Q.1 Which subsistence strategy involves domestication of plants and animals to produce food?
Foraging
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Industrialism
Explanation - Horticulture is small-scale, low-intensity farming that relies on domesticated plants, often supplemented by foraging.
Correct answer is: Horticulture
Q.2 Pastoralism primarily depends on:
Hunting wild animals
Domesticating animals for food and trade
Fishing in rivers
Large-scale industrial farming
Explanation - Pastoralism is an economic system focused on the domestication and breeding of livestock, often in areas unsuitable for agriculture.
Correct answer is: Domesticating animals for food and trade
Q.3 In which economic system do people rely primarily on wild resources for subsistence?
Foraging
Horticulture
Agriculture
Pastoralism
Explanation - Foraging, also called hunting and gathering, involves collecting wild plants and hunting animals for food.
Correct answer is: Foraging
Q.4 Intensive agriculture differs from horticulture because it:
Uses more land and less labor
Relies on large-scale irrigation and plowing
Does not require domesticated plants
Is less productive per hectare
Explanation - Intensive agriculture uses complex tools, irrigation, and soil management to produce high yields from relatively small plots.
Correct answer is: Relies on large-scale irrigation and plowing
Q.5 Which type of reciprocity involves giving without expecting anything immediately in return?
Balanced
Generalized
Negative
Market
Explanation - Generalized reciprocity is common among close kin and relies on trust that returns will be made in the future, not immediately.
Correct answer is: Generalized
Q.6 A potlatch ceremony is an example of:
Market exchange
Redistribution
Balanced reciprocity
Negative reciprocity
Explanation - Potlatch involves a community member giving away or destroying wealth to gain social status, reflecting redistribution rather than direct trade.
Correct answer is: Redistribution
Q.7 Which economic system is characterized by specialization of labor and production for profit?
Foraging
Industrialism
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Explanation - Industrialism relies on machines and specialization to produce surplus goods for market exchange, generating profit.
Correct answer is: Industrialism
Q.8 Balanced reciprocity is most likely to occur between:
Close family members
Strangers or distant acquaintances
Market traders
Government officials
Explanation - Balanced reciprocity involves giving with the expectation of a roughly equal return within a set time frame, common among non-kin.
Correct answer is: Strangers or distant acquaintances
Q.9 Which subsistence strategy is most sustainable in arid or semi-arid regions?
Intensive agriculture
Foraging
Pastoralism
Horticulture
Explanation - Pastoralism suits dry regions where soil cannot support crops but livestock can graze on sparse vegetation.
Correct answer is: Pastoralism
Q.10 The term 'mode of production' in cultural anthropology refers to:
The way society organizes labor and resources to meet needs
The speed of industrial output
Trade networks between nations
Consumption patterns of urban areas
Explanation - A mode of production describes how societies structure labor and resources to produce goods and services for subsistence or profit.
Correct answer is: The way society organizes labor and resources to meet needs
Q.11 Which economic system often creates social stratification based on wealth and access to resources?
Foraging
Horticulture
Intensive agriculture
Pastoralism
Explanation - Intensive agriculture generates surpluses that can be accumulated, leading to inequalities in wealth and social hierarchy.
Correct answer is: Intensive agriculture
Q.12 Which form of exchange is characteristic of market economies?
Redistribution
Reciprocity
Barter with standardized prices
Gift-giving ceremonies
Explanation - Market exchange relies on money or equivalent systems and standardized prices for goods and services.
Correct answer is: Barter with standardized prices
Q.13 What distinguishes horticulture from intensive agriculture?
Use of irrigation and plowing
Reliance on wild plants
Absence of surplus production
Raising livestock exclusively
Explanation - Horticulture is small-scale subsistence farming with minimal surpluses, unlike intensive agriculture which produces significant surpluses.
Correct answer is: Absence of surplus production
Q.14 In cultural anthropology, a 'household economy' refers to:
Economic activities centered around a household
Trade between cities
Industrial manufacturing units
Government-managed farms
Explanation - Household economies are small-scale units where production and consumption happen primarily within the household.
Correct answer is: Economic activities centered around a household
Q.15 Which subsistence method is least likely to produce social inequality?
Foraging
Horticulture
Intensive agriculture
Industrialism
Explanation - Foraging societies tend to be egalitarian, as resources are shared and there is little accumulation of surplus wealth.
Correct answer is: Foraging
Q.16 Negative reciprocity is most often associated with:
Close kin
Hostile or distant relationships
Redistribution ceremonies
Market transactions
Explanation - Negative reciprocity involves attempting to get more than what one gives, often occurring among strangers or competitors.
Correct answer is: Hostile or distant relationships
Q.17 Which of the following is a key feature of a pastoralist society?
Permanent settlements with irrigation systems
Nomadic movement following herds
Dependence on hunting and gathering
Large-scale industrial production
Explanation - Pastoralists often move seasonally to access pasture for their animals, adapting to environmental constraints.
Correct answer is: Nomadic movement following herds
Q.18 What is the main purpose of redistribution in a chiefdom?
Profit for individual merchants
Ensuring social cohesion and support
Accumulating wealth for private estates
Bartering with neighboring groups
Explanation - In chiefdoms, chiefs collect surplus and redistribute it to maintain loyalty and social cohesion.
Correct answer is: Ensuring social cohesion and support
Q.19 The concept of 'economic anthropology' primarily studies:
Ancient trade routes only
Human economic behavior in cultural context
Stock markets and investments
Agricultural machinery efficiency
Explanation - Economic anthropology examines how humans organize production, distribution, and consumption across societies.
Correct answer is: Human economic behavior in cultural context
Q.20 Hunting and gathering societies are generally characterized by:
Large populations and urban centers
High mobility and small group sizes
Intensive agriculture
Complex market systems
Explanation - Foraging societies tend to have small, mobile groups to effectively exploit natural resources.
Correct answer is: High mobility and small group sizes
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of generalized reciprocity?
A parent feeding their child
Paying for groceries
Trading goods with a stranger
Selling surplus at a market
Explanation - Generalized reciprocity occurs without expectation of immediate return, typical in close kin relationships.
Correct answer is: A parent feeding their child
Q.22 The shift from foraging to agriculture is known as:
The Industrial Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution
The Bronze Age
The Urban Revolution
Explanation - The Neolithic Revolution marked the transition from hunting-gathering to farming, leading to settled communities and population growth.
Correct answer is: The Neolithic Revolution
Q.23 Which of the following best describes a market economy?
Goods are produced for personal consumption
Trade occurs through formal and informal markets with prices
Surplus is redistributed by a chief
Everything is shared equally among group members
Explanation - Market economies rely on supply and demand, with goods and services exchanged for money or equivalent value.
Correct answer is: Trade occurs through formal and informal markets with prices
Q.24 Which subsistence strategy typically supports the largest population densities?
Foraging
Horticulture
Intensive agriculture
Pastoralism
Explanation - Intensive agriculture produces surplus food, enabling large, sedentary populations.
Correct answer is: Intensive agriculture