Q.1 Which of the following best defines personality?
A temporary mood a person experiences
A consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
A skill or talent a person develops over time
The physical appearance of an individual
Explanation - Personality refers to enduring patterns in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual.
Correct answer is: A consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Q.2 Who proposed the psychodynamic theory of personality?
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Explanation - Sigmund Freud proposed the psychodynamic theory, emphasizing unconscious motives and conflicts as central to personality.
Correct answer is: Sigmund Freud
Q.3 Which personality trait in the Big Five model refers to being organized and responsible?
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Explanation - Conscientiousness involves being organized, dependable, and disciplined.
Correct answer is: Conscientiousness
Q.4 Carl Rogers is best associated with which approach to personality?
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Explanation - Carl Rogers developed the humanistic approach, focusing on self-actualization and personal growth.
Correct answer is: Humanistic
Q.5 Which term describes the part of personality that seeks immediate pleasure according to Freud?
Ego
Id
Superego
Self
Explanation - The id operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of desires.
Correct answer is: Id
Q.6 Which of the following is a limitation of trait theories of personality?
They ignore the influence of situations on behavior
They focus too much on unconscious motives
They rely solely on laboratory experiments
They reject observable behaviors
Explanation - Trait theories describe stable characteristics but may not account for situational influences on behavior.
Correct answer is: They ignore the influence of situations on behavior
Q.7 Albert Bandura emphasized the role of __________ in personality development.
Unconscious conflicts
Reinforcement and punishment
Observational learning and self-efficacy
Innate biological traits
Explanation - Bandura highlighted social learning, where individuals learn behaviors by observing others and develop self-efficacy.
Correct answer is: Observational learning and self-efficacy
Q.8 According to Freud, which structure of personality mediates between the id and reality?
Ego
Superego
Id
Conscious mind
Explanation - The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the desires of the id and the constraints of the external world.
Correct answer is: Ego
Q.9 Which personality theory emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and observable behavior?
Trait theory
Behaviorist theory
Humanistic theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Explanation - Behaviorist theories, like those of Skinner, focus on observable behaviors and the effects of learning.
Correct answer is: Behaviorist theory
Q.10 In the Big Five model, high openness is associated with:
Creativity and curiosity
Impulsiveness and anxiety
Sociability and assertiveness
Cautiousness and routine
Explanation - Openness reflects imagination, curiosity, and willingness to try new experiences.
Correct answer is: Creativity and curiosity
Q.11 Which concept refers to the ideal self versus the real self in humanistic psychology?
Self-concept
Id and ego
Reciprocal determinism
Trait consistency
Explanation - Self-concept involves how a person views themselves and the discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self.
Correct answer is: Self-concept
Q.12 According to Freud, the superego represents:
Primitive desires
Reality-based decision-making
Internalized moral standards
Learned social behaviors
Explanation - The superego reflects moral values and societal rules learned from parents and culture.
Correct answer is: Internalized moral standards
Q.13 Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It overemphasizes conscious thought
It lacks scientific evidence and is hard to test
It ignores personality development
It only focuses on social learning
Explanation - Freud's theories are difficult to empirically test, making them controversial in scientific psychology.
Correct answer is: It lacks scientific evidence and is hard to test
Q.14 Which approach considers personality as shaped by both personal and environmental factors?
Behavioral
Trait
Social-cognitive
Psychoanalytic
Explanation - Social-cognitive theory emphasizes reciprocal determinism: interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.
Correct answer is: Social-cognitive
Q.15 Eysenck's model of personality includes which two main dimensions?
Introversion-Extraversion and Neuroticism-Stability
Openness and Conscientiousness
Id and Superego
Self and Ideal Self
Explanation - Eysenck proposed a biological trait theory focusing on these two key dimensions of personality.
Correct answer is: Introversion-Extraversion and Neuroticism-Stability
Q.16 Which personality assessment tool uses a series of true/false statements to measure traits?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Thematic Apperception Test
Self-actualization Inventory
Explanation - MMPI is a standardized questionnaire widely used to assess personality traits and psychopathology.
Correct answer is: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Q.17 Which personality type tends to be calm, reliable, and thoughtful according to Jung?
Extraverted-intuitive
Introverted-thinking
Extraverted-sensing
Introverted-feeling
Explanation - Jung described introverted-thinking types as reflective, logical, and reserved.
Correct answer is: Introverted-thinking
Q.18 Which of the following is a key concept in humanistic theories of personality?
Defense mechanisms
Unconscious conflicts
Self-actualization
Classical conditioning
Explanation - Humanistic theories emphasize achieving one's full potential through self-actualization.
Correct answer is: Self-actualization
Q.19 Which of the following statements reflects the trait perspective?
Personality is shaped solely by environmental factors
Personality consists of stable characteristics across situations
Personality is completely unconscious
Personality is unpredictable and random
Explanation - Trait theory focuses on enduring characteristics that are consistent over time and situations.
Correct answer is: Personality consists of stable characteristics across situations
Q.20 According to Freud, which stage of psychosexual development is when the Oedipus complex occurs?
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Explanation - The Oedipus complex arises during the phallic stage (ages 3-6) when children experience unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent.
Correct answer is: Phallic stage
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of a defense mechanism?
Sublimation
Conditioning
Extinction
Operant learning
Explanation - Sublimation is a defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions.
Correct answer is: Sublimation
Q.22 Which dimension in the Big Five personality traits is associated with moodiness and emotional instability?
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Openness
Explanation - Neuroticism reflects tendencies toward anxiety, depression, and emotional instability.
Correct answer is: Neuroticism
Q.23 According to social-cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
An individual's belief in their ability to succeed
The unconscious desires influencing behavior
A personality trait that is inherited
A stage in psychosexual development
Explanation - Self-efficacy is the belief in one's own competence to achieve goals, central to Bandura's social-cognitive theory.
Correct answer is: An individual's belief in their ability to succeed
Q.24 Which of the following best describes a nomothetic approach to studying personality?
Studying unique individual cases in depth
Studying general traits that apply across individuals
Analyzing dreams and unconscious conflicts
Focusing solely on environmental influences
Explanation - The nomothetic approach looks for general laws and traits applicable to many people, unlike idiographic approaches.
Correct answer is: Studying general traits that apply across individuals
Q.25 Which of the following best defines personality in psychology?
The physical appearance of an individual
The consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
The intelligence quotient of a person
The social status of an individual
Explanation - Personality in psychology refers to the stable characteristics and behaviors that define how a person thinks, feels, and acts over time.
Correct answer is: The consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Q.26 According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the pleasure principle?
Ego
Superego
Id
Conscious mind
Explanation - Freud suggested that the Id is the primitive part of the mind driven by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic urges.
Correct answer is: Id
Q.27 The Big Five personality trait model includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Intelligence
Explanation - The Big Five traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Intelligence is not included.
Correct answer is: Intelligence
Q.28 Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
B.F. Skinner
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
Explanation - Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences.
Correct answer is: Sigmund Freud
Q.29 Which personality theory emphasizes observable behaviors and environmental influences?
Humanistic theory
Behaviorist theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Trait theory
Explanation - Behaviorist theory, championed by B.F. Skinner, focuses on how external factors shape personality through conditioning.
Correct answer is: Behaviorist theory
Q.30 Carl Rogers emphasized which concept as essential for healthy personality development?
Self-actualization
Unconditional positive regard
Reinforcement
Defense mechanisms
Explanation - Rogers believed that being accepted without conditions is crucial for developing a positive self-concept.
Correct answer is: Unconditional positive regard
Q.31 In trait theory, traits are considered:
Temporary emotional states
Stable characteristics influencing behavior
Learned behaviors from parents
Biological instincts only
Explanation - Traits are consistent and enduring patterns that influence how people behave across situations.
Correct answer is: Stable characteristics influencing behavior
Q.32 Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism described by Freud?
Repression
Projection
Regression
Motivation
Explanation - Repression, projection, and regression are classic defense mechanisms, while motivation is a broader psychological concept.
Correct answer is: Motivation
Q.33 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the theories of:
Carl Jung
Sigmund Freud
Abraham Maslow
Erik Erikson
Explanation - MBTI is inspired by Carl Jung's ideas on psychological types, including introversion and extroversion.
Correct answer is: Carl Jung
Q.34 Which personality trait is linked to emotional stability?
High neuroticism
Low neuroticism
High openness
High agreeableness
Explanation - Low neuroticism indicates emotional stability, while high neuroticism is associated with anxiety and mood swings.
Correct answer is: Low neuroticism
Q.35 Humanistic theories of personality focus on:
Biological instincts
Social reinforcements
Personal growth and self-actualization
Unconscious conflicts
Explanation - Humanistic theories emphasize free will, potential for growth, and the innate drive to become one's best self.
Correct answer is: Personal growth and self-actualization
Q.36 According to Freud, the 'ego' operates on which principle?
Pleasure principle
Reality principle
Moral principle
Social principle
Explanation - The ego balances the id's desires with real-world demands, functioning on the reality principle.
Correct answer is: Reality principle
Q.37 Which of the following best describes extraverts?
They are shy and reserved
They gain energy from social interactions
They are focused only on internal thoughts
They dislike teamwork
Explanation - Extraverts feel energized by interacting with others and external environments.
Correct answer is: They gain energy from social interactions
Q.38 Which psychologist developed the hierarchy of needs?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
B.F. Skinner
Explanation - Maslow introduced the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization at the top.
Correct answer is: Abraham Maslow
Q.39 The term 'locus of control' refers to:
Control of physical environment
Belief about whether outcomes are internally or externally controlled
The ability to control other people's behavior
The part of the brain responsible for decision-making
Explanation - Locus of control describes whether a person attributes events to internal factors (self) or external factors (luck, fate).
Correct answer is: Belief about whether outcomes are internally or externally controlled
Q.40 Which trait is characterized by creativity and curiosity?
Agreeableness
Openness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Explanation - Openness includes imagination, creativity, and a willingness to experience new things.
Correct answer is: Openness
Q.41 According to Erikson, which stage focuses on developing a strong personal identity?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Integrity vs. Despair
Explanation - In adolescence, individuals face the challenge of developing a clear sense of identity.
Correct answer is: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Q.42 Which type of personality assessment involves ambiguous stimuli like inkblots?
Self-report questionnaires
Projective tests
Behavioral assessments
Performance tasks
Explanation - Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Correct answer is: Projective tests
Q.43 A person high in conscientiousness is likely to be:
Spontaneous and careless
Organized and dependable
Moody and anxious
Creative and adventurous
Explanation - Conscientious individuals are responsible, disciplined, and reliable.
Correct answer is: Organized and dependable
Q.44 Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
MMPI
Rorschach inkblot test
Big Five inventory
MBTI
Explanation - The Rorschach test is a classic projective test that uses ambiguous inkblots to assess personality.
Correct answer is: Rorschach inkblot test
Q.45 Personality disorders are characterized by:
Temporary emotional states
Long-term patterns of maladaptive behavior
Physical health problems
Short-term mood changes
Explanation - Personality disorders involve enduring, inflexible patterns that cause distress or dysfunction.
Correct answer is: Long-term patterns of maladaptive behavior
Q.46 Which factor is MOST associated with being sociable and outgoing?
Openness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Explanation - Extraversion is characterized by energy, sociability, and assertiveness.
Correct answer is: Extraversion
Q.47 In personality psychology, a 'trait' is defined as:
A temporary mood or feeling
A stable characteristic influencing behavior
An unconscious desire
A specific learned skill
Explanation - Traits are consistent qualities that guide how a person thinks, feels, and acts.
Correct answer is: A stable characteristic influencing behavior
Q.48 The main focus of trait theories is to:
Uncover unconscious conflicts
Describe and measure personality differences
Promote personal growth
Understand conditioned responses
Explanation - Trait theories aim to identify and quantify consistent patterns of behavior and thought.
Correct answer is: Describe and measure personality differences