Q.1 Who is considered the father of classical conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Sigmund Freud
Explanation - Ivan Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning through experiments with dogs, showing that a neutral stimulus could elicit a conditioned response.
Correct answer is: Ivan Pavlov
Q.2 In operant conditioning, what is the main purpose of reinforcement?
To punish undesirable behavior
To increase the likelihood of a behavior
To condition reflexes
To reduce stress
Explanation - Reinforcement is used in operant conditioning to increase the probability that a behavior will occur again.
Correct answer is: To increase the likelihood of a behavior
Q.3 Which psychologist is most associated with the concept of 'operant conditioning'?
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
John Watson
Explanation - B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, emphasizing rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
Correct answer is: B.F. Skinner
Q.4 A child receives candy for cleaning their room. This is an example of:
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Explanation - Positive reinforcement involves presenting a pleasant stimulus (candy) to increase the likelihood of a behavior (cleaning).
Correct answer is: Positive reinforcement
Q.5 Extinction in behavioral psychology refers to:
The end of a species
The disappearance of a conditioned response
The introduction of a new stimulus
The increase of behavior frequency
Explanation - Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the disappearance of the conditioned response.
Correct answer is: The disappearance of a conditioned response
Q.6 Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after an unpredictable number of responses?
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Explanation - A variable ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses, often producing high, steady response rates.
Correct answer is: Variable ratio
Q.7 The process of learning by observing others is called:
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Cognitive dissonance
Explanation - Observational learning, or modeling, occurs when individuals learn behaviors by watching others, as described by Albert Bandura.
Correct answer is: Observational learning
Q.8 Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A student gets praise for homework
A loud noise stops when you buckle your seatbelt
A child loses screen time for misbehavior
Receiving a bonus for good work
Explanation - Negative reinforcement increases a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (loud noise) when the desired behavior occurs (buckling seatbelt).
Correct answer is: A loud noise stops when you buckle your seatbelt
Q.9 Systematic desensitization is primarily used to treat:
Depression
Phobias
Schizophrenia
ADHD
Explanation - Systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique used to reduce phobic responses through gradual exposure and relaxation.
Correct answer is: Phobias
Q.10 Which term describes learning through repeated pairing of stimuli?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive restructuring
Explanation - Classical conditioning involves learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
Correct answer is: Classical conditioning
Q.11 Shaping in operant conditioning refers to:
Punishing undesirable behavior
Gradually reinforcing closer approximations of a behavior
Sudden introduction of a behavior
Extinction of a behavior
Explanation - Shaping involves reinforcing successive steps toward a desired behavior until the full behavior is achieved.
Correct answer is: Gradually reinforcing closer approximations of a behavior
Q.12 Which behaviorist is known for the 'Little Albert' experiment?
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Explanation - John Watson conducted the 'Little Albert' experiment, demonstrating that emotional responses could be conditioned in humans.
Correct answer is: John Watson
Q.13 The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is:
Classical uses reinforcement, operant does not
Classical focuses on involuntary responses, operant on voluntary
Operant is only in humans
Classical requires punishment
Explanation - Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses elicited by stimuli, whereas operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors shaped by consequences.
Correct answer is: Classical focuses on involuntary responses, operant on voluntary
Q.14 A token economy system is based on which principle?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive therapy
Explanation - Token economies use tokens as secondary reinforcers for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards, illustrating operant conditioning.
Correct answer is: Operant conditioning
Q.15 Flooding therapy involves:
Gradual exposure to a feared stimulus
Immediate and intense exposure to a feared stimulus
Avoiding the feared stimulus completely
Using reinforcement to reduce fear
Explanation - Flooding exposes a client directly and intensely to a feared object or situation until the fear response decreases.
Correct answer is: Immediate and intense exposure to a feared stimulus
Q.16 Which is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Food
Water
Money
Relief from pain
Explanation - Secondary reinforcers acquire their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers. Money is valuable because it can be exchanged for primary needs.
Correct answer is: Money
Q.17 Behavioral modification focuses primarily on:
Changing thoughts
Changing emotions
Changing observable behaviors
Developing unconscious drives
Explanation - Behavioral modification uses techniques from behavioral psychology to increase or decrease observable behaviors.
Correct answer is: Changing observable behaviors
Q.18 What does the term 'extinction burst' refer to?
Sudden increase in behavior when reinforcement is removed
Gradual decline in behavior
Learning a new behavior quickly
Immediate punishment response
Explanation - An extinction burst is a temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of a behavior when reinforcement is first withheld.
Correct answer is: Sudden increase in behavior when reinforcement is removed
Q.19 Which concept explains why a person may imitate aggressive behavior seen in media?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Cognitive restructuring
Explanation - Observational learning suggests that individuals can learn behaviors by watching others, including aggression, without direct reinforcement.
Correct answer is: Observational learning
Q.20 Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Explanation - Variable ratio schedules provide reinforcement unpredictably, making the behavior highly resistant to extinction, e.g., gambling.
Correct answer is: Variable ratio
Q.21 Behavior therapy often uses which of the following to reduce unwanted behaviors?
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive restructuring
Reinforcement and punishment
Dream interpretation
Explanation - Behavior therapy relies on reinforcement to increase desired behaviors and punishment to reduce unwanted behaviors.
Correct answer is: Reinforcement and punishment
Q.22 Which of the following is a key assumption of behavioral psychology?
All behavior is biologically determined
Behavior is influenced by environmental stimuli
Behavior is purely unconscious
Behavior cannot be modified
Explanation - Behavioral psychology assumes that observable behavior is shaped by interactions with the environment, including stimuli and reinforcement.
Correct answer is: Behavior is influenced by environmental stimuli
Q.23 Counterconditioning is used to:
Strengthen a fear response
Replace an unwanted response with a desired one
Punish undesirable behavior
Extinguish voluntary behavior
Explanation - Counterconditioning pairs an unwanted behavior or response with a new, more adaptive response, often used in treating phobias.
Correct answer is: Replace an unwanted response with a desired one
Q.24 Token economies are most commonly used in:
Schools and therapy settings
Military training
Sports coaching
Personal meditation
Explanation - Token economies are widely applied in schools and clinical therapy to reinforce positive behaviors through secondary reinforcers.
Correct answer is: Schools and therapy settings