Q.1 Which of the following is the primary purpose of measurement in psychology?
To describe and quantify psychological attributes
To provide entertainment for participants
To create complex mathematical models without data
To manipulate participant behavior
Explanation - Measurement in psychology aims to assign numbers or labels to psychological traits so they can be described, compared, and analyzed.
Correct answer is: To describe and quantify psychological attributes
Q.2 What type of scale of measurement uses only categories without a meaningful order?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Explanation - Nominal scales categorize data without implying any order; examples include gender or blood type.
Correct answer is: Nominal
Q.3 Which scale of measurement has equal intervals but no true zero point?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Explanation - Interval scales have equal distances between values, but zero is arbitrary (e.g., temperature in Celsius).
Correct answer is: Interval
Q.4 Which scale of measurement has a true zero and allows for meaningful ratios?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Explanation - Ratio scales have all interval scale properties plus a true zero, enabling statements like 'twice as much'.
Correct answer is: Ratio
Q.5 A Likert scale is typically an example of which measurement scale?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Explanation - Likert scales rank responses (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree), so the order matters but the intervals may not be equal.
Correct answer is: Ordinal
Q.6 Reliability in psychological measurement refers to:
The consistency of a measurement over time
The accuracy of the measurement in representing reality
The ability to measure multiple constructs simultaneously
The use of advanced statistical tools
Explanation - Reliability indicates whether repeated measurements under similar conditions produce similar results.
Correct answer is: The consistency of a measurement over time
Q.7 Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?
Test-retest reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Internal consistency
Construct validity
Explanation - Construct validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure, not a type of reliability.
Correct answer is: Construct validity
Q.8 Validity refers to:
The consistency of a measurement
The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure
The number of items on a test
The length of time taken to administer a test
Explanation - Validity ensures that the instrument accurately reflects the construct under investigation.
Correct answer is: The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure
Q.9 Content validity is best assessed by:
Statistical correlation with another test
Expert judgment of the test items
Test-retest consistency
Internal reliability coefficient
Explanation - Content validity evaluates whether test items cover all aspects of the construct, often through expert review.
Correct answer is: Expert judgment of the test items
Q.10 Which type of validity is concerned with the extent to which test scores predict future behavior?
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Construct validity
Face validity
Explanation - Predictive validity examines whether scores from a test can forecast future outcomes related to the construct.
Correct answer is: Predictive validity
Q.11 Construct validity is:
A measure of internal consistency
The degree to which a test measures a theoretical construct
A type of reliability
A ratio scale measurement
Explanation - Construct validity assesses whether the operationalization truly represents the theoretical concept.
Correct answer is: The degree to which a test measures a theoretical construct
Q.12 Inter-rater reliability is especially important for:
Standardized multiple-choice tests
Observational measures
Self-report questionnaires
Physiological recordings
Explanation - Inter-rater reliability evaluates the agreement between different observers measuring the same phenomenon.
Correct answer is: Observational measures
Q.13 Cronbach's alpha is commonly used to assess:
Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Content validity
Predictive validity
Explanation - Cronbach's alpha measures the extent to which items on a scale consistently measure the same construct.
Correct answer is: Internal consistency
Q.14 Which of the following describes a ceiling effect?
Most participants score near the top limit of the scale
Most participants score near the bottom limit of the scale
Participants' scores are widely distributed
There is no relationship between items
Explanation - A ceiling effect occurs when the test is too easy, clustering scores at the high end and reducing variability.
Correct answer is: Most participants score near the top limit of the scale
Q.15 Measurement error refers to:
The deviation of observed scores from true scores
The overall validity of a test
The number of items in a test
The test's predictive ability
Explanation - Measurement error captures inaccuracies in the measurement process, including random and systematic errors.
Correct answer is: The deviation of observed scores from true scores
Q.16 A ratio scale allows for which type of mathematical operation that an interval scale does not?
Addition and subtraction
Multiplication and division
Ranking
Categorization
Explanation - Ratio scales have a true zero, allowing meaningful ratios, unlike interval scales.
Correct answer is: Multiplication and division
Q.17 Face validity is considered:
A statistical form of validity
An informal judgment of whether a test appears appropriate
The most rigorous type of validity
A measure of test reliability
Explanation - Face validity is a subjective assessment of whether a test seems to measure the intended construct.
Correct answer is: An informal judgment of whether a test appears appropriate
Q.18 Which type of reliability requires administering the same test twice to the same group?
Internal consistency
Inter-rater reliability
Test-retest reliability
Split-half reliability
Explanation - Test-retest reliability examines the stability of scores over time by administering the same test at two points.
Correct answer is: Test-retest reliability
Q.19 Split-half reliability assesses:
The correlation between two halves of a test
The agreement between different raters
The consistency across repeated testing
The predictive power of a test
Explanation - Split-half reliability splits the test into two parts and correlates the scores to evaluate internal consistency.
Correct answer is: The correlation between two halves of a test
Q.20 A psychological test that measures both intelligence and anxiety may have low:
Reliability
Content validity
Construct validity
Face validity
Explanation - If a test measures multiple constructs unintentionally, it lacks construct validity for the intended construct.
Correct answer is: Construct validity
Q.21 Observed score can be expressed as:
True score + Measurement error
True score - Measurement error
Reliability x Validity
Mean + Standard deviation
Explanation - Classical test theory states that the observed score equals the true score plus random error.
Correct answer is: True score + Measurement error
Q.22 Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
Marital status
Height
Temperature in Celsius
Weight
Explanation - Nominal variables categorize data without order; marital status categories (single, married) are examples.
Correct answer is: Marital status
Q.23 In classical test theory, increasing the number of items generally:
Decreases reliability
Increases reliability
Eliminates measurement error entirely
Reduces validity
Explanation - Adding more items tends to average out random errors, improving the consistency of the measurement.
Correct answer is: Increases reliability
Q.24 Which of the following best describes an ordinal scale?
Ranks items but does not ensure equal intervals
Has equal intervals and true zero
Uses arbitrary categories without order
Allows multiplication and division
Explanation - Ordinal scales indicate order, but the difference between ranks is not necessarily equal.
Correct answer is: Ranks items but does not ensure equal intervals