Q.1 Which psychologist is best known for classical conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Explanation - Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs, associating a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response.
Correct answer is: Ivan Pavlov
Q.2 Operant conditioning primarily involves which type of learning?
Learning through observation
Learning through consequences
Learning through insight
Learning through trial and error only
Explanation - B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning emphasizes that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences, like rewards and punishments.
Correct answer is: Learning through consequences
Q.3 Which learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning?
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Humanism
Constructivism
Explanation - Cognitive learning theories focus on understanding, memory, and thinking, emphasizing how learners process information internally.
Correct answer is: Cognitivism
Q.4 Albert Bandura is associated with which learning theory?
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
Cognitive Development
Explanation - Bandura proposed that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, as demonstrated in his Bobo doll experiment.
Correct answer is: Observational Learning
Q.5 In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally triggers a response is called:
Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Reinforcer
Explanation - An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits a response without prior learning, e.g., food causing salivation in Pavlov's experiments.
Correct answer is: Unconditioned Stimulus
Q.6 Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate of responding?
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Explanation - Variable ratio schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high, steady response rates.
Correct answer is: Variable Ratio
Q.7 Constructivist learning theory is most closely associated with which psychologist?
Jean Piaget
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John Watson
Explanation - Piaget emphasized that learners actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment, forming cognitive structures.
Correct answer is: Jean Piaget
Q.8 Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Taking away homework for good behavior
Giving a treat for completing a task
Time-out for misbehavior
Ignoring a wrong answer
Explanation - Positive reinforcement involves presenting a rewarding stimulus after a behavior to increase its frequency.
Correct answer is: Giving a treat for completing a task
Q.9 Which theory suggests learning is a social process influenced by interaction?
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
Cognitivism
Gestalt Theory
Explanation - Social Learning Theory posits that people learn by observing and interacting with others, emphasizing social context.
Correct answer is: Social Learning Theory
Q.10 Insight learning, the sudden realization of a solution, is associated with which psychologist?
Edward Thorndike
Wolfgang Köhler
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Explanation - Köhler studied chimpanzees and observed that they sometimes solve problems suddenly through insight rather than trial-and-error.
Correct answer is: Wolfgang Köhler
Q.11 In operant conditioning, removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior is called:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
Explanation - Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs.
Correct answer is: Negative Reinforcement
Q.12 Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning in everyday life?
Studying to get good grades
Salivating when smelling food
Learning to type faster with practice
Imitating a teacher’s gestures
Explanation - Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Correct answer is: Salivating when smelling food
Q.13 The Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are likely to be repeated, was proposed by:
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
Explanation - Thorndike formulated the Law of Effect through experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, observing that satisfying outcomes reinforce behavior.
Correct answer is: Edward Thorndike
Q.14 Which type of learning involves changes in behavior due to practice or experience?
Maturation
Learning
Development
Instinct
Explanation - Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience or practice.
Correct answer is: Learning
Q.15 Scaffolding, as used in educational contexts, is most closely related to which theory?
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Behaviorism
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Bandura’s Observational Learning
Explanation - Vygotsky suggested that teachers or peers provide temporary support to help learners achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development.
Correct answer is: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Q.16 Which of the following best exemplifies extrinsic motivation?
Reading a book for pleasure
Solving a puzzle to earn a reward
Learning to play music for enjoyment
Practicing yoga for relaxation
Explanation - Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards or outcomes rather than internal satisfaction.
Correct answer is: Solving a puzzle to earn a reward
Q.17 Cognitive apprenticeship emphasizes:
Memorization of facts
Learning through social interaction and guided experience
Reinforcing correct behaviors
Punishing errors to avoid mistakes
Explanation - Cognitive apprenticeship involves learning skills in a social context with guidance from experts, making thinking visible.
Correct answer is: Learning through social interaction and guided experience
Q.18 Which of the following is a limitation of behaviorist learning theories?
They ignore observable behavior
They focus too much on cognitive processes
They overlook internal mental processes
They emphasize social context too heavily
Explanation - Behaviorist theories primarily focus on observable behavior and external reinforcement, often neglecting cognition and thinking.
Correct answer is: They overlook internal mental processes
Q.19 Which learning theory highlights the importance of prior knowledge in learning?
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Explanation - Constructivist theory posits that learners actively construct new knowledge based on prior experiences and understanding.
Correct answer is: Constructivism
Q.20 Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
Scolding a student for misbehavior
Taking away a student’s recess for breaking rules
Giving candy for good behavior
Adding extra homework for mistakes
Explanation - Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Correct answer is: Taking away a student’s recess for breaking rules
Q.21 Which principle states that immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement?
Law of Effect
Contiguity Principle
Principle of Reinforcement Delay
Observational Learning
Explanation - The contiguity principle suggests that the closer in time a reinforcement follows a behavior, the stronger the association and learning.
Correct answer is: Contiguity Principle
Q.22 Which of the following is a key idea in Gestalt learning theory?
Learning occurs through rewards and punishments
Learning is a process of cognitive organization and problem-solving
Learning is purely observational
Learning requires repetitive drilling
Explanation - Gestalt theorists emphasize understanding the whole problem and perceiving patterns rather than just memorizing parts.
Correct answer is: Learning is a process of cognitive organization and problem-solving
Q.23 Token economies are primarily based on which learning theory?
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Sociocultural Theory
Explanation - Token economies use reinforcement principles to increase desired behaviors, a direct application of behaviorist learning theory.
Correct answer is: Behaviorism
Q.24 Which type of learning is best illustrated by a student learning how to solve math problems by watching a teacher?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Insight Learning
Explanation - The student acquires new skills by observing and modeling the teacher’s behavior, which aligns with Bandura’s theory.
Correct answer is: Observational Learning
Q.25 Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?
Studying to get a scholarship
Reading a novel for personal enjoyment
Cleaning to avoid punishment
Participating in a contest to win a prize
Explanation - Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction, curiosity, or interest, rather than external rewards.
Correct answer is: Reading a novel for personal enjoyment