Q.1 Which of the following best describes cultural influences on personality?
Culture determines all personality traits
Culture shapes the expression and value of traits
Culture eliminates biological factors in personality
Culture has no role in personality
Explanation - Culture does not fully determine personality but strongly influences how traits are expressed and valued within a society.
Correct answer is: Culture shapes the expression and value of traits
Q.2 Individualistic cultures tend to emphasize:
Group harmony
Personal achievement
Obedience to authority
Family loyalty
Explanation - In individualistic cultures, personal goals and achievements are prioritized over group needs.
Correct answer is: Personal achievement
Q.3 Collectivist cultures are more likely to value:
Self-reliance
Competition
Group harmony
Independence
Explanation - Collectivist cultures emphasize cooperation, loyalty, and maintaining social harmony within the group.
Correct answer is: Group harmony
Q.4 Which psychologist is associated with research on cultural dimensions of personality?
Sigmund Freud
Geert Hofstede
Carl Jung
Albert Bandura
Explanation - Hofstede studied cultural dimensions like individualism vs collectivism and their influence on behavior and personality.
Correct answer is: Geert Hofstede
Q.5 The Big Five personality traits are:
Culture-specific traits
Universal but expressed differently across cultures
Not applicable in collectivist cultures
Unique to Western societies
Explanation - Research suggests the Big Five traits are universal, though their expression varies across cultures.
Correct answer is: Universal but expressed differently across cultures
Q.6 Which cultural dimension is most closely linked with self-concept?
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism vs Collectivism
Masculinity vs Femininity
Explanation - Self-concept varies with individualistic cultures emphasizing independence and collectivist cultures emphasizing interdependence.
Correct answer is: Individualism vs Collectivism
Q.7 In collectivist societies, personality is often defined in relation to:
Personal achievements
Social roles and relationships
Innate traits only
Economic success
Explanation - Collectivist societies highlight relational aspects of personality rather than individual uniqueness.
Correct answer is: Social roles and relationships
Q.8 Which culture is most likely to encourage open self-expression?
Collectivist
Individualist
High power distance
Traditional hierarchical
Explanation - Individualist cultures promote expressing personal opinions and values.
Correct answer is: Individualist
Q.9 High power distance cultures often shape personality by emphasizing:
Equality in relationships
Respect for hierarchy
Challenging authority
Independence
Explanation - In high power distance cultures, authority and hierarchy play an important role in shaping behavior and self-concept.
Correct answer is: Respect for hierarchy
Q.10 Cultural norms can influence:
Which traits are valued
How traits are expressed
How people perceive others
All of the above
Explanation - Cultural norms shape values, expression, and perception of personality traits.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.11 In East Asian cultures, modesty is often valued more than in Western cultures. This is an example of:
A universal trait
A culture-specific expression of personality
Biological determinism
Absence of personality traits
Explanation - The trait exists universally, but how it is expressed depends on cultural values.
Correct answer is: A culture-specific expression of personality
Q.12 Which statement about cultural relativism is true?
It suggests personality traits are identical everywhere
It emphasizes understanding traits within cultural context
It denies cultural influence on traits
It states only biology shapes personality
Explanation - Cultural relativism highlights that personality and behaviors should be understood in the context of their culture.
Correct answer is: It emphasizes understanding traits within cultural context
Q.13 Which personality trait is often higher in collectivist cultures compared to individualist ones?
Agreeableness
Openness
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Explanation - Collectivist cultures value cooperation and harmony, often leading to higher agreeableness.
Correct answer is: Agreeableness
Q.14 Language can influence personality by:
Changing genetic traits
Affecting self-expression and identity
Eliminating cultural differences
Making all people alike
Explanation - Language shapes how people describe themselves and express personality traits.
Correct answer is: Affecting self-expression and identity
Q.15 Which of the following is an emic approach to studying personality?
Studying traits as universal constructs
Studying traits within a specific cultural context
Applying Western models globally
Ignoring cultural variation
Explanation - The emic approach focuses on culture-specific aspects of personality.
Correct answer is: Studying traits within a specific cultural context
Q.16 Which of the following is an etic approach to studying personality?
Understanding unique cultural practices
Studying universal personality traits across cultures
Focusing only on indigenous concepts
Ignoring commonalities in personality
Explanation - Etic approaches look for universal elements of personality across different cultures.
Correct answer is: Studying universal personality traits across cultures
Q.17 Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance tend to encourage:
Risk-taking
Strict rules and traditions
Openness to ambiguity
Individual freedom
Explanation - High uncertainty avoidance cultures reduce ambiguity by enforcing strict norms.
Correct answer is: Strict rules and traditions
Q.18 Which trait may be interpreted differently depending on culture?
Introversion
Openness
Assertiveness
All of the above
Explanation - Traits like introversion, openness, and assertiveness can be seen positively or negatively depending on cultural context.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.19 What is acculturation in the context of personality psychology?
Loss of all cultural identity
Adapting to a new culture and its influences on personality
Ignoring cultural background
Rejecting personality changes
Explanation - Acculturation refers to changes in personality and behavior when adapting to a new culture.
Correct answer is: Adapting to a new culture and its influences on personality
Q.20 Which of the following may occur when a person moves from a collectivist to an individualist culture?
Greater emphasis on group identity
Stronger interdependence
Increased focus on personal autonomy
Less self-expression
Explanation - Exposure to individualist cultures often leads to more independent self-concepts.
Correct answer is: Increased focus on personal autonomy
Q.21 Research shows cultural differences can even affect:
Cognitive styles
Emotional expression
Self-concept
All of the above
Explanation - Cultural influences extend to cognition, emotion, and self-concept.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.22 Which of the following is a limitation in studying culture and personality?
Language barriers
Ethnocentrism
Measurement bias
All of the above
Explanation - Cross-cultural psychology faces challenges like language differences, cultural bias, and measurement validity.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.23 What does cultural psychology emphasize about personality?
That it is purely biological
That it cannot be studied scientifically
That it emerges from the interaction of mind and culture
That it is fixed across time
Explanation - Cultural psychology highlights the interplay between culture and psychological processes.
Correct answer is: That it emerges from the interaction of mind and culture
Q.24 Which dimension of Hofstede’s theory reflects the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups?
Individualism vs Collectivism
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Time orientation
Explanation - This dimension explains how much individuals prioritize group vs personal identity.
Correct answer is: Individualism vs Collectivism
Q.25 Which of the following best explains cultural scripts?
Genetic codes for personality
Societal guidelines for expected behavior
Strict biological predispositions
Universal patterns of thought
Explanation - Cultural scripts are socially shared expectations that guide how people should behave in given contexts.
Correct answer is: Societal guidelines for expected behavior