Q.1 What does 'reliability' in psychological testing refer to?
The accuracy of the test in measuring what it claims
The consistency of test results over time
The number of questions in the test
The popularity of the test among participants
Explanation - Reliability refers to the degree to which a test yields consistent results over repeated applications or different conditions.
Correct answer is: The consistency of test results over time
Q.2 Which measure is used to express the average score in a dataset?
Median
Mode
Mean
Range
Explanation - The mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of values, representing the average score.
Correct answer is: Mean
Q.3 In psychometrics, 'validity' of a test ensures that:
The test is long enough
The test measures what it is intended to measure
The test is easy to administer
The test is interesting to participants
Explanation - Validity reflects whether a test accurately measures the specific construct it is designed to assess.
Correct answer is: The test measures what it is intended to measure
Q.4 Which type of reliability is tested by administering the same test to the same group twice?
Inter-rater reliability
Split-half reliability
Test-retest reliability
Parallel-forms reliability
Explanation - Test-retest reliability checks whether a test produces consistent results over time with the same subjects.
Correct answer is: Test-retest reliability
Q.5 What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics in psychological testing?
To make predictions about future behavior
To summarize and describe data
To manipulate test scores
To ensure test reliability
Explanation - Descriptive statistics are used to summarize, organize, and present data in a meaningful way, often using mean, median, and standard deviation.
Correct answer is: To summarize and describe data
Q.6 Which measure represents the most frequently occurring score in a dataset?
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard deviation
Explanation - Mode identifies the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
Correct answer is: Mode
Q.7 A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates:
Strong positive correlation
Strong negative correlation
No linear relationship
Perfect linear relationship
Explanation - A correlation coefficient of 0 suggests that there is no linear association between the two variables.
Correct answer is: No linear relationship
Q.8 Which of the following scales is an example of an interval scale?
Temperature in Celsius
Number of children
Favorite color
Ranking of students
Explanation - Interval scales have equal distances between values but no true zero, such as temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Correct answer is: Temperature in Celsius
Q.9 The standard deviation measures:
The average score
The spread of scores around the mean
The highest score in a dataset
The middle value
Explanation - Standard deviation quantifies how much scores deviate from the mean, indicating variability in the data.
Correct answer is: The spread of scores around the mean
Q.10 If a test has high validity but low reliability, it means:
The test measures the right construct consistently
The test measures the wrong construct inconsistently
The test measures the right construct inconsistently
The test is easy to administer
Explanation - Validity refers to measuring the intended construct, but low reliability indicates inconsistent results across administrations.
Correct answer is: The test measures the right construct inconsistently
Q.11 What does a negatively skewed distribution indicate?
Most scores are high, tail on the left
Most scores are low, tail on the right
Data is evenly distributed
Data has multiple peaks
Explanation - A negative skew means the majority of data points are clustered toward higher values with a long tail on the lower end.
Correct answer is: Most scores are high, tail on the left
Q.12 In psychological testing, which correlation is most commonly used?
Spearman's rho
Pearson's r
Kendall's tau
Point-biserial correlation
Explanation - Pearson's correlation coefficient is widely used to measure linear relationships between continuous variables.
Correct answer is: Pearson's r
Q.13 Split-half reliability involves:
Comparing scores of two halves of a single test
Comparing test scores over time
Comparing two different tests
Comparing scores between two raters
Explanation - Split-half reliability divides a test into two halves and correlates the scores to assess internal consistency.
Correct answer is: Comparing scores of two halves of a single test
Q.14 Which statistical method is used to predict a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables?
Correlation
Regression
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Explanation - Regression analysis estimates the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more predictors to make predictions.
Correct answer is: Regression
Q.15 Which type of validity is concerned with whether a test appears effective at face value?
Construct validity
Content validity
Face validity
Criterion validity
Explanation - Face validity assesses whether a test seems to measure what it intends to, based on superficial judgment.
Correct answer is: Face validity
Q.16 A p-value less than 0.05 typically indicates:
Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is true
The test is unreliable
No relationship exists
Explanation - A p-value < 0.05 indicates that the observed data would be unlikely if the null hypothesis were true, suggesting significance.
Correct answer is: Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
Q.17 Which of the following is a non-parametric statistical test?
t-test
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Pearson correlation
Explanation - Chi-square test is non-parametric and is used for categorical data to test relationships or goodness-of-fit.
Correct answer is: Chi-square test
Q.18 Cronbach's alpha is used to measure:
Test-retest reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Internal consistency of a test
Predictive validity
Explanation - Cronbach's alpha evaluates how closely related a set of items are as a group, indicating internal consistency.
Correct answer is: Internal consistency of a test
Q.19 In factor analysis, what is the purpose of extracting factors?
To reduce data dimensionality
To calculate the mean
To test reliability
To assign scores
Explanation - Factor analysis identifies underlying latent variables to simplify complex datasets into fewer factors.
Correct answer is: To reduce data dimensionality
Q.20 Which distribution is commonly assumed in parametric statistical tests?
Uniform distribution
Normal distribution
Binomial distribution
Poisson distribution
Explanation - Many parametric tests assume the data follows a normal distribution for accurate results.
Correct answer is: Normal distribution
Q.21 Z-scores are used to:
Measure variability
Standardize scores across different scales
Compute reliability
Measure correlation
Explanation - Z-scores transform raw scores into standard scores with mean 0 and standard deviation 1, allowing comparisons across scales.
Correct answer is: Standardize scores across different scales
Q.22 What does 'criterion validity' assess in a test?
Consistency over time
Predictive or concurrent accuracy with an outcome
Internal consistency
Face validity
Explanation - Criterion validity evaluates how well test scores correlate with an external criterion or outcome.
Correct answer is: Predictive or concurrent accuracy with an outcome
Q.23 Which type of scale provides only rank order without equal intervals?
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
Explanation - Ordinal scales allow ranking of items but do not guarantee equal distances between ranks.
Correct answer is: Ordinal scale
Q.24 In regression, the coefficient of determination (R²) represents:
The slope of the regression line
Proportion of variance explained by predictors
Standard error of estimate
Correlation between independent variables
Explanation - R² indicates the percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable(s).
Correct answer is: Proportion of variance explained by predictors
Q.25 In psychometrics, which approach is used to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously?
ANOVA
T-test
Chi-square test
Correlation
Explanation - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) allows comparison of means across multiple groups to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously.
Correct answer is: ANOVA