Q.1 Which sociologist is most closely associated with the concept of 'hegemonic masculinity'?
Raewyn Connell
Judith Butler
Michel Foucault
Pierre Bourdieu
Explanation - Raewyn Connell introduced the concept of hegemonic masculinity to describe the culturally dominant ideal of male behavior.
Correct answer is: Raewyn Connell
Q.2 What does 'hegemonic masculinity' primarily emphasize?
Equality among genders
Dominance of men over women
Biological differences only
Rejection of gender norms
Explanation - Hegemonic masculinity describes practices that legitimize men's dominant position in society and justify the subordination of women.
Correct answer is: Dominance of men over women
Q.3 Which term refers to the pressure men feel to conform to traditional male roles?
Gender fluidity
Toxic masculinity
Social constructivism
Intersectionality
Explanation - Toxic masculinity describes cultural norms that can be harmful to men and society, enforcing restrictive male gender roles.
Correct answer is: Toxic masculinity
Q.4 Masculinity studies often analyze men’s roles in which social institution?
Family
Education
Workplace
All of the above
Explanation - Masculinity studies explore how male identities are shaped across family, education, workplace, and other institutions.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.5 Which concept challenges the idea that there is a single way to be a man?
Hegemonic masculinity
Multiple masculinities
Gender essentialism
Patriarchy
Explanation - The concept of multiple masculinities recognizes that men can express a variety of identities influenced by culture, class, and race.
Correct answer is: Multiple masculinities
Q.6 Which scholar emphasized the relational nature of gender, stating masculinity exists in relation to femininity?
Raewyn Connell
Judith Butler
Simone de Beauvoir
bell hooks
Explanation - Connell highlighted that masculinity is socially constructed and defined in relation to femininity and other masculinities.
Correct answer is: Raewyn Connell
Q.7 The idea that men are expected to be emotionally stoic and aggressive is an example of:
Hegemonic masculinity
Intersectionality
Feminist theory
Gender neutrality
Explanation - Hegemonic masculinity prescribes traits like stoicism, competitiveness, and dominance as socially desirable male behaviors.
Correct answer is: Hegemonic masculinity
Q.8 Which approach in masculinity studies examines how masculinity intersects with race, class, and sexuality?
Intersectional masculinity
Biological determinism
Gender performativity
Postmodernism
Explanation - Intersectional masculinity considers how multiple social factors shape male identities and experiences differently.
Correct answer is: Intersectional masculinity
Q.9 The concept of 'complicit masculinity' refers to men who:
Actively oppose patriarchy
Benefit from patriarchy without overtly dominating
Reject traditional gender roles
Are unaware of gender norms
Explanation - Complicit masculinity describes men who may not enact dominance but still gain advantages from patriarchal structures.
Correct answer is: Benefit from patriarchy without overtly dominating
Q.10 Which is an example of 'marginalized masculinity'?
Corporate CEO
Working-class man of color
Military officer
Heterosexual politician
Explanation - Marginalized masculinities exist in groups with less social power due to race, class, or sexuality, despite adhering to masculine norms.
Correct answer is: Working-class man of color
Q.11 Which feminist scholar influenced masculinity studies by analyzing patriarchy and gender power structures?
Judith Butler
Simone de Beauvoir
bell hooks
Nancy Chodorow
Explanation - bell hooks explored patriarchy and its impact on men and women, influencing how masculinity is studied in social contexts.
Correct answer is: bell hooks
Q.12 Men who deviate from traditional masculine norms may experience:
Social acceptance
Marginalization
Economic privilege
Political power
Explanation - Men not conforming to dominant masculinity can face social sanctions or reduced status in certain communities.
Correct answer is: Marginalization
Q.13 Which term describes the performance of masculinity according to societal expectations?
Gender performativity
Biological essentialism
Social stratification
Cultural relativism
Explanation - Judith Butler's concept of gender performativity suggests that gender is enacted through repeated behaviors aligned with societal norms.
Correct answer is: Gender performativity
Q.14 Masculinity studies often critique the link between male identity and:
Economic success
Violence and dominance
Educational attainment
Political affiliation
Explanation - Masculinity studies explore how certain male behaviors, like aggression and control, are socially constructed and valorized.
Correct answer is: Violence and dominance
Q.15 Which sociological concept examines how men are pressured to prove their masculinity through risk-taking?
Ritualized masculinity
Hypermasculinity
Cultural masculinity
Complicit masculinity
Explanation - Hypermasculinity exaggerates traits like toughness, aggression, and risk-taking to conform to dominant male ideals.
Correct answer is: Hypermasculinity
Q.16 The study of men’s emotional experiences and vulnerabilities is sometimes called:
Critical masculinity studies
Men’s studies
Gender performativity
Social stratification
Explanation - Men’s studies focus on male experiences, including emotions, identity, and social pressures, complementing broader masculinity studies.
Correct answer is: Men’s studies
Q.17 Which concept critiques how dominant masculinity marginalizes LGBTQ+ men?
Heteronormativity
Complicit masculinity
Multiple masculinities
Hypermasculinity
Explanation - Heteronormativity enforces heterosexual norms, marginalizing men who do not conform to dominant masculine ideals.
Correct answer is: Heteronormativity
Q.18 Connell’s concept of 'subordinated masculinities' refers to:
Men who challenge traditional gender roles
Men marginalized by dominant masculinity norms
Men in leadership roles
Men who support feminism actively
Explanation - Subordinated masculinities are those that are devalued because they do not fit hegemonic ideals, often including gay men or men perceived as weak.
Correct answer is: Men marginalized by dominant masculinity norms
Q.19 Which approach in masculinity studies examines how media representations shape male identity?
Cultural studies approach
Biological approach
Psychoanalytic approach
Economic determinism
Explanation - The cultural studies approach analyzes media, popular culture, and societal messages that influence how masculinity is understood and performed.
Correct answer is: Cultural studies approach
Q.20 Research in masculinity studies often links traditional male norms with:
Improved mental health
Educational achievement
Risky behaviors
Social equality
Explanation - Traditional masculine norms like dominance, aggression, and stoicism are associated with behaviors that may be harmful to men themselves or society.
Correct answer is: Risky behaviors
Q.21 Which term describes the process by which men are taught to suppress emotions and avoid vulnerability?
Emotional labor
Gender socialization
Toxic masculinity
Intersectionality
Explanation - Gender socialization teaches boys from childhood to conform to male norms, including emotional suppression, which can lead to toxic masculinity.
Correct answer is: Gender socialization
Q.22 Masculinity studies challenges the assumption that:
All men are powerful
Masculinity is universal
Men’s experiences are diverse
Social roles shape identity
Explanation - Masculinity studies show that masculinity is culturally and historically specific, not a fixed or universal identity.
Correct answer is: Masculinity is universal
Q.23 Which perspective views masculinity as a performance that can be resisted or altered?
Poststructuralist perspective
Functionalist perspective
Conflict perspective
Biological perspective
Explanation - Poststructuralist theories, influenced by Judith Butler, see gender and masculinity as performative, flexible, and socially constructed.
Correct answer is: Poststructuralist perspective
Q.24 Which term is used for men who actively work to challenge patriarchal structures?
Allied masculinity
Complicit masculinity
Hegemonic masculinity
Subordinated masculinity
Explanation - Allied masculinity refers to men who support gender equality and resist oppressive aspects of traditional masculinity.
Correct answer is: Allied masculinity
Q.25 Which issue is central to masculinity studies in contemporary society?
Environmental policy
Economic inflation
Male mental health
International trade
Explanation - Masculinity studies addresses how restrictive gender norms affect men’s mental health, emotional well-being, and social behavior.
Correct answer is: Male mental health