Q.1 Which stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the development of logical thinking about concrete events?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Explanation - Piaget's Concrete Operational stage (ages 7-11) involves logical thinking about concrete objects and events, but not abstract concepts.
Correct answer is: Concrete Operational
Q.2 According to Erikson, the primary psychosocial task of adolescence is:
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Explanation - Erikson identified 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' as the main task during adolescence, where individuals explore personal identity and values.
Correct answer is: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Q.3 Which of the following is a characteristic of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Tasks a child can do independently
Tasks a child can do with guidance
Tasks a child cannot do even with help
Tasks that involve rote memorization
Explanation - The ZPD represents the difference between what a child can achieve alone and what they can achieve with guidance.
Correct answer is: Tasks a child can do with guidance
Q.4 Which attachment style is associated with children who are upset when the caregiver leaves but easily comforted upon return?
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganized
Explanation - Securely attached children show distress when separated but are easily comforted when the caregiver returns, indicating trust and emotional security.
Correct answer is: Secure
Q.5 What is the primary developmental task during middle childhood according to Erikson?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Explanation - Children in middle childhood (6-12 years) focus on mastering skills and gaining competence in school and social settings.
Correct answer is: Industry vs. Inferiority
Q.6 Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering puberty in adolescents?
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Explanation - GnRH from the hypothalamus triggers the release of sex hormones, initiating puberty.
Correct answer is: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Q.7 In Kohlberg's theory, the stage where moral decisions are based on social approval is called:
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Universal Ethical
Explanation - During the Conventional level, individuals follow rules and seek social approval to guide moral behavior.
Correct answer is: Conventional
Q.8 Which of the following best describes the adolescent brain during development?
Fully matured by age 12
Prefrontal cortex is still developing
Amygdala is inactive
Cerebellum stops growing
Explanation - The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and impulse control, continues developing into the mid-20s.
Correct answer is: Prefrontal cortex is still developing
Q.9 Which of the following is a common cognitive change during adolescence?
Egocentrism and imaginary audience
Object permanence
Conservation of volume
Deferred imitation
Explanation - Adolescents often exhibit heightened self-consciousness and the belief that others are constantly observing them.
Correct answer is: Egocentrism and imaginary audience
Q.10 Which parenting style is associated with the highest levels of adolescent self-esteem?
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Neglectful
Explanation - Authoritative parenting, which combines warmth with clear boundaries, is linked to positive social and emotional outcomes in children and adolescents.
Correct answer is: Authoritative
Q.11 Which type of play is most characteristic of early childhood (ages 2-5)?
Solitary play
Parallel play
Cooperative play
Competitive play
Explanation - During early childhood, children often play side by side without direct interaction, known as parallel play.
Correct answer is: Parallel play
Q.12 Which of the following best exemplifies scaffolding in learning?
Allowing the child to figure everything out alone
Providing support tailored to the child's current level
Completing tasks entirely for the child
Focusing only on rote memorization
Explanation - Scaffolding involves helping a learner progress by offering guidance appropriate to their current abilities.
Correct answer is: Providing support tailored to the child's current level
Q.13 Puberty usually begins earlier in girls than boys. Which age range is typical for girls?
8-13 years
10-15 years
12-16 years
13-18 years
Explanation - Girls generally enter puberty between ages 8-13, while boys typically start later.
Correct answer is: 8-13 years
Q.14 Which theorist emphasized the importance of social interaction in cognitive development?
Piaget
Vygotsky
Erikson
Skinner
Explanation - Vygotsky highlighted that learning occurs through social interaction and guided participation.
Correct answer is: Vygotsky
Q.15 Adolescents often experience a shift in sleep patterns due to:
Decreased melatonin secretion at night
Delayed melatonin release in the evening
Increased cortisol during sleep
Early bedtime preference
Explanation - Adolescents' circadian rhythms shift, causing later sleep onset and waking times.
Correct answer is: Delayed melatonin release in the evening
Q.16 Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parenting?
High warmth, high control
Low warmth, high control
High warmth, low control
Low warmth, low control
Explanation - Authoritative parents combine nurturing with firm expectations, promoting self-regulation and social competence.
Correct answer is: High warmth, high control
Q.17 In Piaget's formal operational stage, adolescents develop the ability to:
Think abstractly and hypothetically
Manipulate objects physically
Understand only concrete events
Focus solely on egocentric thought
Explanation - Formal operational thinking allows adolescents to reason about abstract concepts and consider hypothetical scenarios.
Correct answer is: Think abstractly and hypothetically
Q.18 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'storm and stress' in adolescence?
A universally experienced conflict-free period
A period of emotional turbulence and identity exploration
A phase of complete independence from parents
A stage of cognitive regression
Explanation - 'Storm and stress' refers to heightened emotional experiences and conflicts as adolescents form identity.
Correct answer is: A period of emotional turbulence and identity exploration
Q.19 Which of the following factors most strongly influences early childhood language development?
Genetics alone
Peer pressure
Exposure to language-rich environments
Sleep patterns
Explanation - Children acquire language most effectively when exposed to rich and interactive verbal environments.
Correct answer is: Exposure to language-rich environments
Q.20 Which type of play involves imagination and role-playing?
Sensorimotor play
Constructive play
Pretend play
Parallel play
Explanation - Pretend or imaginative play allows children to act out roles and scenarios, aiding cognitive and social development.
Correct answer is: Pretend play
Q.21 Which of the following is a typical social development during adolescence?
Increased reliance on parents for social guidance
Greater importance of peer relationships
Avoidance of peer influence
Reduced interest in friendships
Explanation - Adolescents increasingly value peer approval and social interaction as part of identity formation.
Correct answer is: Greater importance of peer relationships
Q.22 Which Piagetian task demonstrates conservation skills?
Knowing that pouring water into a taller, thinner glass doesn’t change the quantity
Understanding that objects continue to exist when hidden
Counting objects in a row
Imitating an adult’s action
Explanation - Conservation tasks assess the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
Correct answer is: Knowing that pouring water into a taller, thinner glass doesn’t change the quantity
Q.23 Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?
Inability to take others’ perspectives at all ages
Heightened self-consciousness and belief others are watching them
Complete focus on adult perspectives
A cognitive deficit in social understanding
Explanation - Adolescent egocentrism involves an exaggerated focus on oneself and the imagined scrutiny of others.
Correct answer is: Heightened self-consciousness and belief others are watching them
Q.24 Which of the following is an example of secondary sexual characteristics?
Ovaries in girls
Testes in boys
Breast development in girls
Sperm production
Explanation - Secondary sexual characteristics are physical traits that appear during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction.
Correct answer is: Breast development in girls