Q.1 Which of the following best illustrates the concept of cultural display rules in emotion?
A person hiding sadness at a wedding in Japan
A person feeling anger during a fight
A person smiling when genuinely happy in all cultures
A person experiencing fear when watching a horror movie
Explanation - Cultural display rules dictate how and when emotions are expressed in different cultures. For example, Japanese culture often emphasizes masking negative emotions in social gatherings.
Correct answer is: A person hiding sadness at a wedding in Japan
Q.2 Which emotion is often considered universal across cultures according to Paul Ekman's research?
Shame
Jealousy
Happiness
Embarrassment
Explanation - Ekman's studies found that basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise are universally recognized across cultures.
Correct answer is: Happiness
Q.3 In collectivist cultures, which of the following emotional tendencies is more likely?
Prioritizing personal happiness over group harmony
Suppressing emotions to maintain social harmony
Expressing emotions openly without concern for others
Focusing on personal achievement as the main source of pride
Explanation - Collectivist cultures, such as many East Asian societies, encourage controlling or suppressing emotions to avoid disrupting group harmony.
Correct answer is: Suppressing emotions to maintain social harmony
Q.4 Which term refers to emotions that are culturally specific and not found universally?
Basic emotions
Complex emotions
Cultural emotions
Secondary emotions
Explanation - Cultural emotions, sometimes called culturally constructed emotions, arise from social norms and expectations and may not exist in all cultures.
Correct answer is: Cultural emotions
Q.5 How do individualistic cultures generally approach emotional expression?
They encourage suppressing emotions for group harmony
They discourage any form of emotional expression
They encourage open and authentic expression of feelings
They focus mainly on socially approved expressions
Explanation - In individualistic cultures, such as the U.S., personal expression and authenticity are valued, including openly showing emotions.
Correct answer is: They encourage open and authentic expression of feelings
Q.6 Which of the following is an example of a culture-specific emotion?
Amae in Japan, referring to pleasurable dependence
Anger in all cultures
Sadness universally
Fear universally
Explanation - Amae is a uniquely Japanese concept describing a feeling of indulgent dependence, demonstrating how some emotions are culturally specific.
Correct answer is: Amae in Japan, referring to pleasurable dependence
Q.7 What does the term 'emotion regulation' mean in cross-cultural research?
The universal experience of emotions
How individuals control or modify emotional expressions according to cultural norms
The study of emotions in psychology
The suppression of all emotions in society
Explanation - Emotion regulation refers to strategies people use to influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they express them, often shaped by culture.
Correct answer is: How individuals control or modify emotional expressions according to cultural norms
Q.8 Which cultural factor most strongly influences emotional expression?
Climate and geography
Religious practices
Cultural norms and social rules
Genetics alone
Explanation - While biology affects emotion, the way emotions are expressed is heavily influenced by culturally prescribed norms and social expectations.
Correct answer is: Cultural norms and social rules
Q.9 Which of the following is an example of a difference in emotional perception across cultures?
Americans interpret a wide smile as friendliness, while Japanese may see it as masking embarrassment
All cultures perceive fear the same way
Sadness is always expressed with tears
Anger is universally displayed through shouting
Explanation - Cross-cultural studies show that the same facial expressions may be interpreted differently depending on cultural context.
Correct answer is: Americans interpret a wide smile as friendliness, while Japanese may see it as masking embarrassment
Q.10 What does research suggest about the physiological experience of emotions across cultures?
Physiological responses differ entirely across cultures
Heart rate, facial expressions, and brain responses are largely similar across cultures
Only negative emotions have universal physiological patterns
Cultural learning eliminates physiological responses
Explanation - While emotional expression differs culturally, the physiological experience of basic emotions shows strong universality.
Correct answer is: Heart rate, facial expressions, and brain responses are largely similar across cultures
Q.11 Which of the following best illustrates an individualistic approach to pride?
A person feeling proud of personal achievements
A person feeling proud when family members succeed
Suppressing pride to maintain social harmony
Feeling pride only in public ceremonies
Explanation - Individualistic cultures emphasize personal accomplishments, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize group achievements.
Correct answer is: A person feeling proud of personal achievements
Q.12 Which of the following is considered a secondary or complex emotion?
Fear
Disgust
Shame
Happiness
Explanation - Secondary or complex emotions, like shame or guilt, often depend on social context and cultural norms, unlike basic emotions.
Correct answer is: Shame
Q.13 Which research method is most commonly used in cross-cultural emotion studies?
Neuroimaging
Facial expression recognition and surveys
Animal models
Genetic sequencing
Explanation - Researchers often use facial expression recognition tests, emotion surveys, and scenario-based experiments to compare emotions across cultures.
Correct answer is: Facial expression recognition and surveys
Q.14 In East Asian cultures, emotions are often described as being 'dialectical.' What does this mean?
Emotions are either positive or negative, never mixed
Positive and negative emotions can co-exist
Emotions are suppressed completely
Emotions are expressed randomly
Explanation - Dialectical emotional style in East Asian cultures emphasizes the simultaneous experience of conflicting emotions, unlike linear Western models.
Correct answer is: Positive and negative emotions can co-exist
Q.15 Which of the following statements about emotional intensity across cultures is true?
All cultures express emotions with the same intensity
Individualistic cultures may encourage stronger emotional displays
Collectivist cultures encourage more intense emotion than individualistic cultures
Emotional intensity is entirely biological and unaffected by culture
Explanation - Individualistic cultures often value overt expression, whereas collectivist cultures may moderate emotional intensity to maintain social harmony.
Correct answer is: Individualistic cultures may encourage stronger emotional displays
Q.16 Which of the following is an example of cultural moderation of negative emotions?
Japanese employees restraining anger at work
Americans expressing anger in political debates
Children crying when hurt
People showing surprise at a birthday party
Explanation - In cultures emphasizing harmony, negative emotions are often controlled in public settings to avoid conflict.
Correct answer is: Japanese employees restraining anger at work
Q.17 What does the term 'emotion socialization' refer to?
How children learn to identify and express emotions according to cultural norms
The physiological basis of emotions
The universal experience of happiness
The suppression of emotions by the government
Explanation - Emotion socialization involves teaching children culturally appropriate ways to experience, express, and regulate emotions.
Correct answer is: How children learn to identify and express emotions according to cultural norms
Q.18 Which of the following best demonstrates a collectivist approach to guilt?
Feeling guilty for harming group interests
Feeling guilty for personal failures alone
Never feeling guilty due to social norms
Feeling guilty for not winning a competition
Explanation - In collectivist cultures, emotions like guilt often relate to social and group responsibilities rather than personal achievements.
Correct answer is: Feeling guilty for harming group interests
Q.19 Which concept suggests that emotions are partly constructed through language and culture?
Biological determinism
Cultural relativism
Emotion construction theory
Behaviorism
Explanation - Emotion construction theory posits that emotions are shaped by cultural norms, language, and individual experiences rather than being purely innate.
Correct answer is: Emotion construction theory
Q.20 Which of the following is true about the experience of anger in different cultures?
Anger is expressed identically across all cultures
Some cultures may discourage public expression of anger
Anger is not recognized as an emotion in collectivist cultures
Anger is considered a positive emotion in all cultures
Explanation - Cultures emphasizing harmony, like East Asian collectivist cultures, may encourage suppression or private expression of anger.
Correct answer is: Some cultures may discourage public expression of anger
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of how cultural context influences emotional meaning?
Smiling to show embarrassment in some Asian cultures
Fear responses being identical everywhere
Crying at funerals universally
Laughing at humor universally
Explanation - In some cultures, certain expressions can carry different social meanings; for example, a smile may signal embarrassment rather than happiness.
Correct answer is: Smiling to show embarrassment in some Asian cultures
Q.22 What role does interdependence play in emotion across cultures?
Encourages independent emotion expression
Promotes emotion suppression to maintain relationships
Eliminates emotional experiences
Encourages extreme emotional displays
Explanation - Interdependent cultural contexts value group harmony and often modulate emotional expression to avoid disrupting social bonds.
Correct answer is: Promotes emotion suppression to maintain relationships
Q.23 Which of the following is an example of a cultural difference in emotional attribution?
Americans attribute sadness to personal failure, whereas East Asians may attribute it to social imbalance
All cultures attribute emotions solely to biological causes
Anger is universally attributed to external threats
Fear is always attributed to internal weakness
Explanation - Cultural norms influence how people interpret the causes of emotions; individualist cultures often focus on personal factors, collectivist cultures on social context.
Correct answer is: Americans attribute sadness to personal failure, whereas East Asians may attribute it to social imbalance
Q.24 Which statement is true about mixed emotions across cultures?
Mixed emotions are only experienced in Western cultures
Some cultures accept the coexistence of positive and negative emotions
Mixed emotions are biologically impossible
All cultures prioritize experiencing only one emotion at a time
Explanation - Eastern cultures often recognize the simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions, reflecting a dialectical perspective.
Correct answer is: Some cultures accept the coexistence of positive and negative emotions
Q.25 How do cultural norms influence emotional memory?
Memory of emotions is universal and unaffected by culture
People are more likely to remember emotions that are socially valued in their culture
Culture erases negative emotional memories
Memory is based solely on genetics
Explanation - Cultural norms shape attention, encoding, and recall of emotions, so culturally valued emotions are more salient in memory.
Correct answer is: People are more likely to remember emotions that are socially valued in their culture