Q.1 Which of the following best defines 'cultural norms'?
Innate biological behaviors shared by all humans
Unwritten rules that guide behavior within a group
Formal laws enforced by the government
Random behaviors with no social significance
Explanation - Cultural norms are the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups, often unwritten and learned through socialization.
Correct answer is: Unwritten rules that guide behavior within a group
Q.2 Attitudes in cultural psychology are best described as:
Fixed biological traits
Learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, or events
Random emotional reactions
Strictly legal obligations
Explanation - Attitudes are learned tendencies that influence how individuals evaluate and respond to various aspects of their environment, shaped by culture and experience.
Correct answer is: Learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, or events
Q.3 Which concept explains why people from collectivist cultures prioritize group goals over personal goals?
Individualism
Power distance
Collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Explanation - Collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence, group harmony, and prioritizing collective goals, influencing attitudes and behaviors.
Correct answer is: Collectivism
Q.4 Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive cultural norm?
People shake hands when meeting
People sometimes lie
People think privately
People choose favorite colors
Explanation - Prescriptive norms indicate behaviors that are expected or approved within a culture, such as greetings.
Correct answer is: People shake hands when meeting
Q.5 What term refers to the internalization of cultural norms into personal attitudes?
Socialization
Acculturation
Enculturation
Globalization
Explanation - Enculturation is the process through which individuals learn and adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and values of their own culture.
Correct answer is: Enculturation
Q.6 Which theory suggests that attitudes predict behavior when the attitude is strong, specific, and easily recalled?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Theory of Planned Behavior
Social Learning Theory
Cultural Relativism
Explanation - The Theory of Planned Behavior states that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict behavioral intentions and actions.
Correct answer is: Theory of Planned Behavior
Q.7 A society that emphasizes competition, achievement, and independence is likely characterized by which cultural orientation?
Collectivism
Individualism
High-context
Low-context
Explanation - Individualist cultures value personal goals, self-reliance, and independence, which shape attitudes toward success and social norms.
Correct answer is: Individualism
Q.8 Which of the following is an example of a descriptive norm?
People recycle their waste
People must recycle
People should vote
People are legally required to pay taxes
Explanation - Descriptive norms reflect what most people actually do in a situation, rather than what they are expected to do.
Correct answer is: People recycle their waste
Q.9 Which of the following methods is commonly used to study attitudes across cultures?
Laboratory experiments only
Cross-cultural surveys and interviews
Genetic testing
Animal observation
Explanation - Researchers use surveys, interviews, and observational studies to compare attitudes and norms across different cultural groups.
Correct answer is: Cross-cultural surveys and interviews
Q.10 Cultural norms can influence which of the following in social behavior?
Decision-making, communication, and emotional expression
Only genetic traits
Random individual preferences
Natural weather patterns
Explanation - Cultural norms guide a wide range of behaviors, including how people communicate, make decisions, and express emotions.
Correct answer is: Decision-making, communication, and emotional expression
Q.11 In cultures with high power distance, people are likely to:
Challenge authority openly
Accept hierarchical differences without question
Value egalitarian decision-making
Ignore social hierarchies entirely
Explanation - High power distance cultures accept inequality in power and authority as normal, influencing attitudes toward social roles.
Correct answer is: Accept hierarchical differences without question
Q.12 Which term refers to the tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others?
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Acculturation
Enculturation
Explanation - Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture, often leading to biased attitudes.
Correct answer is: Ethnocentrism
Q.13 Norms that are strictly enforced with sanctions are called:
Folkways
Mores
Taboos
Customs
Explanation - Mores are norms with moral significance; violations are likely to result in strong social sanctions.
Correct answer is: Mores
Q.14 Which concept reflects the coexistence of multiple attitudes or beliefs within a single individual due to cultural influences?
Cultural dissonance
Cognitive consistency
Acculturation
Ethnocentrism
Explanation - Cultural dissonance occurs when individuals experience conflicting attitudes or values from different cultural contexts.
Correct answer is: Cultural dissonance
Q.15 Attitude change in response to group pressure is best explained by:
Operant conditioning
Conformity
Social loafing
Cultural lag
Explanation - Conformity involves adjusting one's attitudes or behaviors to match group norms, a key aspect of cultural influence.
Correct answer is: Conformity
Q.16 Hofstede’s cultural dimension of 'uncertainty avoidance' refers to:
Preference for structured situations and rules to avoid ambiguity
Tolerance for social hierarchies
Focus on individual achievements
Collective decision-making
Explanation - Uncertainty avoidance reflects how comfortable a culture is with ambiguity and unstructured situations, shaping norms and attitudes.
Correct answer is: Preference for structured situations and rules to avoid ambiguity
Q.17 Which type of attitude is most likely to predict behavior across different cultures?
Abstract attitudes
Specific and strong attitudes
Randomly formed attitudes
Inherited attitudes
Explanation - Research shows that attitudes that are strong, specific, and personally relevant are better predictors of behavior, regardless of culture.
Correct answer is: Specific and strong attitudes
Q.18 Which of the following illustrates the impact of cultural norms on emotional expression?
Smiling when happy in the US vs. suppressing emotion in Japan
Yawning when tired
Crying due to injury
Blinking in bright light
Explanation - Cultural norms dictate appropriate emotional expression; some cultures encourage visible emotion, while others value restraint.
Correct answer is: Smiling when happy in the US vs. suppressing emotion in Japan
Q.19 Which method is most appropriate for examining how cultural norms influence attitudes in real-life settings?
Field observations
MRI scans
Purely theoretical models
Genetic testing
Explanation - Field observations allow researchers to see how cultural norms shape attitudes and behaviors in natural contexts.
Correct answer is: Field observations
Q.20 Which of the following best demonstrates a conflict between personal attitudes and cultural norms?
A vegetarian in a culture that celebrates meat-heavy diets
A child learning to read
A student completing homework
A person walking in the park
Explanation - This represents a clash between an individual’s personal attitude and prevailing cultural expectations, highlighting the influence of cultural norms.
Correct answer is: A vegetarian in a culture that celebrates meat-heavy diets
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of a taboo?
Eating insects in most Western societies
Wearing clothes
Greeting friends with a handshake
Eating meals together
Explanation - Taboos are strong cultural prohibitions; behaviors considered highly unacceptable can evoke disgust or punishment.
Correct answer is: Eating insects in most Western societies
Q.22 A culture that emphasizes long-term planning, perseverance, and thrift is high in which dimension?
Short-term orientation
Long-term orientation
Individualism
Uncertainty avoidance
Explanation - Long-term orientation reflects a cultural focus on future rewards, planning, and persistence, influencing attitudes and behaviors.
Correct answer is: Long-term orientation
Q.23 What is the primary difference between attitudes and norms?
Attitudes are personal evaluations; norms are shared expectations
Attitudes are laws; norms are opinions
Norms are biological; attitudes are cultural
Attitudes never change; norms are permanent
Explanation - Attitudes reflect an individual’s feelings and evaluations, while norms are collective rules guiding behavior in a culture.
Correct answer is: Attitudes are personal evaluations; norms are shared expectations
Q.24 Which term describes the process of adopting behaviors from another culture while maintaining one’s own cultural identity?
Assimilation
Integration
Enculturation
Segregation
Explanation - Integration allows individuals to adapt to a new culture while preserving aspects of their original cultural identity, influencing attitudes and norms.
Correct answer is: Integration