Q.1 Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishments
Learning by observing others
Learning through association between two stimuli
Learning by trial and error
Explanation - Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
Correct answer is: Learning through association between two stimuli
Q.2 In operant conditioning, which of the following increases the likelihood of a behavior?
Punishment
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Habituation
Explanation - Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs.
Correct answer is: Negative reinforcement
Q.3 Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Explanation - Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs, demonstrating classical conditioning.
Correct answer is: Ivan Pavlov
Q.4 A student studies hard to avoid failing a test. This is an example of:
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Explanation - Negative reinforcement involves increasing a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, in this case, the threat of failure.
Correct answer is: Negative reinforcement
Q.5 Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A child learns to tie shoes by watching a sibling
A dog salivates at the sound of a bell
A student memorizes facts from a textbook
A rat presses a lever for food
Explanation - Observational learning occurs when an individual acquires a behavior by watching others.
Correct answer is: A child learns to tie shoes by watching a sibling
Q.6 Which concept refers to the weakening of a learned response?
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Acquisition
Explanation - Extinction occurs when a conditioned response decreases or disappears after repeated absence of reinforcement or pairing.
Correct answer is: Extinction
Q.7 Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Giving extra homework for misbehavior
Taking away recess for misbehavior
Studying to avoid failing
Practicing piano to get a reward
Explanation - Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease an undesired behavior.
Correct answer is: Giving extra homework for misbehavior
Q.8 In cognitive learning theory, learning is best described as:
A passive process of stimulus-response connections
An active process involving mental representation
Only a result of reinforcement
Merely memorization of facts
Explanation - Cognitive learning theory emphasizes active mental processes, such as understanding, problem-solving, and mental representations.
Correct answer is: An active process involving mental representation
Q.9 Which researcher is most associated with operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
Explanation - B.F. Skinner conducted extensive research on operant conditioning, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment.
Correct answer is: B.F. Skinner
Q.10 The process of learning a behavior by watching a model is called:
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Habituation
Explanation - Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors by observing others’ actions and outcomes.
Correct answer is: Observational learning
Q.11 Which of the following best exemplifies reinforcement?
A teacher scolds a student for being late
A worker receives a bonus for completing tasks early
A child stops crying after being ignored
A dog ignores a command
Explanation - Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, and receiving a bonus for good performance is positive reinforcement.
Correct answer is: A worker receives a bonus for completing tasks early
Q.12 In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is:
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
A stimulus that requires learning
The learned response
A punishment
Explanation - The unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits a response without prior learning.
Correct answer is: A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Q.13 Which of the following describes shaping in operant conditioning?
Teaching through repeated punishment
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior
Learning by observing others
Associating two stimuli
Explanation - Shaping involves reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior until the behavior is fully acquired.
Correct answer is: Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior
Q.14 Which of the following is a cognitive factor in learning?
Reinforcement schedules
Mental imagery
Punishment
Reflexes
Explanation - Cognitive factors involve mental processes, such as imagery, thinking, and problem-solving, that affect learning.
Correct answer is: Mental imagery
Q.15 Generalization in classical conditioning refers to:
Responding differently to stimuli
Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
Weakening of a conditioned response
Learning by observing a model
Explanation - Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Correct answer is: Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
Q.16 Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A rat learns a maze only when rewarded
A child memorizes multiplication tables
A person learns a route but demonstrates it only when asked
A dog salivates at food
Explanation - Latent learning occurs without immediate reinforcement, showing up only when needed or motivated.
Correct answer is: A person learns a route but demonstrates it only when asked
Q.17 Which type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Explanation - Fixed ratio schedules reinforce a behavior after a set number of responses, like giving a reward after every 5 tasks completed.
Correct answer is: Fixed ratio
Q.18 The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children:
Learned through reinforcement only
Learned aggressive behavior by observing adults
Could not learn through observation
Responded only to classical conditioning
Explanation - Albert Bandura’s experiment showed that children can learn behaviors, including aggression, by observing models.
Correct answer is: Learned aggressive behavior by observing adults
Q.19 Habituation is best described as:
An increase in response to repeated stimulus
A decrease in response to repeated stimulus
Learning through punishment
Learning by association
Explanation - Habituation is a simple form of learning in which the response to a repeated stimulus decreases over time.
Correct answer is: A decrease in response to repeated stimulus
Q.20 Cognitive maps were first demonstrated in which type of learning?
Classical conditioning
Latent learning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Explanation - Edward Tolman showed that rats develop mental representations of a maze (cognitive maps) even without reinforcement, demonstrating latent learning.
Correct answer is: Latent learning
Q.21 Which principle states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely?
Law of Effect
Law of Readiness
Law of Contiguity
Law of Exercise
Explanation - Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened.
Correct answer is: Law of Effect
Q.22 Which of the following is an example of immediate reinforcement?
Getting a salary at the end of the month
Receiving praise immediately after completing a task
Studying for a final exam
Waiting for a promotion
Explanation - Immediate reinforcement occurs right after the desired behavior, which strengthens learning more effectively.
Correct answer is: Receiving praise immediately after completing a task
Q.23 Which learning process emphasizes understanding and problem-solving rather than rote memorization?
Behaviorism
Cognitive learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Explanation - Cognitive learning emphasizes active mental processes, including understanding, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Correct answer is: Cognitive learning
Q.24 Discrimination in classical conditioning is:
Responding the same way to all stimuli
Responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus
Learning through observation
Decreasing response over time
Explanation - Discrimination involves responding differently to different stimuli, reacting only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Correct answer is: Responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus