Q.1 Which of the following best describes consciousness?
A state of alertness
The subjective experience of the mind and the world
Automatic reflex actions
Unconscious processing of information
Explanation - Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, including thoughts, sensations, and perceptions.
Correct answer is: The subjective experience of the mind and the world
Q.2 What is the primary characteristic of the REM stage of sleep?
Deep sleep with slow brain waves
Rapid eye movements and vivid dreams
Complete muscle relaxation without brain activity
Light sleep with no dreams
Explanation - REM sleep is associated with rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming.
Correct answer is: Rapid eye movements and vivid dreams
Q.3 Which theory suggests that dreams are a way to fulfill unconscious desires?
Activation-synthesis theory
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive theory of dreams
Evolutionary theory of dreams
Explanation - Freud proposed that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations.
Correct answer is: Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Q.4 The inability to recall events before a brain injury is called:
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Sleep paralysis
Dissociation
Explanation - Retrograde amnesia involves loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain injury.
Correct answer is: Retrograde amnesia
Q.5 Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with wakefulness and alertness?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Explanation - Norepinephrine plays a key role in attention, arousal, and wakefulness.
Correct answer is: Norepinephrine
Q.6 Sleepwalking typically occurs during which stage of sleep?
REM sleep
Stage 1
Stage 3 (deep sleep)
Stage 2
Explanation - Sleepwalking happens during slow-wave sleep, typically stage 3, when the body is asleep but the brain has partial activity.
Correct answer is: Stage 3 (deep sleep)
Q.7 Which concept refers to performing actions without conscious awareness?
Automatic processing
Selective attention
Mindfulness
Daydreaming
Explanation - Automatic processing occurs when tasks are performed without conscious effort, such as driving on a familiar route.
Correct answer is: Automatic processing
Q.8 Which disorder involves repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep?
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Insomnia
REM behavior disorder
Explanation - Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep and daytime fatigue.
Correct answer is: Sleep apnea
Q.9 What is the main function of circadian rhythms?
Regulating sleep-wake cycles
Controlling memory formation
Inducing stress responses
Enhancing dream vividness
Explanation - Circadian rhythms are biological processes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, primarily regulating sleep and wakefulness.
Correct answer is: Regulating sleep-wake cycles
Q.10 Hypnosis is best described as:
A sleep stage
An altered state of consciousness
A mental disorder
Meditative focus
Explanation - Hypnosis involves focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility.
Correct answer is: An altered state of consciousness
Q.11 Which term describes the phenomenon when a person cannot remember events during hypnosis?
Posthypnotic suggestion
Hypnotic amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Sleep paralysis
Explanation - Hypnotic amnesia is the inability to recall events that occurred while in a hypnotic state.
Correct answer is: Hypnotic amnesia
Q.12 Daydreaming is primarily an example of:
Automatic processing
Altered state of consciousness
Focused attention
Mind-wandering
Explanation - Daydreaming involves shifting attention away from external tasks to internal thoughts and imagination.
Correct answer is: Mind-wandering
Q.13 Which sleep stage is associated with the slowest brain waves?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
REM sleep
Explanation - Stage 3 sleep, also known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep, has the slowest delta brain waves.
Correct answer is: Stage 3
Q.14 Which of the following is a common effect of sleep deprivation?
Enhanced memory
Increased alertness
Impaired cognitive function
Rapid weight loss
Explanation - Lack of sleep negatively affects attention, memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation.
Correct answer is: Impaired cognitive function
Q.15 Lucid dreaming refers to:
Dreams that occur only during stage 2 sleep
Being aware that you are dreaming while in the dream
Sleep paralysis episodes
Dreams without any visual content
Explanation - Lucid dreaming is a state in which the dreamer is aware they are dreaming and can sometimes control the dream's content.
Correct answer is: Being aware that you are dreaming while in the dream
Q.16 Which model of consciousness emphasizes information integration across the brain?
Global Workspace Theory
Freudian Model
Activation-Synthesis Model
Stages of Sleep Model
Explanation - The Global Workspace Theory proposes that consciousness arises when information is globally available to different brain processes.
Correct answer is: Global Workspace Theory
Q.17 Which of the following is a hallmark of narcolepsy?
Inability to fall asleep
Sudden sleep attacks and cataplexy
Sleepwalking
Excessive dreaming during REM
Explanation - Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable sleep episodes and muscle weakness triggered by emotions.
Correct answer is: Sudden sleep attacks and cataplexy
Q.18 Which phenomenon occurs when individuals fail to notice visual stimuli due to attention being focused elsewhere?
Selective attention
Inattentional blindness
Change blindness
Automatic processing
Explanation - Inattentional blindness occurs when a person does not perceive unexpected stimuli in plain sight because their attention is elsewhere.
Correct answer is: Inattentional blindness
Q.19 Which term refers to the internal biological clock that regulates cycles of sleep and wakefulness?
Circadian rhythm
Ultradian rhythm
Infradian rhythm
Homeostasis
Explanation - Circadian rhythms are roughly 24-hour cycles in physiological and behavioral processes, including sleep-wake cycles.
Correct answer is: Circadian rhythm
Q.20 Which sleep disorder involves acting out dreams physically due to lack of muscle paralysis during REM?
REM behavior disorder
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
Night terrors
Explanation - REM behavior disorder occurs when the normal paralysis of muscles during REM sleep fails, causing the person to physically act out dreams.
Correct answer is: REM behavior disorder
Q.21 Which of the following is a common characteristic of meditative states?
Increased heart rate and anxiety
Altered attention and awareness
Complete unconsciousness
Rapid eye movements
Explanation - Meditation produces a focused, relaxed, and altered state of consciousness, enhancing attention and awareness.
Correct answer is: Altered attention and awareness
Q.22 Which stage of sleep is most restorative for physical recovery?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
REM sleep
Explanation - Stage 3 (deep sleep) is crucial for physical restoration, growth, and immune system functioning.
Correct answer is: Stage 3
Q.23 Which phenomenon explains why people sometimes perform tasks without conscious awareness?
Mindfulness
Automaticity
Lucid dreaming
Hypnosis
Explanation - Automaticity refers to performing actions without conscious thought, often due to extensive practice or familiarity.
Correct answer is: Automaticity
Q.24 Which part of the brain is most associated with regulating sleep and circadian rhythms?
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Explanation - The hypothalamus contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.
Correct answer is: Hypothalamus