Q.1 Which of the following best describes 'prosocial behavior'?
Behavior intended to harm others
Behavior intended to benefit others
Behavior with no social impact
Behavior motivated by self-interest
Explanation - Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions intended to help or benefit others, such as helping, sharing, or comforting.
Correct answer is: Behavior intended to benefit others
Q.2 What is the term for aggression that occurs in response to a perceived threat or frustration?
Instrumental aggression
Hostile aggression
Passive aggression
Relational aggression
Explanation - Hostile aggression is driven by anger with the primary goal of causing harm, often in response to provocation.
Correct answer is: Hostile aggression
Q.3 Which psychological theory suggests that aggression is learned through observation and imitation?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Social Learning Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
Drive Reduction Theory
Explanation - Bandura's Social Learning Theory posits that people can learn aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating others, especially role models.
Correct answer is: Social Learning Theory
Q.4 Which factor is most likely to increase prosocial behavior according to the bystander effect research?
Presence of many witnesses
Feeling of personal responsibility
Unclear emergency
Diffusion of responsibility
Explanation - The bystander effect shows that individuals are more likely to help when they feel personally responsible for intervening.
Correct answer is: Feeling of personal responsibility
Q.5 What does 'instrumental aggression' primarily aim to achieve?
Express anger
Inflict emotional pain
Obtain a goal or reward
Maintain social relationships
Explanation - Instrumental aggression is goal-directed and used as a means to achieve an objective, rather than out of anger.
Correct answer is: Obtain a goal or reward
Q.6 Which hormone has been linked to increased aggressive behavior?
Serotonin
Cortisol
Testosterone
Oxytocin
Explanation - Higher levels of testosterone are associated with increased aggression, especially in competitive or threatening situations.
Correct answer is: Testosterone
Q.7 Which of the following is an example of altruism?
Stealing food to feed your family
Donating anonymously to charity
Arguing to win a debate
Cheating on a test
Explanation - Altruism refers to helping others with no expectation of personal gain.
Correct answer is: Donating anonymously to charity
Q.8 Which situation is most likely to elicit aggressive behavior according to frustration-aggression theory?
Achieving a long-term goal
Experiencing repeated obstacles
Receiving positive feedback
Relaxing after work
Explanation - Frustration-aggression theory posits that frustration from blocked goals often leads to aggressive responses.
Correct answer is: Experiencing repeated obstacles
Q.9 What does the term 'relational aggression' refer to?
Physical harm to others
Verbal insults only
Damage to social relationships
Self-directed anger
Explanation - Relational aggression involves harming others through manipulation of relationships, such as spreading rumors or exclusion.
Correct answer is: Damage to social relationships
Q.10 Which social factor can reduce aggressive behavior in individuals?
Observing violent media
Social norms discouraging violence
High crowd density
Provocation
Explanation - Norms that discourage aggression help regulate behavior and reduce the likelihood of violent actions.
Correct answer is: Social norms discouraging violence
Q.11 In Milgram’s experiment, participants often obeyed authority even when causing harm. This demonstrates which concept?
Prosocial behavior
Obedience to authority
Aggression inhibition
Bystander effect
Explanation - Milgram’s study showed that people might commit harmful actions if instructed by an authority figure, highlighting obedience over personal morals.
Correct answer is: Obedience to authority
Q.12 Which of the following is a situational factor that can increase aggression?
High ambient temperature
Low self-esteem
Empathy towards others
Strong moral beliefs
Explanation - Research shows that hot temperatures can increase irritability and the likelihood of aggressive behavior.
Correct answer is: High ambient temperature
Q.13 The tendency to help others who are similar to oneself is explained by which concept?
Kin selection
Reciprocity norm
Similarity-attraction hypothesis
Groupthink
Explanation - People are more likely to help those who share characteristics with them, due to perceived similarity and empathy.
Correct answer is: Similarity-attraction hypothesis
Q.14 Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the regulation of aggression?
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Acetylcholine
Explanation - Low levels of serotonin are linked to impulsive aggression, while higher levels help regulate aggressive impulses.
Correct answer is: Serotonin
Q.15 Which term describes helping behavior performed in return for past help received?
Altruism
Reciprocity
Obedience
Frustration-aggression
Explanation - The norm of reciprocity encourages people to return favors or help when they have been helped.
Correct answer is: Reciprocity
Q.16 Which type of aggression is premeditated and used to achieve a specific goal?
Instrumental aggression
Hostile aggression
Reactive aggression
Impulsive aggression
Explanation - Instrumental aggression is calculated and goal-oriented, unlike impulsive aggression which is emotional.
Correct answer is: Instrumental aggression
Q.17 According to empathy-altruism hypothesis, what motivates true altruistic behavior?
Desire for social approval
Empathy for the person in need
Fear of punishment
Expectation of reward
Explanation - This hypothesis proposes that empathy can lead to selfless helping behaviors, even without expectation of personal gain.
Correct answer is: Empathy for the person in need
Q.18 Which phenomenon describes the reduced likelihood of helping when other people are present?
Diffusion of responsibility
Social facilitation
Conformity
Altruistic inhibition
Explanation - In the presence of others, individuals may feel less personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood of helping.
Correct answer is: Diffusion of responsibility
Q.19 Which experimental method is commonly used to study aggression in controlled settings?
Naturalistic observation
Laboratory aggression paradigms
Case studies
Ethnography
Explanation - Researchers use controlled lab paradigms, like the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, to measure aggressive responses under experimental conditions.
Correct answer is: Laboratory aggression paradigms
Q.20 Which social factor can increase prosocial behavior in an emergency?
Ambiguous situation
Presence of a knowledgeable leader
High crowd density
Feeling anonymous
Explanation - Having a leader or someone confident in handling the situation can guide others to help, reducing hesitation.
Correct answer is: Presence of a knowledgeable leader
Q.21 Which of the following is a biological explanation for aggression?
Operant conditioning
Testosterone levels
Social norms
Frustration from blocked goals
Explanation - Aggression can have a biological basis, such as hormone levels (e.g., testosterone) influencing aggressive tendencies.
Correct answer is: Testosterone levels
Q.22 Which term describes the act of helping someone without expecting anything in return?
Reciprocal altruism
Prosocial behavior
Instrumental aggression
Reactive aggression
Explanation - Prosocial behavior is helping behavior that benefits others, motivated by concern rather than self-interest.
Correct answer is: Prosocial behavior
Q.23 Which concept suggests that aggressive behavior can be reduced by releasing it harmlessly?
Catharsis
Reciprocity
Empathy
Bystander effect
Explanation - The catharsis hypothesis proposes that expressing aggressive energy in safe ways can reduce future aggression.
Correct answer is: Catharsis
Q.24 Which factor makes people more likely to engage in prosocial behavior in non-emergency situations?
Mood improvement
High stress
Crowd diffusion
Unclear social norms
Explanation - Positive mood increases the likelihood of helping others, even when there is no immediate emergency.
Correct answer is: Mood improvement
Q.25 Which type of aggression is most common among children when they exclude peers or spread rumors?
Physical aggression
Verbal aggression
Relational aggression
Instrumental aggression
Explanation - Relational aggression involves harming others through manipulation of social relationships and is often observed in school-aged children.
Correct answer is: Relational aggression