Q.1 Which term describes a system of ideas and ideals that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy?
Culture
Ideology
Norm
Subculture
Explanation - An ideology is a set of beliefs and ideas that influence social, economic, and political behavior.
Correct answer is: Ideology
Q.2 Cultural relativism emphasizes that:
One culture is superior to another
Cultures should be judged by universal standards
Cultures should be understood in their own context
All cultures are identical
Explanation - Cultural relativism asserts that beliefs and practices must be evaluated relative to the culture in which they occur.
Correct answer is: Cultures should be understood in their own context
Q.3 Which sociologist is most associated with the concept of the 'collective conscience'?
Karl Marx
Émile Durkheim
Max Weber
Herbert Spencer
Explanation - Durkheim introduced the idea of collective conscience as the set of shared beliefs and moral attitudes in a society.
Correct answer is: Émile Durkheim
Q.4 The belief that religious institutions should be separated from the state is called:
Secularism
Theocracy
Fundamentalism
Rationalism
Explanation - Secularism promotes the separation of religious institutions from political and governmental institutions.
Correct answer is: Secularism
Q.5 Which ideology emphasizes class struggle and the redistribution of wealth?
Liberalism
Socialism
Conservatism
Fascism
Explanation - Socialism advocates for collective or governmental control over production and a focus on social equality.
Correct answer is: Socialism
Q.6 The term 'ethnocentrism' refers to:
Evaluating other cultures based on one’s own culture
Adopting another culture’s practices
Rejecting all cultural differences
Studying cultures objectively
Explanation - Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to judge other cultures accordingly.
Correct answer is: Evaluating other cultures based on one’s own culture
Q.7 Which ideology promotes minimal government intervention in the economy?
Marxism
Liberalism
Socialism
Anarchism
Explanation - Classical liberalism emphasizes individual freedoms and limited government interference in economic matters.
Correct answer is: Liberalism
Q.8 Fundamentalism in religion is best described as:
A moderate approach to belief
Strict adherence to traditional doctrines
Rejection of all religious practices
Syncretism of multiple religions
Explanation - Fundamentalism involves a literal interpretation and strict following of religious texts and traditions.
Correct answer is: Strict adherence to traditional doctrines
Q.9 Which of the following is an example of a dominant ideology in capitalist societies?
Meritocracy
Communalism
Feudalism
Tribalism
Explanation - Meritocracy is an ideology suggesting that success is based on individual talent and effort, often dominant in capitalist societies.
Correct answer is: Meritocracy
Q.10 Max Weber linked religion to the development of capitalism in his work:
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Capital
Division of Labor in Society
Economy and Society
Explanation - Weber argued that Protestant ethics, particularly Calvinist beliefs, encouraged behaviors conducive to capitalist development.
Correct answer is: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Q.11 Which term refers to the process of absorbing elements of another culture?
Acculturation
Assimilation
Integration
Ethnocentrism
Explanation - Acculturation occurs when members of one culture adopt aspects of another culture while maintaining their original cultural identity.
Correct answer is: Acculturation
Q.12 The ideology that emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional institutions and resisting rapid change is:
Liberalism
Conservatism
Socialism
Feminism
Explanation - Conservatism values tradition, social stability, and continuity over radical reforms or revolutions.
Correct answer is: Conservatism
Q.13 Cultural hegemony is a concept developed by which thinker?
Antonio Gramsci
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber
Explanation - Gramsci introduced cultural hegemony to explain how dominant groups maintain power through ideology and cultural institutions.
Correct answer is: Antonio Gramsci
Q.14 Which of the following best represents a counter-ideology?
Marxism opposing capitalism
Liberalism supporting free markets
Conservatism preserving tradition
Fascism promoting nationalism
Explanation - A counter-ideology challenges dominant social, political, or economic ideologies.
Correct answer is: Marxism opposing capitalism
Q.15 Religious pluralism refers to:
The dominance of one religion
The coexistence of multiple religions in a society
Rejection of all religions
The merging of all religions into one
Explanation - Religious pluralism promotes tolerance and recognition of different religious beliefs within a society.
Correct answer is: The coexistence of multiple religions in a society
Q.16 Which ideology emphasizes gender equality and challenges traditional patriarchal norms?
Feminism
Conservatism
Marxism
Liberalism
Explanation - Feminism advocates for social, political, and economic equality of all genders.
Correct answer is: Feminism
Q.17 The term 'myth' in sociology often refers to:
A literal historical fact
A traditional story that conveys cultural beliefs
A scientific principle
A political ideology
Explanation - Myths often transmit values, morals, and cultural norms across generations.
Correct answer is: A traditional story that conveys cultural beliefs
Q.18 Which of the following is considered an example of secular ideology?
Communism
Hinduism
Islamism
Christian fundamentalism
Explanation - Communism is a secular ideology that promotes social and economic equality without relying on religious doctrine.
Correct answer is: Communism
Q.19 In sociology, a norm is best defined as:
A widely shared belief about what is good or desirable
A formal law enforced by the state
A standard or rule governing behavior in a society
An individual opinion
Explanation - Norms are expectations or rules guiding behavior in social groups.
Correct answer is: A standard or rule governing behavior in a society
Q.20 Which ideology emphasizes the collective ownership of the means of production?
Liberalism
Marxism
Fascism
Conservatism
Explanation - Marxism advocates for communal ownership to reduce class inequality and promote social justice.
Correct answer is: Marxism
Q.21 Rituals in society primarily serve to:
Communicate religious doctrines
Reinforce social cohesion and shared beliefs
Provide entertainment
Promote technological development
Explanation - Rituals help maintain social order by symbolically expressing collective values and norms.
Correct answer is: Reinforce social cohesion and shared beliefs
Q.22 The belief in progress, science, and rationality as guiding principles is central to which ideology?
Liberalism
Modernism
Conservatism
Fundamentalism
Explanation - Modernism emphasizes reason, science, and progress as foundations for social organization.
Correct answer is: Modernism
Q.23 Which sociological theory focuses on the role of ideology in maintaining social inequalities?
Functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Rational Choice Theory
Explanation - Conflict theory, inspired by Marx, emphasizes how dominant ideologies serve the interests of powerful groups.
Correct answer is: Conflict theory
Q.24 Syncretism refers to:
The blending of different cultural or religious traditions
The rejection of all traditions
Strict adherence to one ideology
The spread of one dominant culture
Explanation - Syncretism involves combining elements from multiple cultural or religious systems to form new practices or beliefs.
Correct answer is: The blending of different cultural or religious traditions