Q.1 Which brain structure is primarily associated with forming new declarative memories?
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Explanation - The hippocampus plays a central role in consolidating information from short-term to long-term declarative memory.
Correct answer is: Hippocampus
Q.2 What type of memory involves remembering facts and general knowledge?
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Working memory
Explanation - Semantic memory stores facts, meanings, and general knowledge independent of personal experience.
Correct answer is: Semantic memory
Q.3 Procedural memory is best described as:
Memory for motor skills and actions
Memory for personal experiences
Memory for facts and concepts
Memory for short-term tasks
Explanation - Procedural memory supports skills like riding a bike or typing, often without conscious recall.
Correct answer is: Memory for motor skills and actions
Q.4 Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?
Remembering the capital of France
Knowing how to ride a bike
Recalling your last birthday party
Understanding the meaning of a word
Explanation - Episodic memory refers to recalling specific personal events tied to a time and place.
Correct answer is: Recalling your last birthday party
Q.5 Working memory mainly involves which brain area?
Occipital lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Medulla
Parietal lobe
Explanation - The prefrontal cortex is essential for holding and manipulating information temporarily in working memory.
Correct answer is: Prefrontal cortex
Q.6 Long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to underlie:
Short-term forgetting
Synaptic strengthening and memory formation
Reflex responses
Sensory adaptation
Explanation - LTP refers to the strengthening of synapses through repeated stimulation, a key mechanism in learning.
Correct answer is: Synaptic strengthening and memory formation
Q.7 Which neurotransmitter is most strongly linked with memory processes in the hippocampus?
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
Explanation - Acetylcholine is critical for learning and memory, particularly in hippocampal circuits.
Correct answer is: Acetylcholine
Q.8 Which type of memory declines most with normal aging?
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Procedural memory
Implicit memory
Explanation - Episodic memory, especially recent events, is more vulnerable to decline in normal aging compared to semantic or procedural memory.
Correct answer is: Episodic memory
Q.9 The primacy effect in memory recall refers to:
Better recall for items at the beginning of a list
Better recall for items at the end of a list
Forgetting the first items faster
Equal recall of all items
Explanation - The primacy effect arises because early items receive more rehearsal, aiding transfer to long-term memory.
Correct answer is: Better recall for items at the beginning of a list
Q.10 Which brain disorder is most commonly associated with severe memory loss?
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Epilepsy
Explanation - Alzheimer’s disease leads to progressive memory loss, particularly affecting episodic memory early on.
Correct answer is: Alzheimer’s disease
Q.11 Implicit memory is best described as:
Conscious recollection of facts
Unconscious influence of past experiences
Memory limited to 20 seconds
Working memory processes
Explanation - Implicit memory influences behavior without conscious awareness, such as priming or skills.
Correct answer is: Unconscious influence of past experiences
Q.12 Chunking improves working memory by:
Eliminating interference
Increasing processing speed
Organizing items into meaningful units
Transferring directly to long-term storage
Explanation - Chunking reduces cognitive load by grouping items, enhancing working memory efficiency.
Correct answer is: Organizing items into meaningful units
Q.13 Which experimental method is commonly used to test short-term memory capacity?
Word association test
Digit span test
Mirror drawing test
Stroop test
Explanation - The digit span test measures how many numbers can be held in short-term memory before recall fails.
Correct answer is: Digit span test
Q.14 The serial position curve demonstrates:
Memory improves with age
Primacy and recency effects
Semantic interference
Procedural learning
Explanation - The serial position effect shows better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list.
Correct answer is: Primacy and recency effects
Q.15 Which brain structure is most involved in emotional learning?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Prefrontal cortex
Explanation - The amygdala attaches emotional significance to memories, enhancing consolidation of emotionally charged events.
Correct answer is: Amygdala
Q.16 Encoding failure in memory refers to:
Not storing information effectively
Losing memories due to trauma
Retrieving incorrect memories
Rapid memory decay
Explanation - Encoding failure happens when information never enters long-term memory due to lack of attention or rehearsal.
Correct answer is: Not storing information effectively
Q.17 Which technique is most effective for long-term memory consolidation?
Cramming
Distributed practice
Rote repetition
Guessing
Explanation - Spaced repetition improves retention by allowing consolidation over multiple sessions.
Correct answer is: Distributed practice
Q.18 Which disorder is characterized by an inability to form new memories after brain damage?
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Transient global amnesia
Psychogenic amnesia
Explanation - Anterograde amnesia impairs the ability to form new long-term memories after injury.
Correct answer is: Anterograde amnesia
Q.19 Semantic networks in memory theory suggest:
Memories are random
Memories are stored in linked concepts
Memories are purely procedural
Memories are unrelated to attention
Explanation - Semantic network theory explains that concepts are connected in memory, enabling easier retrieval through associations.
Correct answer is: Memories are stored in linked concepts
Q.20 The cerebellum is primarily involved in which type of memory?
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Procedural memory
Working memory
Explanation - The cerebellum coordinates motor learning and procedural memory, such as fine-tuned movements.
Correct answer is: Procedural memory
Q.21 Which memory system is crucial for solving math problems in your head?
Procedural memory
Working memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Explanation - Working memory allows temporary storage and manipulation of information needed for problem-solving.
Correct answer is: Working memory
Q.22 Which learning theory emphasizes reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Cognitive theory
Explanation - Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, explains learning through rewards and punishments.
Correct answer is: Operant conditioning
Q.23 Which of the following best represents classical conditioning?
Learning multiplication tables
Dog salivating at a bell
Typing without thinking
Studying with flashcards
Explanation - Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food).
Correct answer is: Dog salivating at a bell
Q.24 The spacing effect demonstrates that:
Massed practice leads to better recall
Spaced repetition improves memory retention
Immediate recall is strongest
Procedural memory fades quickly
Explanation - The spacing effect shows that learning spread out over time is more effective than cramming.
Correct answer is: Spaced repetition improves memory retention
Q.25 Which brain structure is damaged in Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Mammillary bodies
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Pons
Explanation - Korsakoff’s syndrome, often due to thiamine deficiency, involves damage to the mammillary bodies affecting memory.
Correct answer is: Mammillary bodies