Q.1 What is the primary goal of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) in archaeology?
To excavate as many artifacts as possible
To preserve and protect cultural heritage
To create replicas of ancient objects
To study modern cultural trends
Explanation - CRM focuses on the identification, protection, and management of cultural resources, including archaeological sites, historic buildings, and artifacts, rather than mere excavation.
Correct answer is: To preserve and protect cultural heritage
Q.2 Which US federal law primarily governs CRM practices for federally funded projects?
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
Explanation - NHPA requires federal agencies to consider the effects of their undertakings on historic properties and cultural resources, forming the basis of CRM in the US.
Correct answer is: National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
Q.3 What is a common method used in CRM to document archaeological sites before development?
Carbon dating
Field survey and mapping
Experimental archaeology
Digital 3D printing
Explanation - CRM professionals conduct surveys and mapping to record the location, size, and nature of archaeological sites, ensuring they are documented prior to construction or land alteration.
Correct answer is: Field survey and mapping
Q.4 Which professional is most likely to work in Cultural Resource Management?
Forensic scientist
Cultural heritage consultant
Software engineer
Medical anthropologist
Explanation - CRM often involves consultants who advise on heritage conservation, compliance with laws, and mitigation strategies for archaeological sites.
Correct answer is: Cultural heritage consultant
Q.5 What does the term 'mitigation' refer to in CRM projects?
Reducing the impact of development on cultural resources
Increasing the excavation speed
Building replicas of artifacts
Relocating local communities
Explanation - Mitigation strategies in CRM involve actions such as site excavation, documentation, or preservation to minimize adverse effects of development projects on cultural heritage.
Correct answer is: Reducing the impact of development on cultural resources
Q.6 Which type of resource is NOT typically managed under CRM?
Archaeological sites
Historic buildings
Modern urban infrastructure
Cultural landscapes
Explanation - CRM focuses on cultural resources like archaeological sites, historic structures, and landscapes; modern infrastructure is outside its purview unless it impacts these resources.
Correct answer is: Modern urban infrastructure
Q.7 Who often collaborates with CRM specialists to respect indigenous cultural sites?
Local government officials
Native communities
Environmental engineers
Tourist agencies
Explanation - CRM work often requires consultation with indigenous or local communities to ensure culturally sensitive practices are followed.
Correct answer is: Native communities
Q.8 What is the significance of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) in CRM?
It regulates excavation permits on federal lands
It funds CRM projects
It allows private collection of artifacts
It replaces all other heritage laws
Explanation - ARPA provides legal protection for archaeological resources on federal and tribal lands, regulating excavation, collection, and trafficking of artifacts.
Correct answer is: It regulates excavation permits on federal lands
Q.9 Which technology is increasingly used in CRM for site documentation?
LiDAR and GIS mapping
X-ray crystallography
DNA sequencing
Magnetic resonance imaging
Explanation - LiDAR and GIS allow CRM professionals to map and analyze archaeological sites with precision, even in difficult terrain.
Correct answer is: LiDAR and GIS mapping
Q.10 In CRM, what is a 'Phase I Survey'?
A detailed excavation
A preliminary assessment of a site
Restoration of historic buildings
Community outreach programs
Explanation - Phase I surveys are initial assessments to identify and record cultural resources before development or land alteration.
Correct answer is: A preliminary assessment of a site
Q.11 Why is public education important in CRM?
It encourages artifact trade
It promotes awareness and protection of heritage
It replaces professional research
It generates tourism revenue only
Explanation - Educating the public helps communities value and protect their cultural resources, supporting CRM goals.
Correct answer is: It promotes awareness and protection of heritage
Q.12 Which activity could be considered illegal under CRM laws?
Consulting with indigenous groups
Excavating artifacts on federal land without a permit
Documenting historic structures
Conducting archival research
Explanation - Unauthorized excavation of archaeological resources on protected lands violates laws like ARPA and NHPA.
Correct answer is: Excavating artifacts on federal land without a permit
Q.13 Cultural landscapes in CRM refer to:
Modern city layouts
Natural areas with historical and cultural significance
Private gardens
Industrial zones
Explanation - Cultural landscapes include areas shaped by human interaction with the environment, holding historical, cultural, or aesthetic value.
Correct answer is: Natural areas with historical and cultural significance
Q.14 What is the main purpose of the National Register of Historic Places?
To fund commercial developments
To list and protect historic and cultural sites
To regulate all land use
To catalog only ancient artifacts
Explanation - The National Register provides recognition and protection for significant historic sites, aiding CRM efforts.
Correct answer is: To list and protect historic and cultural sites
Q.15 What is an example of a mitigation strategy in CRM?
Ignoring site threats
Detailed excavation before construction
Building new roads through sites
Relocating modern buildings
Explanation - Mitigation can involve data recovery through excavation, ensuring important information is preserved before destruction or alteration.
Correct answer is: Detailed excavation before construction
Q.16 Which of the following is a key ethical principle in CRM?
Profit maximization from artifacts
Respect for cultural and community values
Removing all traces of ancient sites
Publishing secret site locations online
Explanation - CRM professionals must consider the cultural significance of sites and engage respectfully with affected communities.
Correct answer is: Respect for cultural and community values
Q.17 What role do environmental impact assessments (EIAs) play in CRM?
They replace legal permits
They help evaluate how development affects cultural resources
They focus solely on endangered species
They are unrelated to archaeology
Explanation - EIAs include assessments of cultural heritage impacts to ensure development projects comply with preservation laws.
Correct answer is: They help evaluate how development affects cultural resources
Q.18 What is the purpose of a Phase II CRM study?
To conduct a detailed site evaluation after initial survey
To excavate the entire site
To educate school students
To develop tourism plans
Explanation - Phase II involves more intensive investigation of identified sites to determine their significance and plan mitigation strategies.
Correct answer is: To conduct a detailed site evaluation after initial survey
Q.19 Which international convention guides the protection of cultural heritage globally?
UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Paris Climate Agreement
Geneva Convention
Kyoto Protocol
Explanation - This convention aims to identify, protect, and preserve cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value.
Correct answer is: UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Q.20 Why is CRM considered important in urban development projects?
It slows down construction unnecessarily
It ensures historic sites are not destroyed during development
It focuses on modern architecture only
It replaces municipal planning
Explanation - CRM integrates cultural heritage considerations into urban planning to balance development with preservation.
Correct answer is: It ensures historic sites are not destroyed during development
Q.21 Which type of artifact would typically require CRM intervention?
Ancient pottery found at a construction site
Modern household items
Brand-new electronics
Commercial packaging
Explanation - Artifacts of historical or cultural significance discovered during land development are protected under CRM regulations.
Correct answer is: Ancient pottery found at a construction site
Q.22 Which stage in CRM involves consultation with stakeholders and communities?
Phase I Survey
Phase II Evaluation
Phase III Mitigation
Throughout all phases
Explanation - Stakeholder and community consultation is an ongoing process in CRM to ensure ethical and culturally sensitive practices.
Correct answer is: Throughout all phases
Q.23 What is the significance of artifact curation in CRM?
It allows long-term preservation and research
It increases commercial value
It is only for museum display
It involves selling artifacts to collectors
Explanation - Curating artifacts ensures their preservation for study, public education, and future generations.
Correct answer is: It allows long-term preservation and research
Q.24 Which of the following best describes 'cultural resource'?
Any modern building
Objects, sites, or structures with historical, archaeological, or cultural significance
Natural resources like water and minerals
Only human remains
Explanation - Cultural resources encompass artifacts, historic buildings, archaeological sites, and landscapes of cultural importance.
Correct answer is: Objects, sites, or structures with historical, archaeological, or cultural significance
Q.25 In CRM, what is the main difference between Phase II and Phase III investigations?
Phase II is preliminary survey, Phase III is community outreach
Phase II evaluates sites, Phase III mitigates adverse impacts
Phase II builds new structures, Phase III documents them
Phase II is optional, Phase III is mandatory
Explanation - Phase II involves detailed site evaluation, while Phase III implements mitigation strategies like excavation or preservation.
Correct answer is: Phase II evaluates sites, Phase III mitigates adverse impacts