to in nanoparticles?
The vibration of metal atoms in a lattice
Collective oscillation of electrons at the surface in response to light
The alignment of polymer chains
The heat generated during electron transitions
Explanation - SPR is exploited for sensing and imaging with metallic nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: Collective oscillation of electrons at the surface in response to light
Q.54 In nanobiomaterials, what does 'self-healing' refer to?
The material can repair its own structural defects over time
The material can break down into monomers
The material can dissolve in water
The material can generate electricity when damaged
Explanation - Self-healing polymers can recover mechanical integrity after damage.
Correct answer is: The material can repair its own structural defects over time
Q.55 Which of these nanomaterials is known for high photothermal conversion efficiency?
Gold nanorods
Silicon nanowires
Copper nanoparticles
Aluminum nanoparticles
Explanation - Gold nanorods absorb near-infrared light and efficiently convert it to heat.
Correct answer is: Gold nanorods
Q.56 Which parameter is critical for ensuring the stability of nanoparticle suspensions in physiological fluids?
Surface charge (zeta potential)
Particle color
Molecular weight of the polymer
Ambient humidity
Explanation - Adequate surface charge prevents aggregation by electrostatic repulsion.
Correct answer is: Surface charge (zeta potential)
Q.57 What is a primary consideration when designing nanocarriers for oral drug delivery?
Ability to survive gastric acidity
High density to sink in the stomach
Low permeability through intestinal mucosa
Large size for easy passage through tight junctions
Explanation - Nanocarriers must resist harsh acidic conditions to release drugs in the intestine.
Correct answer is: Ability to survive gastric acidity
Q.58 Which technique is used to measure the mechanical stiffness of a single nanoparticle?
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Dynamic light scattering
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Explanation - AFM can probe nano-scale forces and derive stiffness from force–distance curves.
Correct answer is: Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Q.59 The 'bioreactor' in tissue engineering is primarily used to:
Increase the temperature of scaffolds
Provide dynamic culture conditions for cell growth
Produce magnetic fields for alignment
Encapsulate drugs within nanoparticles
Explanation - Bioreactors supply nutrients, remove waste, and apply mechanical stimuli.
Correct answer is: Provide dynamic culture conditions for cell growth
Q.60 Which property is enhanced in polymeric nanoparticles when crosslinking density is increased?
Drug release rate
Degradation rate
Mechanical rigidity
Surface charge
Explanation - Higher crosslinking leads to a tighter network, making the particles stiffer.
Correct answer is: Mechanical rigidity
Q.61 Which of the following is NOT typically a component of a 'nanoparticle drug delivery system'?
Core material
Shell or coating
Targeting ligand
Large bulk polymer matrix
Explanation - Nanoparticles are defined by their nanoscale size; bulk polymers are macroscale.
Correct answer is: Large bulk polymer matrix
Q.62 What does the term 'nanoparticle aggregation' refer to?
The separation of nanoparticles into individual particles
The clustering of nanoparticles due to attractive forces
The breakdown of nanoparticles into monomers
The rotation of nanoparticles in solution
Explanation - Aggregation reduces the effective surface area and can alter biological interactions.
Correct answer is: The clustering of nanoparticles due to attractive forces
Q.63 Which surface modification can improve the blood compatibility of titanium implants?
Gold plating
Silica coating
Heparin immobilization
Graphene oxide deposition
Explanation - Heparin is anticoagulant, reducing platelet adhesion and thrombosis.
Correct answer is: Heparin immobilization
Q.64 What is the main advantage of using amphiphilic block copolymers for drug-loaded micelles?
They provide electrical conductivity
They self-assemble into core–shell structures that encapsulate hydrophobic drugs
They are highly magnetic
They increase the temperature of the system
Explanation - Amphiphilic block copolymers form micelles that can carry poorly soluble drugs.
Correct answer is: They self-assemble into core–shell structures that encapsulate hydrophobic drugs
Q.65 Which of the following is an example of a 'bioresorbable' nanomaterial?
Silver nanoparticles
Gold nanorods
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles
Graphene sheets
Explanation - Magnesium-based nanomaterials degrade into benign products in the body.
Correct answer is: Magnesium oxide nanoparticles
Q.66 The 'critical micelle concentration' (CMC) of a surfactant is:
The concentration at which micelles start to form
The maximum concentration of surfactant that can be used
The minimum concentration required to dissolve hydrophobic drugs
The concentration at which surfactants precipitate
Explanation - At CMC, amphiphilic molecules assemble into micelles.
Correct answer is: The concentration at which micelles start to form
Q.67 Which technique is commonly employed to characterize the elemental composition of nanoparticles?
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
Electron spin resonance (ESR)
Raman spectroscopy
Explanation - EDX detects characteristic X-rays to identify elements present.
Correct answer is: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
Q.68 Which of the following best describes a 'magnetoelectric' nanoparticle?
A particle that is both magnetic and electrically conductive
A particle that shows coupling between magnetic and electric fields
A particle that is superconductive
A particle that can change shape under an electric field
Explanation - Magnetoelectric coupling allows magnetic field to influence electric polarization and vice versa.
Correct answer is: A particle that shows coupling between magnetic and electric fields
Q.69 Why are silica nanoparticles often used as drug carriers?
Because they are inherently magnetic
Because they are transparent
Because they have tunable pore sizes and are biocompatible
Because they degrade into toxic byproducts
Explanation - Mesoporous silica allows high drug loading and controlled release.
Correct answer is: Because they have tunable pore sizes and are biocompatible
Q.70 In tissue engineering, what is the significance of 'anisotropy' in scaffold design?
It ensures uniform mechanical properties in all directions
It creates directional cues that guide cell alignment
It reduces porosity
It makes the scaffold magnetic
Explanation - Anisotropic structures mimic the natural orientation of tissues like muscle.
Correct answer is: It creates directional cues that guide cell alignment
Q.71 Which property of a polymer nanoparticle is most influenced by its surface chemistry?
Particle size
Degradation rate
Protein adsorption
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - Surface groups dictate how proteins interact and adhere to nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: Protein adsorption
Q.72 What is the primary function of a 'stimuli-responsive' nanocarrier?
To be invisible under normal conditions
To release its payload in response to a specific trigger (e.g., pH, temperature)
To generate electrical signals
To change its shape randomly
Explanation - Stimuli-responsive carriers enhance targeted delivery by responding to local microenvironments.
Correct answer is: To release its payload in response to a specific trigger (e.g., pH, temperature)
Q.73 Which of the following is a major advantage of using polymeric nanoparticles over liposomes?
Higher electrical conductivity
Better control over drug loading and release kinetics
Lower manufacturing cost
Intrinsic fluorescence
Explanation - Polymeric particles can be engineered with precise degradation profiles.
Correct answer is: Better control over drug loading and release kinetics
Q.74 Which type of nanoparticle is commonly used as a contrast agent in CT imaging?
Gold nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Explanation - Gold has high X-ray attenuation, making it effective for CT contrast.
Correct answer is: Gold nanoparticles
Q.75 Why is the 'size distribution' of nanoparticles important for biomedical applications?
It determines the color of the nanoparticles
It influences biodistribution, cellular uptake, and clearance rates
It has no real impact
It only affects the synthesis time
Explanation - Uniform size ensures predictable behavior in biological systems.
Correct answer is: It influences biodistribution, cellular uptake, and clearance rates
Q.76 What is the main benefit of using 'nano-bioactive glass' in bone regeneration?
It conducts electricity
It releases ions that stimulate bone growth and mineralization
It is highly magnetic
It is opaque to X-rays
Explanation - Bioactive glass dissolves to release calcium, phosphate, and other beneficial ions.
Correct answer is: It releases ions that stimulate bone growth and mineralization
Q.77 Which technique can be used to align carbon nanotubes within a polymer matrix?
Magnetic field alignment
Mechanical extrusion
Chemical vapor deposition
Thermal annealing
Explanation - CNTs can be aligned using magnetic or electric fields during polymer curing.
Correct answer is: Magnetic field alignment
Q.78 In a typical drug-loaded nanoparticle, the 'drug loading efficiency' is defined as:
The ratio of drug released to total drug administered
The ratio of drug encapsulated to the total weight of nanoparticles
The amount of drug that remains in the bloodstream
The ratio of drug to polymer in the synthesis mixture
Explanation - Loading efficiency indicates how much drug is successfully incorporated.
Correct answer is: The ratio of drug encapsulated to the total weight of nanoparticles
Q.79 Which of the following best describes 'hydrogel microneedles'?
Sharp metal needles coated with hydrogels
Flexible hydrogel structures that can penetrate skin for drug delivery
Hydrogel sheets used for wound dressings
Hydrogel nanoparticles for oral delivery
Explanation - Microneedles are minimally invasive carriers for transdermal therapy.
Correct answer is: Flexible hydrogel structures that can penetrate skin for drug delivery
Q.80 Which property of nanoparticles makes them suitable for use in biosensors?
Large density
High surface-to-volume ratio
Low thermal conductivity
High melting point
Explanation - A large surface area enhances interaction with analytes, increasing sensitivity.
Correct answer is: High surface-to-volume ratio
Q.81 What is a potential risk of using polymeric nanoparticles in vivo?
They always dissolve instantly
They can trigger an immune response if not properly designed
They can carry no drugs
They cannot be visualized in imaging
Explanation - Immunogenicity can occur if surface properties are not biocompatible.
Correct answer is: They can trigger an immune response if not properly designed
Q.82 Which of these is a key characteristic of a 'nanogel'?
It is a rigid ceramic particle
It swells in aqueous environments and can release drugs
It is made solely of metal
It is a solid polymer with no porosity
Explanation - Nanogels are swollen polymer networks at the nanoscale, used for controlled release.
Correct answer is: It swells in aqueous environments and can release drugs
Q.83 What is the main function of a 'surface plasmon' in metallic nanostructures?
To provide magnetic properties
To allow resonant absorption of light, enhancing optical signals
To increase mechanical strength
To reduce electrical conductivity
Explanation - Surface plasmons enable strong light–matter interactions for sensing and imaging.
Correct answer is: To allow resonant absorption of light, enhancing optical signals
Q.84 Which type of polymer is commonly used to prepare nanoparticles for gene delivery?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethyleneimine (PEI)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Explanation - PEI is a cationic polymer that condenses DNA or RNA for cellular uptake.
Correct answer is: Polyethyleneimine (PEI)
Q.85 In the context of nanobiomaterials, what does 'hydrophilicity' refer to?
The ability to conduct heat
The tendency to attract water molecules
The ability to be magnetic
The capacity to degrade slowly
Explanation - Hydrophilic surfaces bind water and can influence protein adsorption.
Correct answer is: The tendency to attract water molecules
Q.86 Which of these is a common method to create 'nanocapsules' for drug delivery?
Microfluidic droplet formation
Solid-state sintering
Laser ablation
Chemical vapor deposition
Explanation - Microfluidics can precisely control the size and shell thickness of nanocapsules.
Correct answer is: Microfluidic droplet formation
Q.87 What is the primary role of 'surface roughness' in the context of nanoparticle interactions with cells?
It determines the electrical conductivity
It affects cellular adhesion and uptake
It controls the color of the particles
It has no effect on cell interactions
Explanation - Rough surfaces can enhance protein adsorption and cell binding.
Correct answer is: It affects cellular adhesion and uptake
Q.88 Which of the following best describes the 'enhanced permeability and retention' (EPR) effect?
An imaging technique for tumor detection
A phenomenon where nanoparticles accumulate in tumor tissues due to leaky vasculature
A method to increase the size of nanoparticles
A chemical reaction in polymer degradation
Explanation - EPR allows passive tumor targeting by exploiting abnormal tumor blood vessels.
Correct answer is: A phenomenon where nanoparticles accumulate in tumor tissues due to leaky vasculature
Q.89 Which polymer is known for its 'self-healing' ability when crosslinked via dynamic covalent bonds?
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Explanation - PEGDA can form reversible covalent bonds that enable self-repair.
Correct answer is: Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)
Q.90 Which of the following is a key parameter when designing a nanofiber scaffold for neuronal regeneration?
Fiber diameter within 200–800 nm
High bulk density
Non-conductivity
Large surface roughness
Explanation - Optimal fiber diameters support neurite outgrowth and guidance.
Correct answer is: Fiber diameter within 200–800 nm
Q.91 What is a significant challenge in using metal nanoparticles for biomedical imaging?
They are too large for cellular uptake
They may exhibit cytotoxicity and lack biodegradability
They are inherently magnetic
They cannot be functionalized
Explanation - Metal nanoparticles can accumulate and cause toxicity if not properly cleared.
Correct answer is: They may exhibit cytotoxicity and lack biodegradability
Q.92 Which property of a nanoparticle is primarily controlled by the polymer's glass transition temperature (Tg)?
Color
Degradation rate
Mechanical flexibility at physiological temperatures
Electrical conductivity
Explanation - Tg determines whether a polymer is in a rigid or flexible state at body temperature.
Correct answer is: Mechanical flexibility at physiological temperatures
Q.93 Which of the following is an example of a 'nanozyme'?
Gold nanoparticles that mimic peroxidase activity
Silicon nanoparticles used for imaging
Magnesium hydroxide used as a buffer
Polyethylene used as a plastic
Explanation - Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activity.
Correct answer is: Gold nanoparticles that mimic peroxidase activity
Q.94 What is the significance of the 'hydrodynamic diameter' measurement of nanoparticles?
It indicates the core size only
It reflects the particle size in solution including any surface coatings
It measures the optical absorption peak
It is unrelated to nanoparticle behavior
Explanation - Hydrodynamic diameter accounts for solvation layers and aggregates in suspension.
Correct answer is: It reflects the particle size in solution including any surface coatings
Q.95 Which technique is often used to produce uniformly sized silica nanospheres?
Sol–gel process
Vapor phase polymerization
Hydrothermal synthesis
Electroplating
Explanation - The sol–gel route allows precise control over particle size and morphology.
Correct answer is: Sol–gel process
Q.96 Which factor influences the 'cellular internalization pathway' of nanoparticles?
Particle color
Particle size and shape
Ambient humidity
Ambient noise
Explanation - Size, shape, and surface chemistry determine endocytic pathways like clathrin or caveolae.
Correct answer is: Particle size and shape
Q.97 What is the purpose of using a 'core–shell' architecture in drug-loaded nanoparticles?
To increase particle size dramatically
To separate the drug core from the external environment and control release
To make the particles magnetic
To reduce synthesis time
Explanation - Core–shell designs provide a barrier for controlled degradation and release.
Correct answer is: To separate the drug core from the external environment and control release
Q.98 Which of the following materials is commonly used as a biodegradable, electrically conductive polymer for neural interfaces?
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
Polystyrene
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - PEDOT is conductive, biocompatible, and can be formulated in biodegradable forms.
Correct answer is: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
Q.99 What is a primary advantage of using 'layer-by-layer' assembly for creating functional nanocoatings?
It is the fastest synthesis method
It allows precise control over thickness and composition
It produces magnetic materials only
It reduces the need for solvents
Explanation - Layer-by-layer deposition can build multilayer films with nanometer precision.
Correct answer is: It allows precise control over thickness and composition
Q.100 Which of the following is NOT a typical method for functionalizing the surface of quantum dots?
Covalent ligand exchange
Non-covalent adsorption of peptides
Physical vapor deposition of metals
Electrostatic adsorption of polymers
Explanation - PVD is generally not used for attaching functional ligands to quantum dots.
Correct answer is: Physical vapor deposition of metals
Q.101 What is the main advantage of using a 'biomimetic' scaffold in tissue engineering?
It reduces material cost
It replicates the natural extracellular matrix, enhancing cell response
It eliminates the need for bioreactors
It increases the scaffold's magnetic properties
Explanation - Biomimetic designs provide appropriate biochemical cues for cell behavior.
Correct answer is: It replicates the natural extracellular matrix, enhancing cell response
Q.102 Which of the following is a key challenge in the large-scale production of polymeric nanoparticles?
Uniform particle size control
High electrical conductivity
Rapid degradation in air
Inability to load drugs
Explanation - Maintaining narrow size distributions at scale is technologically demanding.
Correct answer is: Uniform particle size control
Q.103 Which property of carbon nanodots (CNDs) makes them attractive for bioimaging?
High electrical conductivity
Intrinsic fluorescence with low cytotoxicity
High magnetic susceptibility
Strong radio-opacity
Explanation - CNDs fluoresce in the visible range and are generally biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Intrinsic fluorescence with low cytotoxicity
Q.104 Why are 'nanofiber' scaffolds considered advantageous for skin tissue engineering?
They are rigid and non-porous
They mimic the natural dermal collagen structure and allow cell infiltration
They are impermeable to all fluids
They are electrically conductive by default
Explanation - Aligned nanofibers support cell migration and tissue regeneration in skin.
Correct answer is: They mimic the natural dermal collagen structure and allow cell infiltration
Q.105 Which of these parameters is critical for controlling the 'burst release' phenomenon in nanoparticles?
High polymer molecular weight
High surface area and rapid initial diffusion
Low drug loading
High crosslink density
Explanation - A large surface area leads to quick drug release at the outset, causing burst effects.
Correct answer is: High surface area and rapid initial diffusion
Q.106 What does 'photothermal therapy' using nanoparticles entail?
Using nanoparticles to convert light into heat for cancer cell ablation
Using nanoparticles to emit light for imaging
Using nanoparticles to deliver genes
Using nanoparticles to produce sound waves
Explanation - Photothermal agents absorb NIR light and generate localized heat to kill tumors.
Correct answer is: Using nanoparticles to convert light into heat for cancer cell ablation
Q.107 Which of the following is a common method to enhance the mechanical strength of a hydrogel?
Adding crosslinking agents
Increasing water content
Removing all polymer chains
Heating to the boiling point
Explanation - Crosslinking forms covalent networks that increase stiffness.
Correct answer is: Adding crosslinking agents
Q.108 Which property of nanoparticles influences their 'protein corona' formation in vivo?
Surface charge
Color
Bulk density
Ambient temperature
Explanation - Charge drives attraction or repulsion of plasma proteins on the particle surface.
Correct answer is: Surface charge
Q.109 In the context of 'gene editing', which nanocarrier is commonly used to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 components?
Silica nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles
Carbon nanotubes
Explanation - PLGA can encapsulate CRISPR complexes and protect them during delivery.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles
Q.110 Which of the following is a potential benefit of using 'hydrogel microgels' in drug delivery?
They can release drugs instantly
They have tunable swelling behavior for controlled release
They are rigid and non-biodegradable
They cannot be functionalized
Explanation - Microgels swell in response to stimuli, modulating drug release rates.
Correct answer is: They have tunable swelling behavior for controlled release
Q.111 Why is 'surface charge neutralization' often performed before administering polymeric nanoparticles in vivo?
To increase fluorescence
To reduce non-specific protein adsorption and improve circulation
To increase magnetic susceptibility
To reduce particle size drastically
Explanation - Neutralizing charge minimizes opsonization and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system.
Correct answer is: To reduce non-specific protein adsorption and improve circulation
Q.112 Which of the following describes the 'mushroom' morphology of polymer brush-coated nanoparticles?
Polymers densely packed, extending from the surface like a forest
Polymers sparsely distributed, forming isolated loops
Polymers collapsed into a flat layer
Polymers forming a spherical shell
Explanation - Low grafting density yields a mushroom configuration; high density gives a brush configuration.
Correct answer is: Polymers sparsely distributed, forming isolated loops
Q.113 What is a major challenge when using nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery?
They cannot be sterilized
They may cause irritation or damage to delicate ocular tissues
They cannot be synthesized
They are too large to penetrate the tear film
Explanation - The eye is highly sensitive; formulations must be non-irritating and biocompatible.
Correct answer is: They may cause irritation or damage to delicate ocular tissues
Q.114 In the design of a 'smart' hydrogel for wound healing, which property is essential?
Ability to change color spontaneously
Temperature-sensitive gelation to respond to body heat
Permanent rigidity
Non-porous structure
Explanation - Thermo-responsive hydrogels gel at body temperature, providing a seal over wounds.
Correct answer is: Temperature-sensitive gelation to respond to body heat
Q.115 Which of the following is a typical application of 'magnetite nanoparticles' in biomedical engineering?
As a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
As a high-strength structural component
As a superconducting material
As a polymeric scaffold
Explanation - Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles enhance MRI contrast.
Correct answer is: As a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Q.116 What is a primary consideration when choosing a polymer for making a drug-loaded nanoparticle?
Its taste
Its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and degradation rate
Its electrical resistance
Its optical opacity
Explanation - These properties determine safety and drug release profile.
Correct answer is: Its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and degradation rate
Q.117 Which of the following best describes the 'inverse emulsion' method?
Creating droplets of aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous oil phase
Creating droplets of oil phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase
Mixing two immiscible liquids together without emulsifiers
Heating a mixture to form a homogeneous solution
Explanation - Inverse (water-in-oil) emulsions are used for polymerizing hydrophobic drugs.
Correct answer is: Creating droplets of oil phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase
Q.118 What is the key benefit of using a 'dual-responsive' nanoparticle for drug delivery?
It can respond to two stimuli, allowing more precise release
It increases the size dramatically
It eliminates the need for targeting ligands
It reduces synthesis complexity
Explanation - Dual responsiveness (e.g., pH & temperature) offers tighter control over release kinetics.
Correct answer is: It can respond to two stimuli, allowing more precise release
Q.119 Which property is improved in polymeric nanoparticles when a 'hydrophilic-hydrophobic block copolymer' forms micelles?
Electrical conductivity
Drug loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs
Mechanical hardness
Thermal conductivity
Explanation - Micelles encapsulate hydrophobic drugs in their core, enhancing loading.
Correct answer is: Drug loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs
Q.120 In nanoparticle formulation, the term 'polydispersity index (PDI)' indicates:
The average particle size
The degree of size uniformity
The surface charge
The color intensity
Explanation - PDI < 0.2 typically indicates a monodisperse population.
Correct answer is: The degree of size uniformity
Q.121 Which of the following is a common method to reduce the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles?
Increasing particle size
Coating with a biocompatible polymer like PEG
Reducing the surface area
Adding more silver ions
Explanation - PEGylation limits ion release and reduces interaction with cells.
Correct answer is: Coating with a biocompatible polymer like PEG
Q.122 Which property of a 'bioactive glass' nanoparticle facilitates bone regeneration?
It is highly conductive
It releases calcium and phosphate ions upon degradation
It is magnetic
It fluoresces under UV light
Explanation - These ions promote hydroxyapatite formation and osteogenic activity.
Correct answer is: It releases calcium and phosphate ions upon degradation
Q.123 Which of the following is a common method to measure the 'mechanical stiffness' of a single-cell or nanoparticle?
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation
Dynamic light scattering
Raman spectroscopy
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Explanation - AFM can quantify elastic modulus at the nanoscale.
Correct answer is: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation
Q.124 What does the term 'polymer brush' refer to in nanobiomaterials?
A polymer chain densely grafted onto a surface, extending into the solution like a brush
A brush used for cleaning polymer surfaces
A polymer used in hair styling
A polymer with a smooth surface
Explanation - Polymer brushes control surface interactions and steric stabilization.
Correct answer is: A polymer chain densely grafted onto a surface, extending into the solution like a brush
Q.125 In the synthesis of 'poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)' (PLA-PEG) block copolymers, what is the purpose of PEG?
To increase hydrophobicity
To improve water solubility and biocompatibility
To add magnetic properties
To raise the glass transition temperature
Explanation - PEG imparts hydrophilicity and reduces protein adsorption.
Correct answer is: To improve water solubility and biocompatibility
Q.126 Which of these is an example of a 'biodegradable' metallic nanoparticle?
Silver (Ag)
Gold (Au)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminum (Al)
Explanation - Mg nanoparticles degrade to harmless Mg2+ ions in the body.
Correct answer is: Magnesium (Mg)
Q.127 The 'Burst release' phenomenon in drug-loaded nanoparticles is primarily due to:
The slow diffusion of drug throughout the particle
The initial release of drug adsorbed on the surface and near-surface layers
The high stability of the nanoparticle
The presence of magnetic fields
Explanation - Surface-associated drug diffuses rapidly, causing an initial spike in release.
Correct answer is: The initial release of drug adsorbed on the surface and near-surface layers
Q.128 Which type of imaging is most suitable for tracking the real-time distribution of fluorescent quantum dots in vivo?
X-ray computed tomography (CT)
Optical fluorescence imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound imaging
Explanation - Quantum dots emit fluorescent light, ideal for optical imaging.
Correct answer is: Optical fluorescence imaging
Q.129 What is the main reason for using 'hydroxypropyl methylcellulose' (HPMC) in nanoparticle formulations?
It acts as a reducing agent
It provides viscosity and stabilizes the suspension
It is a strong oxidant
It is a conductive polymer
Explanation - HPMC increases viscosity, preventing aggregation of nanoparticles.
Correct answer is: It provides viscosity and stabilizes the suspension
Q.130 Which of the following is an advantage of using 'silicon quantum dots' for bioimaging?
They are highly toxic
They exhibit size-tunable fluorescence and high photostability
They are magnetic
They are not visible under fluorescence microscopy
Explanation - Silicon QDs emit light across the spectrum and resist photobleaching.
Correct answer is: They exhibit size-tunable fluorescence and high photostability
Q.131 In 'targeted drug delivery', what role does a 'peptide ligand' play?
It provides mechanical strength
It directs nanoparticles to specific cell receptors
It reduces particle size
It makes the particles magnetic
Explanation - Peptide ligands recognize and bind to overexpressed receptors on target cells.
Correct answer is: It directs nanoparticles to specific cell receptors
Q.132 Which technique is used to evaluate the in vitro degradation rate of a polymeric nanoparticle?
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy
Explanation - DLS monitors size changes over time to infer degradation.
Correct answer is: Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Q.133 Why is the 'surface area to volume ratio' critical for nanoparticles used in drug delivery?
It determines the particle's color
It influences drug loading capacity and release kinetics
It controls the particle's magnetic properties
It has no impact on drug delivery
Explanation - A higher ratio provides more surface for drug adsorption and faster diffusion.
Correct answer is: It influences drug loading capacity and release kinetics
Q.134 Which of the following best describes a 'nanoemulsion' in drug delivery?
A colloidal dispersion of nanoscale droplets in a continuous phase
A solid crystalline particle
A large polymer scaffold
A magnetic resonance imaging agent
Explanation - Nanoemulsions are stable, sub-micron emulsions used for delivering hydrophobic drugs.
Correct answer is: A colloidal dispersion of nanoscale droplets in a continuous phase
Q.135 Which parameter directly influences the 'therapeutic window' of a nanoparticle-based drug formulation?
Particle density
Drug release profile
Ambient pressure
Color of the nanoparticles
Explanation - A controlled release profile ensures drug concentration stays within therapeutic limits.
Correct answer is: Drug release profile
Q.136 What does the term 'biomimetic surface modification' aim to achieve?
Increase the density of the material
Replicate natural biological cues to enhance cell interactions
Add magnetic properties
Reduce the cost of production
Explanation - Biomimetic surfaces imitate the extracellular environment to improve biocompatibility.
Correct answer is: Replicate natural biological cues to enhance cell interactions
Q.137 Which of the following is a key advantage of using a 'hydrogel' as a drug depot?
It can release drugs in a rapid burst only
It allows sustained, localized drug release due to its porous network
It is non-biodegradable
It cannot be functionalized
Explanation - Hydrogels swell and slowly release encapsulated drugs over time.
Correct answer is: It allows sustained, localized drug release due to its porous network
Q.138 Which property of 'graphene oxide' makes it suitable for drug delivery?
Strong hydrophobicity
High surface area and ability to bind drugs through π-π interactions
Magnetic responsiveness
Electrical insulator nature
Explanation - GO can load hydrophobic drugs via non-covalent interactions.
Correct answer is: High surface area and ability to bind drugs through π-π interactions
Q.139 In the 'sol–gel' process for producing silica nanoparticles, which reactant is typically hydrolyzed?
Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Explanation - TEOS undergoes hydrolysis to form silica networks.
Correct answer is: Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
Q.140 What is a major advantage of using 'nanogels' over bulk hydrogels?
They are rigid and non-biodegradable
They provide better control over drug release at the nanoscale and can penetrate cells
They cannot be synthesized easily
They are always magnetic
Explanation - Nanogels are small enough to diffuse into tissues and can be engineered for controlled release.
Correct answer is: They provide better control over drug release at the nanoscale and can penetrate cells
Q.141 Which factor is most critical in determining the 'endocytosis' efficiency of nanoparticles?
Particle shape and size
Ambient temperature
Ambient humidity
Particle color
Explanation - Shape and size influence cellular uptake mechanisms.
Correct answer is: Particle shape and size
Q.142 Which type of nanoparticle is specifically engineered to release drugs in response to a specific enzyme?
Thermo-responsive nanoparticles
Enzyme-responsive nanoparticles
Magnetically responsive nanoparticles
pH-responsive nanoparticles
Explanation - Enzyme-responsive carriers degrade upon encountering target enzymes, triggering release.
Correct answer is: Enzyme-responsive nanoparticles
Q.143 The 'critical micelle concentration' (CMC) of a surfactant is a key parameter when forming nanoparticles using:
Electrospinning
Centrifugation
Micellar nanoparticle formulation
High-temperature calcination
Explanation - Above CMC, surfactants self-assemble into micelles that can encapsulate drugs.
Correct answer is: Micellar nanoparticle formulation
Q.144 Which of the following is an example of a 'biodegradable' polymeric nanoparticle used in ocular drug delivery?
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Explanation - PLGA degrades into lactic and glycolic acids, which are biocompatible.
Correct answer is: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)