Q.1 Who is considered the primary founder of the social-cognitive perspective in personality psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Explanation - Albert Bandura is recognized for developing the social-cognitive perspective, emphasizing observational learning and reciprocal determinism.
Correct answer is: Albert Bandura
Q.2 According to Bandura, what is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that personality is fixed from birth
The belief that only environment influences behavior
The interaction between behavior, cognition, and environment
The concept that rewards shape personality alone
Explanation - Reciprocal determinism highlights how behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors influence each other.
Correct answer is: The interaction between behavior, cognition, and environment
Q.3 What is self-efficacy according to social-cognitive theory?
A person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
A measure of overall intelligence
A fixed personality trait
A reflection of genetic inheritance
Explanation - Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one’s ability to achieve goals and overcome challenges.
Correct answer is: A person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
Q.4 Which process involves learning by watching others and imitating their behavior?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Habituation
Explanation - Observational learning, a key part of Bandura's theory, occurs when individuals learn by watching others' actions and outcomes.
Correct answer is: Observational learning
Q.5 The famous Bobo doll experiment by Bandura demonstrated:
Children learn aggression by direct reinforcement only
Children imitate aggressive behaviors observed in adults
Aggression is solely genetically determined
Aggression decreases when modeled by adults
Explanation - The Bobo doll experiment showed that children copy aggressive behaviors when they observe adults modeling them.
Correct answer is: Children imitate aggressive behaviors observed in adults
Q.6 Which factor is NOT part of Bandura's triadic reciprocal determinism model?
Behavior
Cognitive processes
Environment
Genetics
Explanation - The model focuses on behavior, cognition, and environment, not genetics.
Correct answer is: Genetics
Q.7 What is the role of personal factors in social-cognitive theory?
They are completely irrelevant to behavior
They interact with environmental factors and behavior
They are fixed and unchangeable
They only influence behavior during childhood
Explanation - Personal factors like beliefs and emotions interact dynamically with the environment and behavior.
Correct answer is: They interact with environmental factors and behavior
Q.8 A student who believes studying hard will lead to better grades is demonstrating:
Low self-efficacy
High self-efficacy
Low self-esteem
Fixed mindset
Explanation - High self-efficacy is evident when a person believes in their capacity to achieve specific outcomes through effort.
Correct answer is: High self-efficacy
Q.9 Which concept explains why people may behave differently in different situations?
Consistency theory
Situational specificity
Reciprocal determinism
Psychodynamic theory
Explanation - Situational specificity suggests that behavior is influenced by the unique conditions of each situation.
Correct answer is: Situational specificity
Q.10 What does the term 'modeling' refer to in social-cognitive theory?
Creating a theory of personality
Demonstrating behavior for others to imitate
Punishing undesired behaviors
Analyzing internal conflicts
Explanation - Modeling involves showing a behavior so others can learn and replicate it through observation.
Correct answer is: Demonstrating behavior for others to imitate
Q.11 Who introduced the concept of 'self-system' in personality development?
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
Explanation - Bandura described the self-system as a set of cognitive structures that regulate behavior and self-reflection.
Correct answer is: Albert Bandura
Q.12 The belief that events are controlled by external factors rather than personal actions reflects:
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Self-efficacy
Self-actualization
Explanation - External locus of control is when individuals perceive outcomes as determined by outside forces, not their actions.
Correct answer is: External locus of control
Q.13 In social-cognitive theory, reinforcement is considered:
The only cause of behavior
Less important than cognition
A factor that works with cognition and observation
Unrelated to learning
Explanation - Bandura emphasized that reinforcement interacts with cognitive processes and observational learning to shape behavior.
Correct answer is: A factor that works with cognition and observation
Q.14 A person who blames failure solely on bad luck likely has:
High internal locus of control
Low external locus of control
High external locus of control
No locus of control
Explanation - Attributing failure to luck indicates belief that external factors control outcomes.
Correct answer is: High external locus of control
Q.15 Which of the following best describes vicarious reinforcement?
Learning from personal punishment
Learning from others being rewarded or punished
Direct reinforcement of behavior
Ignoring others' behavior
Explanation - Vicarious reinforcement occurs when individuals learn by observing the consequences others face.
Correct answer is: Learning from others being rewarded or punished
Q.16 Which type of behavior is most likely to be imitated?
Behavior that goes unnoticed
Behavior with negative consequences
Behavior that is rewarded
Behavior that is random
Explanation - People tend to imitate behavior that they see being positively reinforced.
Correct answer is: Behavior that is rewarded
Q.17 Which scenario demonstrates high self-efficacy?
A student avoids trying because they fear failure
An athlete believes practice will lead to improved performance
A person blames others for their mistakes
An employee refuses to learn new skills
Explanation - High self-efficacy is reflected in the belief that one's actions will produce desired outcomes.
Correct answer is: An athlete believes practice will lead to improved performance
Q.18 According to Bandura, how do people gain new behaviors?
Only through rewards and punishments
Through imitation, observation, and reinforcement
Only through genetic inheritance
Through unconscious drives
Explanation - Bandura highlighted observational learning and reinforcement as key in acquiring new behaviors.
Correct answer is: Through imitation, observation, and reinforcement
Q.19 Which statement reflects internal locus of control?
My success depends on my own actions
I succeed because of luck
Everything is beyond my control
Other people determine my fate
Explanation - Internal locus of control is the belief that personal actions and decisions determine outcomes.
Correct answer is: My success depends on my own actions
Q.20 Social-cognitive theory integrates principles from which two fields?
Cognitive psychology and behaviorism
Psychoanalysis and humanism
Biology and sociology
Structuralism and functionalism
Explanation - Social-cognitive theory merges ideas from behaviorism with cognitive processes.
Correct answer is: Cognitive psychology and behaviorism
Q.21 Which is NOT an example of observational learning?
A child learning to tie shoes by watching a parent
A student copying a friend's study habits
A person improving performance through trial and error alone
An athlete mimicking a coach's techniques
Explanation - Trial and error is direct learning, not observational learning.
Correct answer is: A person improving performance through trial and error alone
Q.22 Bandura's Bobo doll study provided evidence for:
The importance of genetic inheritance in aggression
Learning through direct punishment only
The role of observational learning in behavior acquisition
The irrelevance of modeling in learning
Explanation - The study demonstrated that children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in others.
Correct answer is: The role of observational learning in behavior acquisition
Q.23 Self-regulation in social-cognitive theory refers to:
Ignoring social influences on behavior
Controlling one's behavior through personal standards and goals
Being controlled by external reinforcement
A fixed personality trait from birth
Explanation - Self-regulation involves individuals managing their own actions using internal standards.
Correct answer is: Controlling one's behavior through personal standards and goals
Q.24 Social-cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of:
Only unconscious motives
Only observable behavior
The interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors
Ignoring environmental influences
Explanation - This interaction is central to understanding personality in social-cognitive theory.
Correct answer is: The interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors