Q.1 Which of the following is the primary agent of chemical weathering?
Wind
Water
Glaciers
Sunlight
Explanation - Chemical weathering mainly involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions, and water facilitates processes like hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation.
Correct answer is: Water
Q.2 The Himalayas were primarily formed due to which type of plate boundary?
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Passive
Explanation - The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, which is a convergent plate boundary.
Correct answer is: Convergent
Q.3 Which process leads to the formation of U-shaped valleys?
River erosion
Glacial erosion
Wind erosion
Volcanic activity
Explanation - U-shaped valleys are characteristic features formed by glaciers as they carve out a wide, rounded valley.
Correct answer is: Glacial erosion
Q.4 Which landform is a result of wind erosion in arid regions?
Mesa
Canyon
Dune
Fjord
Explanation - Dunes are formed by the accumulation and movement of sand shaped by wind in deserts and coastal areas.
Correct answer is: Dune
Q.5 The process by which rocks break down into smaller particles without changing their chemical composition is called:
Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Explanation - Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks into smaller pieces without altering their chemical composition.
Correct answer is: Mechanical weathering
Q.6 Which type of drainage pattern resembles the branches of a tree?
Radial
Trellis
Dendritic
Rectangular
Explanation - Dendritic drainage patterns develop in regions where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain, resembling tree branches.
Correct answer is: Dendritic
Q.7 A hanging valley is commonly associated with:
River erosion
Glacial erosion
Coastal erosion
Volcanic activity
Explanation - Hanging valleys are formed when a smaller glacier meets a larger glacier, leaving a valley that is elevated above the main valley floor.
Correct answer is: Glacial erosion
Q.8 Which type of volcanic landform is characterized by gentle slopes and large diameter?
Cinder cone
Shield volcano
Composite volcano
Lava dome
Explanation - Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes formed by low-viscosity lava spreading over large areas.
Correct answer is: Shield volcano
Q.9 Which geomorphic process is responsible for the formation of stalactites and stalagmites?
Wind erosion
Glacial movement
Chemical precipitation
River deposition
Explanation - Stalactites and stalagmites form in caves due to the deposition of calcium carbonate from dripping water.
Correct answer is: Chemical precipitation
Q.10 Which of the following is a depositional feature of a river?
Meander
V-shaped valley
Floodplain
Canyon
Explanation - Floodplains are flat areas beside rivers formed by the deposition of sediments during floods.
Correct answer is: Floodplain
Q.11 Which type of glacier flows from high mountains to lowlands?
Ice sheet
Alpine glacier
Piedmont glacier
Cirque glacier
Explanation - Alpine glaciers originate in mountains and flow down valleys due to gravity.
Correct answer is: Alpine glacier
Q.12 The Grand Canyon is an example of landform formed primarily by:
Glacial erosion
River erosion
Wind erosion
Tectonic uplift
Explanation - The Grand Canyon was carved by the Colorado River over millions of years through the process of river erosion.
Correct answer is: River erosion
Q.13 Which process describes the removal and transportation of rock particles by rivers, glaciers, or wind?
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Mass wasting
Explanation - Erosion involves the movement of weathered materials from one location to another by natural agents.
Correct answer is: Erosion
Q.14 Which type of soil erosion is caused by the flow of water over a uniform slope in thin layers?
Sheet erosion
Gully erosion
Rill erosion
Wind erosion
Explanation - Sheet erosion occurs when a thin layer of soil is removed uniformly from a large area due to rainfall or surface runoff.
Correct answer is: Sheet erosion
Q.15 Karst topography is mainly associated with which rock type?
Granite
Sandstone
Limestone
Basalt
Explanation - Karst landscapes form due to the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, leading to features such as sinkholes and caves.
Correct answer is: Limestone
Q.16 Which of the following is a feature of coastal erosion?
Spit
Stack
Alluvial fan
Delta
Explanation - Stacks are vertical columns of rock near coastlines formed by wave erosion.
Correct answer is: Stack
Q.17 Which term describes the gradual wearing away of rock surfaces by particles carried in wind or water?
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydrolysis
Explanation - Abrasion occurs when rock surfaces are mechanically worn down by friction and impact of particles in moving water or wind.
Correct answer is: Abrasion
Q.18 Which type of volcano is most explosive and dangerous?
Shield volcano
Cinder cone
Composite volcano
Lava dome
Explanation - Composite volcanoes have steep slopes and erupt explosively due to viscous magma, often producing pyroclastic flows.
Correct answer is: Composite volcano
Q.19 The process of vertical and horizontal movement of soil and rock down a slope under gravity is called:
Mass wasting
Erosion
Weathering
Deposition
Explanation - Mass wasting is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity without the involvement of a transporting medium like water.
Correct answer is: Mass wasting
Q.20 Which type of river feature forms when a meander is cut off from the main channel?
Oxbow lake
Braided river
Delta
Levee
Explanation - An oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off due to erosion and deposition, leaving a crescent-shaped lake.
Correct answer is: Oxbow lake
Q.21 Loess deposits are primarily composed of:
Sand
Silt
Clay
Gravel
Explanation - Loess is a fine-grained, wind-deposited sediment mainly composed of silt, often forming fertile soils.
Correct answer is: Silt
Q.22 Which landform is created by glacial deposition?
Moraine
V-shaped valley
Canyon
Mesa
Explanation - Moraines are accumulations of debris deposited by glaciers along their sides or terminus.
Correct answer is: Moraine
Q.23 Which type of fold has the youngest rocks at the core?
Anticline
Syncline
Monocline
Overturned fold
Explanation - In a syncline, the youngest rock layers are at the center of the fold, with older rocks on the outside.
Correct answer is: Syncline
Q.24 Which of the following is an example of a glacial lake?
Lake Baikal
Lake Victoria
Lake Michigan
Lake Tanganyika
Explanation - Lake Baikal in Siberia was formed by glacial and tectonic processes, making it a classic example of a glacial lake.
Correct answer is: Lake Baikal
Q.25 Which process contributes to the formation of desert pavements?
Deflation
Abrasion
Salt weathering
Alluvial deposition
Explanation - Deflation is the removal of fine particles by wind, leaving behind a surface of larger, closely packed stones called desert pavement.
Correct answer is: Deflation