Q.1 Which of the following best describes the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
Language shapes the way we think
Cognition develops independently of language
Language is identical across all cultures
Cultural norms do not influence language
Explanation - The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis posits that the structure and vocabulary of a language influence its speakers' cognition and worldview.
Correct answer is: Language shapes the way we think
Q.2 Which cognitive ability is most affected by bilingualism according to cultural psychology research?
Short-term memory
Executive function and attention control
Sensory perception
Motor coordination
Explanation - Bilingual individuals often show enhanced executive function, including better attention control, due to constant language switching.
Correct answer is: Executive function and attention control
Q.3 Which of the following is an example of linguistic relativity?
Different cultures having unique color terms influencing perception
All humans understanding mathematics the same way
Memory being unrelated to language
Language having no effect on problem-solving
Explanation - Linguistic relativity suggests that language influences thought; for example, languages with multiple words for a color may lead speakers to perceive it differently.
Correct answer is: Different cultures having unique color terms influencing perception
Q.4 Which cultural factor can influence cognitive processes such as categorization and memory?
Language structure
Dietary habits
Climate only
Physical activity levels
Explanation - Cultural differences in language structure can shape how individuals categorize objects, remember events, and solve problems.
Correct answer is: Language structure
Q.5 What does the term 'code-switching' refer to in the context of language and cognition?
Switching between different dialects or languages within a conversation
Changing one's handwriting style
Switching between tasks in memory experiments
Changing one's accent permanently
Explanation - Code-switching involves alternating between languages or dialects depending on social context and cognitive demand.
Correct answer is: Switching between different dialects or languages within a conversation
Q.6 Which of the following demonstrates the influence of culture on memory?
Western participants recall individual actions more vividly than collective actions
Memory is unaffected by cultural background
All cultures recall events in the same chronological order
Eastern participants cannot remember personal experiences
Explanation - Culture influences cognitive processes, including memory; individualistic cultures emphasize personal experiences, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize group-related events.
Correct answer is: Western participants recall individual actions more vividly than collective actions
Q.7 How does metaphor usage in language affect cognition?
Metaphors can shape abstract thinking
Metaphors have no cognitive effect
Metaphors prevent understanding of literal meanings
Metaphors reduce memory capacity
Explanation - Cultural and linguistic metaphors can influence the way people conceptualize abstract ideas, affecting reasoning and problem-solving.
Correct answer is: Metaphors can shape abstract thinking
Q.8 Which of the following is a finding from research on numerical cognition and language?
Languages with limited number words affect precise counting abilities
All humans count identically regardless of language
Number words do not influence cognitive development
Counting skills are innate and culture-independent
Explanation - Some languages lack words for large numbers, which can limit speakers' ability to perform precise counting or complex arithmetic.
Correct answer is: Languages with limited number words affect precise counting abilities
Q.9 Which of the following is an example of cultural influence on spatial cognition?
Using cardinal directions (north, south) rather than left/right for orientation
All humans using left/right cues equally
Spatial memory is unrelated to language
Culture only affects emotional cognition
Explanation - Some cultures rely on cardinal directions instead of egocentric cues, showing how culture and language shape spatial cognition.
Correct answer is: Using cardinal directions (north, south) rather than left/right for orientation
Q.10 Which cognitive domain is most affected by linguistic differences across cultures?
Problem-solving strategies
Heart rate regulation
Visual acuity
Motor reflexes
Explanation - Language influences how people approach problem-solving, reason abstractly, and structure information.
Correct answer is: Problem-solving strategies
Q.11 Which statement reflects a universalist perspective on language and cognition?
Cognitive processes are largely similar across all cultures
Language entirely determines thought
Culture is the only factor affecting cognition
Memory differs fundamentally across languages
Explanation - Universalists argue that fundamental cognitive processes are shared across humanity, even if language and culture influence expression.
Correct answer is: Cognitive processes are largely similar across all cultures
Q.12 Which type of cultural difference can influence categorization of objects?
Collectivist versus individualist orientation
Eye color
Height
Blood type
Explanation - People from individualist cultures tend to categorize objects based on individual attributes, while collectivist cultures categorize based on relationships or context.
Correct answer is: Collectivist versus individualist orientation
Q.13 Which term refers to the way language influences perception and attention?
Linguistic relativity
Classical conditioning
Cognitive dissonance
Operant conditioning
Explanation - Linguistic relativity suggests that language affects perception, memory, and attention, shaping how individuals interpret the world.
Correct answer is: Linguistic relativity
Q.14 Which finding supports the idea that language influences thought?
Speakers of languages without future tense perceive time differently
All humans perceive time identically
Language does not affect cognition
Cultural rituals do not interact with cognition
Explanation - Studies show that speakers of languages lacking future tense may be more present-focused, illustrating language's influence on thought.
Correct answer is: Speakers of languages without future tense perceive time differently
Q.15 Which aspect of cognition is influenced by cultural norms in storytelling?
Memory for events and causal reasoning
Visual acuity
Olfactory discrimination
Heart rate
Explanation - Cultural storytelling traditions shape how people remember events, interpret causality, and structure narratives.
Correct answer is: Memory for events and causal reasoning
Q.16 Which of the following is an example of how language affects emotion recognition?
Some languages have words for emotions not present in other cultures
Emotions are universally recognized with no cultural variation
Language does not influence emotional perception
Facial expressions are entirely learned
Explanation - The existence of culture-specific emotion words can enhance the ability to recognize or conceptualize those emotions.
Correct answer is: Some languages have words for emotions not present in other cultures
Q.17 Which research method is commonly used to study language and cognition across cultures?
Cross-linguistic experiments
Brain surgery
Single-subject case studies
Electrocardiograms
Explanation - Comparing speakers of different languages allows researchers to examine how linguistic differences influence cognition.
Correct answer is: Cross-linguistic experiments
Q.18 How does bilingualism affect cognitive flexibility?
Enhances cognitive flexibility by managing multiple language systems
Reduces cognitive flexibility due to interference
Has no effect on cognition
Only affects motor skills
Explanation - Bilinguals often develop greater cognitive flexibility because they constantly switch between language systems.
Correct answer is: Enhances cognitive flexibility by managing multiple language systems
Q.19 Which of the following is true about color perception and language?
Languages with more color terms can lead to finer color discrimination
Color perception is identical in all humans regardless of language
Languages affect shape perception but not color
All humans perceive color identically without influence from language
Explanation - Having distinct words for colors can improve speakers' ability to discriminate between subtle shades.
Correct answer is: Languages with more color terms can lead to finer color discrimination
Q.20 Which statement reflects a cultural influence on numerical cognition?
Some cultures rely on body parts for counting
All humans use Arabic numerals naturally
Counting systems do not vary
Numerical reasoning is entirely innate
Explanation - Certain cultures use finger counting or body-based systems, showing how cultural practices shape numerical cognition.
Correct answer is: Some cultures rely on body parts for counting
Q.21 Which of the following demonstrates the effect of language on spatial reasoning?
Using absolute directions instead of relative left-right references
All humans use the same spatial strategies
Spatial reasoning is independent of language
Only visual experience influences spatial cognition
Explanation - Languages that emphasize cardinal directions encourage speakers to think in absolute spatial terms rather than egocentric perspectives.
Correct answer is: Using absolute directions instead of relative left-right references
Q.22 Which concept highlights that cognition is shaped by both culture and language?
Cultural-linguistic relativity
Piagetian universality
Behaviorist conditioning
Cognitive dissonance
Explanation - This concept emphasizes the interaction between cultural norms, language, and cognitive processes.
Correct answer is: Cultural-linguistic relativity
Q.23 Which of the following shows that emotion perception is culturally influenced?
Some facial expressions are interpreted differently across cultures
All facial expressions are universal
Language has no impact on emotion perception
Emotion perception is purely biological
Explanation - Cultural norms can affect how emotions are expressed, interpreted, and labeled, indicating an interaction of culture, language, and cognition.
Correct answer is: Some facial expressions are interpreted differently across cultures