Q.1 What is the primary focus of victimology?
Studying criminal behavior
Studying the victim's role and experience
Studying law enforcement techniques
Studying punishment methods
Explanation - Victimology is the study of victims, their experiences, and the impact of crime on them, rather than focusing solely on the offender.
Correct answer is: Studying the victim's role and experience
Q.2 Which term describes a victim who unintentionally contributes to their victimization?
Active victim
Passive victim
Secondary victim
Primary victim
Explanation - A passive victim may contribute to their victimization through ignorance or vulnerability but not through direct provocation.
Correct answer is: Passive victim
Q.3 What is 'secondary victimization'?
Being victimized a second time by the same offender
Being harmed by the criminal justice system after a crime
Causing harm to another victim
Witnessing a crime
Explanation - Secondary victimization occurs when institutions or people (like police or media) retraumatize the victim during reporting, investigation, or support processes.
Correct answer is: Being harmed by the criminal justice system after a crime
Q.4 Which type of victim suffers harm indirectly due to a crime against another person?
Primary victim
Secondary victim
Tertiary victim
Self-victim
Explanation - Secondary victims are indirectly affected by a crime, such as family members or close associates of the primary victim.
Correct answer is: Secondary victim
Q.5 Which psychological reaction is common among victims immediately after a traumatic crime?
Post-traumatic stress
Euphoria
Cognitive enhancement
Delusional thinking
Explanation - Victims often experience acute stress reactions including shock, fear, and anxiety immediately after trauma, which may develop into PTSD if prolonged.
Correct answer is: Post-traumatic stress
Q.6 Which factor increases the likelihood of victimization according to routine activity theory?
High moral standards
Lack of a capable guardian
Social isolation
Personal wealth
Explanation - Routine activity theory states that a crime is more likely if there is a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian.
Correct answer is: Lack of a capable guardian
Q.7 Which of the following is an example of victim support service?
Counseling and therapy
Arresting the offender
Investigating crime scenes
Sentencing offenders
Explanation - Victim support services focus on aiding victims to recover psychologically, legally, and socially, rather than punishing offenders.
Correct answer is: Counseling and therapy
Q.8 What does the term 'revictimization' refer to?
Victim blaming by society
Being victimized again after an initial crime
Being falsely accused of a crime
Witnessing a crime
Explanation - Revictimization occurs when a person experiences a similar crime repeatedly, often due to vulnerability or social circumstances.
Correct answer is: Being victimized again after an initial crime
Q.9 Which approach in victimology emphasizes understanding the social context of victimization?
Positivist approach
Critical approach
Classical approach
Biological approach
Explanation - The critical approach looks at how social structures, inequality, and power dynamics contribute to victimization.
Correct answer is: Critical approach
Q.10 Which of the following is considered a 'vulnerable victim' group?
Children
Middle-aged professionals
Political leaders
Athletes
Explanation - Vulnerable victims are groups at higher risk due to age, dependency, social position, or disability.
Correct answer is: Children
Q.11 Which legislation is often associated with providing rights and support to crime victims?
Victims’ Rights Act
Criminal Code Act
Evidence Act
Police Act
Explanation - Victims’ Rights legislation ensures victims have access to support services, protection, and participation in the justice process.
Correct answer is: Victims’ Rights Act
Q.12 In victimology, what is 'lifestyle exposure theory' focused on?
How lifestyles influence risk of victimization
How offenders choose targets
How communities punish criminals
How therapy prevents crime
Explanation - Lifestyle exposure theory explains that certain daily routines or behaviors may increase exposure to potential offenders and thus victimization risk.
Correct answer is: How lifestyles influence risk of victimization
Q.13 Which concept explains when a victim's own behavior unintentionally provokes the offender?
Victim precipitation
Victimization cycle
Victim resistance
Victim protection
Explanation - Victim precipitation occurs when the victim's actions, either passively or actively, contribute to the crime.
Correct answer is: Victim precipitation
Q.14 Which intervention is designed to prevent revictimization?
Safety planning and education
Legal prosecution of offenders
Community policing
Psychological profiling
Explanation - Interventions like safety planning, self-defense training, and awareness programs aim to reduce the risk of repeat victimization.
Correct answer is: Safety planning and education
Q.15 Which of the following is considered a psychological effect of victimization?
Depression and anxiety
Improved memory
Heightened intelligence
Better social skills
Explanation - Victimization can lead to mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and fear of social environments.
Correct answer is: Depression and anxiety
Q.16 Who are tertiary victims?
People indirectly affected by crime victims, such as the community
Primary offenders
Victims of secondary crimes
Witnesses
Explanation - Tertiary victims are indirectly affected by crimes through societal or community impact, like fear or economic loss.
Correct answer is: People indirectly affected by crime victims, such as the community
Q.17 Which type of support is considered informal victim support?
Help from friends and family
Government counseling services
Police victim assistance programs
Court-appointed victim advocates
Explanation - Informal support comes from personal networks, whereas formal support involves professional or institutional services.
Correct answer is: Help from friends and family
Q.18 Which theory focuses on the social and structural causes of victimization?
Critical victimology
Biological victimology
Routine activity theory
Psychodynamic theory
Explanation - Critical victimology examines societal structures, inequality, and institutional biases that contribute to victimization.
Correct answer is: Critical victimology
Q.19 Which of the following is an example of victim advocacy?
Assisting victims in navigating legal processes
Arresting offenders
Conducting forensic analysis
Sentencing the perpetrator
Explanation - Victim advocates support victims by helping them understand their rights and access services rather than dealing with the criminal directly.
Correct answer is: Assisting victims in navigating legal processes
Q.20 Which concept refers to the victim's perception that they contributed to the crime?
Self-blame
Revictimization
Secondary victimization
Displacement
Explanation - Self-blame is common among victims and can hinder recovery by increasing guilt and psychological distress.
Correct answer is: Self-blame
Q.21 Which of the following is NOT typically a focus of victimology?
The social impact of crime
The offender's psychological profile
Support mechanisms for victims
Patterns of victimization
Explanation - Victimology focuses on the victim's experiences and support, whereas studying offender psychology is primarily criminology.
Correct answer is: The offender's psychological profile
Q.22 Which strategy is essential for helping victims regain control after a crime?
Empowerment and coping strategies
Forensic investigation
Sentencing the offender
Criminal profiling
Explanation - Empowering victims with skills, knowledge, and coping strategies helps them recover psychologically and socially.
Correct answer is: Empowerment and coping strategies
Q.23 Which of these is considered a risk factor for victimization?
Social isolation
Regular attendance at school
Strong family support
Participation in community programs
Explanation - Social isolation can increase vulnerability to crime by reducing protective oversight and social support.
Correct answer is: Social isolation
Q.24 Which type of crime often has the highest incidence of secondary victimization?
Sexual assault
Property theft
Cyber fraud
Shoplifting
Explanation - Sexual assault victims frequently experience secondary victimization due to societal stigma, insensitive questioning, or institutional mishandling.
Correct answer is: Sexual assault