Q.1 Which research method is most commonly used in environmental psychology to study the effect of urban green spaces on stress levels?
Case study
Survey
Experimental study
Observation
Explanation - Experimental studies allow researchers to manipulate environmental variables (like green space) and observe their effect on stress in a controlled setting.
Correct answer is: Experimental study
Q.2 In environmental psychology, a 'field study' differs from a 'lab study' primarily in:
Number of participants
Location of the study
Use of statistical analysis
Type of data collected
Explanation - Field studies are conducted in real-world environments, whereas lab studies are in controlled, artificial settings.
Correct answer is: Location of the study
Q.3 Which of the following is a limitation of self-report surveys in environmental psychology?
High cost
Participant bias
Complex data analysis
Requires lab setting
Explanation - Self-report surveys can be influenced by social desirability or inaccurate recall, introducing participant bias.
Correct answer is: Participant bias
Q.4 What is the main advantage of using longitudinal research in studying environmental behavior?
Quicker results
Lower cost
Observing changes over time
Simpler data collection
Explanation - Longitudinal research tracks the same individuals over time, allowing researchers to see how environmental factors affect behavior over years.
Correct answer is: Observing changes over time
Q.5 Which research design is best for establishing cause-and-effect relationships in environmental psychology?
Correlational study
Experimental study
Case study
Cross-sectional survey
Explanation - Experimental studies manipulate independent variables to determine their effect on dependent variables, allowing causal inference.
Correct answer is: Experimental study
Q.6 In environmental psychology, what is an 'observational study' primarily used for?
Measuring subjective experiences
Recording behavior in natural settings
Manipulating environmental factors
Testing interventions in labs
Explanation - Observational studies record behaviors as they occur naturally without researcher interference.
Correct answer is: Recording behavior in natural settings
Q.7 A researcher wants to study how noise levels affect concentration in students. Which variable is the independent variable?
Student concentration
Noise levels
Test scores
Time of day
Explanation - The independent variable is the one that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Correct answer is: Noise levels
Q.8 Which type of sampling is used when researchers select participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study?
Random sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Systematic sampling
Explanation - Purposive sampling targets participants who possess particular traits or experience needed for the research.
Correct answer is: Purposive sampling
Q.9 Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional study?
Observing participants over time
Studying different groups at one point in time
Manipulating environmental variables
Conducting lab-based experiments
Explanation - Cross-sectional studies compare different participants or groups at a single time to identify patterns or correlations.
Correct answer is: Studying different groups at one point in time
Q.10 In environmental psychology, using sensors to measure air quality in classrooms is an example of:
Self-report measure
Behavioral observation
Physiological measurement
Archival research
Explanation - Sensors provide objective, physiological or environmental data, rather than subjective reports or behavioral observation.
Correct answer is: Physiological measurement
Q.11 What type of validity refers to the extent a study measures what it claims to measure?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Statistical validity
Explanation - Construct validity assesses whether the measurement tools accurately reflect the concept being studied.
Correct answer is: Construct validity
Q.12 Which research method involves analyzing existing data such as city planning records or previous environmental studies?
Experimental study
Survey
Archival research
Field observation
Explanation - Archival research uses previously collected data to answer new research questions without direct interaction with participants.
Correct answer is: Archival research
Q.13 Which statistical method is most appropriate to study the relationship between environmental noise and anxiety levels?
Correlation analysis
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Factor analysis
Explanation - Correlation analysis measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two continuous variables.
Correct answer is: Correlation analysis
Q.14 In environmental psychology, ecological validity refers to:
Accuracy of lab instruments
Generalizability to real-world settings
Precision of statistical analysis
Number of participants
Explanation - Ecological validity ensures that study findings can be applied to real-life environments.
Correct answer is: Generalizability to real-world settings
Q.15 Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research method in environmental psychology?
Structured questionnaire
Open-ended interviews
Physiological measurement
Controlled experiment
Explanation - Qualitative methods like open-ended interviews provide in-depth insights into participant experiences and perceptions.
Correct answer is: Open-ended interviews
Q.16 A researcher records the number of people using a park at different times of the day without interacting with them. This method is called:
Participant observation
Structured interview
Non-participant observation
Experimental manipulation
Explanation - Non-participant observation involves observing behavior without influencing or interacting with participants.
Correct answer is: Non-participant observation
Q.17 Which of the following is a challenge in experimental research in environmental psychology?
Difficulty controlling environmental variables
Too few participants
Limited statistical tools
Lack of ethical guidelines
Explanation - Environmental variables in natural settings are hard to control, which is a common challenge in experimental studies.
Correct answer is: Difficulty controlling environmental variables
Q.18 What does a correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicate between urban crowding and personal well-being?
Strong positive relationship
Weak negative relationship
Strong negative relationship
No relationship
Explanation - A negative correlation close to -1 indicates a strong inverse relationship; as crowding increases, well-being decreases.
Correct answer is: Strong negative relationship
Q.19 Which type of environmental psychology research often uses case studies of specific buildings or neighborhoods?
Experimental study
Survey research
Case study research
Longitudinal study
Explanation - Case studies provide detailed analysis of specific real-world settings to explore environmental influences on behavior.
Correct answer is: Case study research
Q.20 Which sampling method is likely to produce the most representative results in environmental psychology research?
Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling
Random sampling
Purposive sampling
Explanation - Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of selection, enhancing representativeness.
Correct answer is: Random sampling
Q.21 In an experiment measuring the effect of natural light on productivity, productivity is the:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control variable
Confounding variable
Explanation - The dependent variable is what is measured to assess the effect of changes in the independent variable.
Correct answer is: Dependent variable
Q.22 Which method helps in identifying patterns in qualitative data collected from interviews?
Thematic analysis
Correlation analysis
T-test
ANOVA
Explanation - Thematic analysis is used to identify and interpret patterns or themes within qualitative data.
Correct answer is: Thematic analysis
Q.23 What is the main ethical consideration in environmental psychology research involving human participants?
Ensuring environmental accuracy
Protecting participant confidentiality
Maximizing sample size
Minimizing statistical errors
Explanation - Ethical research must protect participants' privacy, informed consent, and welfare.
Correct answer is: Protecting participant confidentiality
Q.24 Which type of validity ensures that research results can be generalized beyond the study sample?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Face validity
Explanation - External validity refers to the generalizability of study findings to other settings or populations.
Correct answer is: External validity
Q.25 In environmental psychology, a researcher studying indoor plants' impact on mood might measure mood using:
Physiological sensors
Standardized questionnaires
Video recordings
Urban planning data
Explanation - Mood is often assessed via standardized self-report questionnaires to quantify subjective experiences.
Correct answer is: Standardized questionnaires