Q.1 Which term describes the unequal distribution of men and women across different occupations?
Occupational segregation
Gender mainstreaming
Glass ceiling
Wage gap
Explanation - Occupational segregation refers to the concentration of men and women in different kinds of jobs, often leading to inequality in opportunities and pay.
Correct answer is: Occupational segregation
Q.2 The term 'glass ceiling' refers to:
An invisible barrier preventing women from advancing in their careers
A policy promoting equal pay
A women-only leadership program
Legal restrictions on employment
Explanation - The 'glass ceiling' metaphor represents unseen obstacles that prevent women from reaching higher positions in organizations, despite qualifications.
Correct answer is: An invisible barrier preventing women from advancing in their careers
Q.3 Which sector has historically had higher female participation globally?
Healthcare and education
Construction
Mining
Engineering
Explanation - Women have historically been more involved in caregiving and teaching roles, which are part of healthcare and education sectors.
Correct answer is: Healthcare and education
Q.4 The term 'wage gap' primarily refers to:
Differences in pay between men and women for similar work
Differences in salary between countries
Salary differences due to education level
Differences in bonuses
Explanation - The wage gap highlights the disparity in earnings between men and women, even when they perform similar roles or have similar qualifications.
Correct answer is: Differences in pay between men and women for similar work
Q.5 Which policy is aimed at supporting women’s return to work after childbirth?
Maternity leave
Gender quota
Occupational segregation
Wage parity
Explanation - Maternity leave allows women to take time off work after childbirth without losing their employment, facilitating work-life balance.
Correct answer is: Maternity leave
Q.6 The 'second shift' refers to:
Domestic work women perform after paid employment
Overtime work in factories
Extra shifts in healthcare
Evening educational programs
Explanation - The 'second shift' concept, introduced by Arlie Hochschild, describes how women often work a full day professionally and then handle the majority of household and caregiving duties.
Correct answer is: Domestic work women perform after paid employment
Q.7 Which factor contributes most to occupational segregation?
Social norms and gender stereotypes
Globalization
Technological advancement
Urbanization
Explanation - Cultural expectations and stereotypes about what roles are 'suitable' for men and women drive the unequal distribution of genders in occupations.
Correct answer is: Social norms and gender stereotypes
Q.8 The concept of 'feminization of labor' refers to:
Increasing participation of women in paid work
Reduction of male-dominated industries
Men performing more household tasks
Equal pay for men and women
Explanation - Feminization of labor highlights the trend where more women enter the workforce, particularly in sectors previously dominated by men.
Correct answer is: Increasing participation of women in paid work
Q.9 Which of the following is a consequence of the gender wage gap?
Lower lifetime earnings for women
Equal promotion opportunities
Better work-life balance
Increased male unemployment
Explanation - The gender wage gap results in women earning less over their careers, affecting financial independence and retirement savings.
Correct answer is: Lower lifetime earnings for women
Q.10 Which strategy can organizations use to reduce gender inequality at work?
Implementing mentorship programs for women
Hiring only men for leadership roles
Maintaining traditional gender roles
Avoiding discussions on pay equity
Explanation - Mentorship programs support women's professional growth and help reduce barriers to career advancement.
Correct answer is: Implementing mentorship programs for women
Q.11 Part-time work is often associated with:
Higher female participation and lower pay
Equal pay for men and women
Leadership training opportunities
Promotion to managerial roles
Explanation - Women disproportionately occupy part-time roles due to family responsibilities, but these positions typically offer lower pay and fewer benefits.
Correct answer is: Higher female participation and lower pay
Q.12 The idea that women’s work is undervalued because it is traditionally ‘women’s work’ reflects:
Gendered division of labor
Meritocracy
Technological determinism
Labor union policies
Explanation - Society often undervalues occupations dominated by women, reflecting a gendered division of labor that assigns social status and pay differently.
Correct answer is: Gendered division of labor
Q.13 What is one key aim of gender mainstreaming in workplaces?
Integrating gender perspectives in all organizational policies
Hiring more men than women
Eliminating women-only programs
Segregating tasks by gender
Explanation - Gender mainstreaming ensures that the impact on gender equality is considered in all aspects of workplace policy and planning.
Correct answer is: Integrating gender perspectives in all organizational policies
Q.14 Which sociologist is well-known for the concept of the 'second shift'?
Arlie Hochschild
Max Weber
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Explanation - Arlie Hochschild introduced the 'second shift' to describe women’s dual burden of paid work and household responsibilities.
Correct answer is: Arlie Hochschild
Q.15 What does the term 'sticky floor' describe?
Barriers preventing women from advancing at lower levels
High wages in male-dominated jobs
Flexible working arrangements
Equal promotion policies
Explanation - 'Sticky floor' refers to the phenomenon where women remain in low-paying, low-mobility jobs and struggle to climb the career ladder.
Correct answer is: Barriers preventing women from advancing at lower levels
Q.16 One of the effects of gendered division of labor is:
Reinforcing social inequality
Creating identical job opportunities
Equal distribution of household tasks
Removing wage disparities
Explanation - Dividing work by gender perpetuates inequalities in income, status, and power between men and women.
Correct answer is: Reinforcing social inequality
Q.17 Which of the following policies can help close the gender wage gap?
Pay transparency and equal pay audits
Limiting female employment
Reducing maternity benefits
Segregating job roles by gender
Explanation - Making salaries transparent and auditing pay practices helps identify and correct disparities between men and women.
Correct answer is: Pay transparency and equal pay audits
Q.18 The term 'occupational crowding' refers to:
Excessive concentration of women in low-paying jobs
High employment rates among men
Overstaffing in factories
Gender-neutral hiring practices
Explanation - Occupational crowding describes how women are often confined to certain jobs, limiting access to better-paying positions.
Correct answer is: Excessive concentration of women in low-paying jobs
Q.19 Which factor can limit women's career progression in male-dominated workplaces?
Gender bias and discrimination
Flexible work hours
Mentorship programs
Equal pay legislation
Explanation - Biases and discriminatory practices prevent women from advancing or being considered for leadership roles.
Correct answer is: Gender bias and discrimination
Q.20 Part-time work is often preferred by women due to:
Family and caregiving responsibilities
Desire for leadership roles
Higher pay
Access to mentorship programs
Explanation - Women may choose part-time work to balance professional obligations with household and caregiving duties.
Correct answer is: Family and caregiving responsibilities
Q.21 The concentration of men in leadership positions and women in lower-level roles is an example of:
Vertical occupational segregation
Horizontal occupational segregation
Pay parity
Work-life balance
Explanation - Vertical segregation describes the unequal distribution of genders across hierarchical levels in organizations, with men in higher positions.
Correct answer is: Vertical occupational segregation
Q.22 Which strategy is most effective in promoting gender equality in the workplace?
Implementing family-friendly policies and flexible work arrangements
Hiring based on gender stereotypes
Maintaining traditional hierarchies
Reducing maternity leave benefits
Explanation - Policies like flexible hours, childcare support, and parental leave help women participate fully in the workforce.
Correct answer is: Implementing family-friendly policies and flexible work arrangements
Q.23 Gender pay gap is often larger in which type of jobs?
High-skill, high-responsibility jobs
Entry-level jobs
Part-time jobs with low responsibility
Internships
Explanation - Pay disparities often widen at higher levels of responsibility, where men dominate leadership roles and women face barriers.
Correct answer is: High-skill, high-responsibility jobs
Q.24 Which is an example of horizontal occupational segregation?
Men predominantly in engineering, women in nursing
Men in executive roles, women in clerical roles
Equal representation in all fields
Women in leadership, men in technical roles
Explanation - Horizontal segregation refers to the division of men and women across different types of jobs, rather than levels within jobs.
Correct answer is: Men predominantly in engineering, women in nursing
Q.25 Which factor can perpetuate gender inequality in the workplace even if legal equality exists?
Cultural norms and social expectations
Equal opportunity laws
Flexible work policies
Mentorship programs
Explanation - Even with laws ensuring equality, societal expectations about gender roles can influence hiring, promotions, and pay.
Correct answer is: Cultural norms and social expectations